Part 1, Reference for Chapter 4: Diagnosis of Skin Disease
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Fundamentals of diagnosis
- 1 Physical Signs in Dermatology, 2nd edn. London: Mosby, 2002. , .
- 2 Palpation of the skin – an important issue. J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:598–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Disease definition
- 3 A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:258–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 4 The. revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25:1271–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 5 International Study Group for Behçet's disease. Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease. Lancet 1990;335:1078–80. Pubmed link
- 6 Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) 1980;92:44–7. , .
- 7 Br J Dermatol 1994;131:406–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
The history
- 8 Management of atopic eczema. Joint Workshop of the British Association of Dermatologists and the Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London. BMJ 1995;310:843–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 9 Dermatological aspects of the NHS National Cancer Data Project. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:1089–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 10 UK guidelines for the management of cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:7–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 11 Guidelines for evaluation and management of urticaria in adults and children. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:1116–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 12 British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for use of biological interventions in psoriasis 2005. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:486–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Ethnicity and cultural factors
- 13 Racial differences in sarcoidosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976;278:368–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 14 Prurigo pigmentosa: clinical observations in 14 cases. J Dermatol 1978;5:61–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 15 Ethnic differences in the pattern of skin disease seen in a dermatology department: atopic dermatitis is more common in Asian referrals in Leicestershire. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:348–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 16 London born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:212–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Quality of life in dermatology patients
- 17 Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI): A simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:210–16 Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 18 The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI): Initial validation and practical use. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:942–9 Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 19 Practical use of a disability index in the routine management of acne. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:1–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Examination of the skin
- 20 Glossary of basic dermatology lesions: the International League of Dermatological Societies Committee on Nomenclature. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl. (Stockh) 1987;130:1–16. Pubmed link .
- 21 On standard definitions: 33 years hence. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1169. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 22 On standard definitions of individual skin lesions. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:636–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 23 Standard definitions in dermatology: the need for further discussion. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:637. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 24 Revised terminology in dermatology: a call for the new millennium. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:93–4. Pubmed link , .
- 25 Physical Signs in Dermatology, 2nd edn. London: Mosby, 2002:1–12. , .
- 26 Blue in the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:597–605. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 27 Peculiarity of pigmentation of the upper arms in negroes. Science 1938;88:570–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 28 Palpation of the skin—an important issue. J Roy Soc Med 2006;99:598–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 29 A literally blinded trial of palpation in dermatologic diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:949–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Description of skin lesions
Additional clinical investigations
Wood's light examination
- 30 Medical uses of Wood's lamp. JAMA 1967;202:123–5. Cross Ref link .
- 31 Wood's light in dermatology. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:801–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 32 Localization of melanin pigment in the skin with Wood's lamp. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:245–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 33 Diagnosis with Wood's light: tinea capitis and erythrasma. JAMA 1967;199:841. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 34 Early detection of Pseudomonas burn infection: clinical experience with Wood's light fluorescence. Arch Surg 1969;98:292–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 35 Fluorescence from pilosebaceous follicles. Arch Dermatol Res 1987;279:190–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 36 Photodynamic diagnosis and therapy in dermatology. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1998;11:358. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 37 Diagnosis with Wood's light, 2: the porphyrias. JAMA 1967;200:460. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 38 Use of a topical fluorescent dye to evaluate effectiveness of sunscreen application. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:515–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 39 Autofluorescence of clothing as an adjunct in diagnosis of apocrine chromhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:275–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 40 Serial photography and Wood's light examination as an aid to the clinical diagnosis of dermatitis artefacta. J Vis Commun Med 2013;36:31–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
Clinical microscopy, dermoscopy and other imaging systems
- 41 Colour Atlas of Dermatoscopy. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994. , , , et al.
