Overview

  • 1  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(1):1–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Cutaneous small‐vessel vasculitis

  • 2  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(2):187–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(1):1–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Calabrese LH, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of hypersensitivity vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(8):1108–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Garcia‐Porrua C, Gonzalez‐Gay MA. Comparative clinical and epidemiological study of hypersensitivity vasculitis versus Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999;28(6):404–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 6  Watts RA, Jolliffe VA, Grattan CE, Elliott J, Lockwood M, Scott DG. Cutaneous vasculitis in a defined population – clinical and epidemiological associations. J Rheumatol 1998;25(5):920–4. Pubmed link
  • 7  Chua SH, Lim JT, Ang CB. Cutaneous vasculitis seen at a skin referral centre in Singapore. Singapore Med J 1999;40(3):147–50. Pubmed link
  • 8  Martinez‐Taboada VM, Blanco R, Garcia‐Fuentes M, Rodriguez‐Valverde V. Clinical features and outcome of 95 patients with hypersensitivity vasculitis. Am J Med 1997;102(2):186–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 9  Boom BW, Mommaas AM, Vermeer BJ. Presence and interpretation of vascular immune deposits in human skin: the value of direct immunofluorescence. J Dermatol Sci 1992;3(1):26–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Garcia‐Porrua C, Gonzalez‐Gay MA. Bacterial infection presenting as cutaneous vasculitis in adults. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17(4):471–3. Pubmed link
  • 11  Cribier B, Couilliet D, Meyer P, Grosshans E. The severity of histopathological changes of leukocytoclastic vasculitis is not predictive of extracutaneous involvement. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21(6):532–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Mukhtyar C, Lee R, Brown D, et al. Modification and validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (version 3). Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(12):1827–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 13  Aouam K, Gassab A, Khorchani H, et al. Acenocoumarol and vasculitis: a case report. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007;16(1):113–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 14  Arbiser JL, Dzieczkowski JS, Harmon JV, Duncan LM. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis following staphylococcal protein A column immunoadsorption therapy. Two cases and a review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1995;131(6):707–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 15  Bourelly PE, Grossman ME. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis following staphylococcal protein A column immunoadsorption therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Cutis 1999;64(4):250–2. Pubmed link
  • 16  Deodhar A, Allen E, Daoud K, Wahba I. Vasculitis secondary to staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption (Prosorba column) treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002;32(1):3–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Bucknall C, Darley C, Flax J, Vincent R, Chamberlain D. Vasculitis complicating treatment with intravenous anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1988;59(1):9–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  Businco L, Falconieri P, Bellioni‐Businco B, Bahna SL. Severe food‐induced vasculitis in two children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002;13(1):68–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Casis FC, Perez JB. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a rare manifestation of propylthiouracil allergy. Endocr Pract 2000;6(4):329–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Cohen BA, Greenberger PA, Saini S. Delayed occurrence of a severe cutaneous reaction in a multiple sclerosis patient taking interferon beta‐1b. Allergy Asthma Proc 1998;19(2):85–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Davidson KA, Ringpfeil F, Lee JB. Ibuprofen‐induced bullous leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Cutis 2001;67(4):303–7. Pubmed link
  • 22  Halevy S, Giryes H, Avinoach I, Livni E, Sukenik S. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis induced by low‐dose methotrexate: in vitro evidence for an immunologic mechanism. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998;10(1):81–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Hsu CY, Chen WS, Sung SH. Warfarin‐induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis: a case report and review of literature. Intern Med 2012;51(6):601–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Jain KK. Cutaneous vasculitis associated with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31(2 Pt 1):213–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Knight D, Bangs MJ. Cutaneous allergic vasculitis due to Solenopsis geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) envenomation in Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2007;38(5):808–13. Pubmed link
  • 26  Knox JP, Welykyj SE, Gradini R, Massa MC. Procainamide‐induced urticarial vasculitis. Cutis 1988;42(5):469–72. Pubmed link
  • 27  McIlwain L, Carter JD, Bin‐Sagheer S, Vasey FB, Nord J. Hypersensitivity vasculitis with leukocytoclastic vasculitis secondary to infliximab. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;36(5):411–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Oakley AM, Hodge L. Cutaneous vasculitis from maprotiline. Aust NZ J Med 1985;15(2):256–7. Cross Ref link
  • 29  Odeh M, Lurie M, Oliven A. Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with omeprazole. Postgrad Med J 2002;78(916):114–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Prins M, Veraart JC, Vermeulen AH, Hulsmans RF, Neumann HA. Leucocytoclastic vasculitis induced by prolonged exercise. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(5):915–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Rachid B, Rabelo‐Santos M, Mansour E, de Lima Zollner R, Velloso LA. Type III hypersensitivity to insulin leading to leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2010;89(3):e39–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Reiner MR, Brunetti VA. Imipenem‐cilastatin‐induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1997;87(5):245–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Sahin S, Comert A, Akin O, Ayalp S, Karsidag S. Cutaneous drug eruptions by current antiepileptics: case reports and alternative treatment options. Clin Neuropharmacol 2008;31(2):93–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Tamir A, Wolf R, Brenner S. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis: another coumarin‐induced hemorrhagic reaction. Acta Derm Venereol 1994;74(2):138–9. Pubmed link
  • 35  Wolf R, Ophir J, Elman M, Krakowski A. Atenolol‐induced cutaneous vasculitis. Cutis 1989;43(3):231–3. Pubmed link
  • 36  Podjasek JO, Wetter DA, Pittelkow MR, Wada DA. Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis associated with solid organ malignancies: the Mayo Clinic experience, 1996 to 2009. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;62(2): e55–65. Cross Ref link