- 42 Epiluminescence microscopy: a useful tool for the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions for formally trained dermatologists. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:286–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 43 Epiluminescence microscopy for the diagnosis of doubtful melanocytic skin lesions: comparison of the ABCD rule of dermatoscopy and a new 7‐point checklist based on pattern analysis. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1563–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Epiluminescence microscopy‐based classification of pigmented skin lesions using computerized image analysis and an artificial neural network. Melanoma Res 1998;8:261–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 45 Trichoscopy: how it may help the clinician. Dermatol Clin 2013;31:29–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 46 Current status of dermoscopy in the diagnosis of dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:814–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Other imaging systems for localized lesions
- 47 Spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis: a new technique for imaging pigmented skin lesions. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:448–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 48 The use of a spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis device in the real‐time diagnosis of melanoma in the setting of a melanoma screening clinic. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1350–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 49 Assessment of nurse‐led screening of pigmented lesions using SIAscope. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007;60:639–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 50 A novel imaging technique as an adjunct to the in vivo diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1177–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 51 Evaluation of the MoleMate training program for assessment of suspicious pigmented lesions in primary care. Inform Prim Care 2008;16:41–50. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 52 Diagnostic applicability of in vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy in melanocytic skin tumors. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:493–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 53 The impact of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for the diagnostic accuracy of melanoma and equivocal melanocytic lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:2759–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 54 Improving management and patient care in lentigo maligna by mapping with in vivo confocal microscopy. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:692–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 55 Fast evaluation of 69 basal cell carcinomas with ex‐vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:839–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 56 In vivo confocal microscopy in clinical practice: Comparison of bedside diagnostic accuracy of a trained physician and distant diagnosis of an expert reader. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:295–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Identification of scabies mites
- 57 Mineral oil versus KOH for Sarcoptes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:555. Cross Ref link .
- 58 The use of ELM to monitor the success of antiscabetic therapy. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:1656–7. Pubmed link , .
- 59 Hidden scabies: diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:614–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Other simple microscopy procedures
- 60 Exfoliative cytology of human horny layer: methods of cell removal and microscopic techniques. Arch Dermatol 1967;96:572–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 61 Skin surface biopsy: an improved technique for the examination of the horny layer. Br J Dermatol 1971;84:117–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 62 A technique for studying the structural detail of isolated human corneocytes. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:63–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Fine‐needle aspiration of lymph nodes
- 63 Aspiration biopsy and the clinical management of patients with malignant melanoma and palpable regional lymph nodes. Cancer 2000;25:62–6. , , , et al.
- 64 Fine needle aspiration cytology of palpable and nonpalpable lymph nodes to detect metastatic melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 7;103:1771–7 Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 65 Diagnostic value of lymph node fine needle aspiration cytology: an institutional experience of 387 cases observed over a 5‐year period. Cytopathology 2000;11:18–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
Radiological and imaging examinations
- 66 Ultrasound in dermatology: principles and applications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:478–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 67 High frequency, high resolution B‐scan ultrasound in the assessment of skin tumours. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:525–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 68 Magnetic resonance in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:215–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 69 Magnetic resonance imaging in adults presenting with severe acute infectious cellulitis. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1150–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 70 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini: atrophy of dermis or subcutis? J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:122–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 71 Pet‐FDG imaging in the clinical evaluation of head and neck cancer. J R Soc Med 1995;88:469–72. , , , .
- 72 Staging of metastatic melanoma by whole‐body positron emission tomography using 2‐fluorine‐18‐fluor‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:556–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 73 Conventional cancer screening versus PET/CT indermatomyositis/polymyositis. Am J Med 2010;123:558–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 74 Diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in general practice: can the ankle–brachial index be measured either by pulse palpation or an automatic blood pressure device? Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1001–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Skin testing (prick and scratch, intradermal and patch testing)
- 75 Skin tests. Br J Hosp Med 1984;32:120–4. Pubmed link .
- 76 Quantitative studies in skin testing, 4: the volume–response relationship. J Allergy 1949;20:358–63. Cross Ref link , .
- 77 The relationship between horse dandruff and horse serum antigens in asthma. Science 1950;9:127–50. .
- 78 The reproducibility of intradermal skin tests: a controlled study. Ann Allergy 1960;18:949–60. Pubmed link , , .
- 79 Quantification of weal reactions with laser Doppler flowmetry. Allergy 1985;40:233–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 80 The action of drugs on the skin. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1961;1:351–68. Cross Ref link .
- 81 Human skin window: a cytologic method for the study of allergic inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 1961;37:409–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 82 A method of studying leukocytic functions in vivo. Ann NY Acad Sci 1955;59:757–805. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Immediate‐weal tests
- 83 Fatalities from immunotherapy (IT) and skin testing (ST). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:660–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 84 Survey of fatalities from skin testing and immunotherapy, 1985–89. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993;92:6–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 85 Specific IgE determination by RAST compared with skin and provocation tests in allergy diagnosis with birch pollen, Timothy pollen and dog epithelium allergens. Clin Allergy 1974;4:131–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 86 Correlation of allergy test results obtained by IgE RAST and prick‐puncture methods. Ann Allergy 1985;54:25–30. Pubmed link .
- 87 The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:446–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 88 Report to the Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle 1959;40:317–35. Cross Ref link
- 89 Bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) as a cause of erythema multiforme. JAMA 1980;243:58–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 90 Pustular psoriasis elicited by streptococcal antigen and localized to the sweat pore. J Invest Dermatol 1975;65:466–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 91 Some clinical manifestations of allergic vasculitis. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:186–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Teledermatology
- 92 Teledermatology: a tool for remote supervision of a general practitioner with special interest in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:489–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 93 Evaluation of general practitioner's time investment during a store‐and‐forward teledermatology consultation. Int J Med Inform 2007;76 Suppl. 3:S384–91. , , , et al.
- 94 Randomized controlled trial comparing store‐and‐forward teledermatology alone and in combination with web‐camera videoconferencing. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;35:311–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 95 Teledermatology for diagnosis and management of skin conditions: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:759–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 96 Accuracy of teledermatology/teledermoscopy and clinic‐based dermatology for specific categories of skin neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:348–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 97 Accuracy of teledermatology for pigmented neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:753–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 98 The contribution of teledermatoscopy to the diagnosis and management of non‐melanocytic skin tumours. J Telemed Telecare 2013;19:60–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 99 Successful triage of patients referred to a skin lesion clinic using teledermoscopy (IMAGE IT trial). Br J Dermatol 2010;162:803–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 100 The importance of a full clinical examination: assessment of index lesions referred to a skin cancer clinic without a total body skin examination would miss one in three melanomas. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93(6):689–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Palpation of the skin – an important issue. J R Soc Med 2006;99:598–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 102 A comparison of real‐time and store‐and‐forward teledermatology: a cost‐benefit study. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1241–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 103 Teledermatology applied following patient selection by general practitioners in daily practice improves efficiency and quality of care at lower cost. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:1058–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 104 Multicentre randomised control trial comparing real time teledermatology with conventional outpatient dermatological care: societal cost–benefit analysis. BMJ 2000;320:1252–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 105 Mobile teledermatology in Ghana: Sending and answering consults via mobile platform. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:e90–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 106 Mobile teledermatology in sub‐Saharan Africa: a useful tool in supporting health workers in low‐resource centres. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93:122–3. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 107 Application of mobile teledermatology for skin cancer screening. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:576–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 108 Use of the mobile phone multimedia messaging service for teledermatology. J Telemed Telecare 2012;18:292–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 109 Mobile teledermoscopy – there's an app for that! Dermatol Pract Concept 2013;3:41–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 110 Educational and motivational support service: a pilot study for mobile‐phone‐based interventions in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:201–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 111 Teledermatological monitoring of psoriasis patients on biologic therapy. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:680–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 112 A pilot study on tertiary teledermatology: feasibility and acceptance of telecommunication among dermatologists. J Telemed Telecare 2010;16:447–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 113 Patient and referring provider satisfaction with teledermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:68–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 114 Patient satisfaction with teledermatology is related to perceived quality of life. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:911–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 115 Effect of store and forward teledermatology on quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:584–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Mobile smartphone applications
- 116 Multifocal vascular lesions and thrombocytopenia in a 10‐year‐old boy: retrospective review of a recently recognized rare congenital disorder. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:942–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 117 Mobile applications in dermatology. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1300–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.