Erythema elevatum diutinum

  • 37  Tomasini C, Seia Z, Dapavo P, et al. Infantile erythema elevatum diutinum: report of a vesiculo‐bullous case. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16:683–6. Pubmed link
  • 38  Collier PM, Neill SM, Branfoot AC, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum – a solitary lesion in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:394–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Buahene K, Hudson M, Mowat A, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum – an unusual association with ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:204–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Walker KD, Badame AJ. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with Crohn's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:948–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Bernard P, Bedane C, Delrous JL, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum in a patient with relapsing polychondritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:312–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Planagumá M, Puig L, Alomar A, et al. Pyoderma gangrenosum in association with erythema elevatum diutinum: report of two cases. Cutis 1992;49:201–6. Pubmed link
  • 43  Cordier JF, Faure M, Hermier C, et al. Pleural effusions in an overlap syndrome of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome and erythema elevatum diutinum. Eur Respir J 1990;3:115–18. Pubmed link
  • 44  Creus L, Salleras M, Sola MA, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with pulmonary infiltrate. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:652–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Tasanen K, Raudasoja R, Kallioinen M, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum in association with coeliac disease. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:624–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Sangüeza OP, Pilcher B, Sangüeza JM. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinicopathological study of eight cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:214–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Orteu C, McGregor JM, Whittaker SJ, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum and Crohn disease: a common pathogenic role for measles virus? Arch Dermatol 1996;132:1523–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Weidman FD, Bensacçon JH. Erythema elevatum diutinum. Role of streptococci and relationship to other rheumatic dermatoses. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1929;20:593–620. Cross Ref link
  • 49  Wolff HH, Scherer R, Maciejewski W, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum. II. Immunelekroneumikroskopische Untersuchung der leukocytocklastishew vaskulitis in einer Intrakutanreaktion mit Streptokokkenantigen. Arch Dermatol Res 1978;261:17–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Cream JJ, Leven GM, Calnan CD. Erythema elevatum diutinum: an unusual reaction to streptococcal antigen and response to dapsone. Br J Dermatol 1971;84:393–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Katz SI, Gallin JI, Hertz KC, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum: skin and systemic manifestation, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone. Medicine 1977;56:443–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Rover PA, Bittencourt C, Discacciati MP, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum as a first clinical manifestation for diagnosing HIV infection: case history. Sao Paulo Med J 2005;123:201–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 53  Yiannias JA, el‐Azhary RA, Gibson LE. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a clinical and histopathologic study of 13 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:38–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  LeBoit PE, Yen TS, Wintroub B. The evolution of lesions in erythema elevatum diutinum. Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8:392–402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Shanks JH, Banerjee SS, Bishop PW, et al. Nodular erythema elevatum diutinum mimicking cutaneous neoplasms. Histopathology 1997;31:91–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Malone JC, Slone SP, Wills‐Frank LA, et al. Vascular inflammation (vasculitis) in Sweet syndrome: a clinicopathologic study of 28 biopsy specimens from 21 patients. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:345–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Cohen PR. Sweet's syndrome – a comprehensive review of an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2007;2:34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Cesinaro AM, Lonardi S, Faccheti F. Granuloma faciale: a cutaneous lesion sharing features with IgG4‐associated sclerosing diseases. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;27:66–73. Cross Ref link
  • 59  Ayoub N, Charuel J‐L, Diemerte M‐C, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies of IgA class in neutrophilic dermatoses with emphasis on erythema elevatum diutinum. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:931–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Chow RKP, Benny WB, Coupe RL, et al. Erythema elevatum diutinum associated with IgA paraproteinaemia successfully controlled with intermittent plasma exchange. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:1360–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Kohler IK, Lorincz AL. Erythema elevatum diutinum treated with niacinamide and tetracycline. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:693–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Frieling GW, Williams NL, Sim SJ. Novel use of topical 5% dapsone gel in erythema elevatum diutinum: safer and effective. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:381–4.

Recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis

  • 63  Chen K‐R, Su WPD, Pittelkow MR, Leiferman KM. Eosinophilic vasculitis syndrome: recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic necrotizing vasculitis. Semin Dermatol 1995;14:106–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Chen KR, Pittelkow MR, Su D, et al. Recurrent cutaneous eosinophilic necrotizing vasculitis: a novel eosinophil‐mediated syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1159–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Chen K‐R, Su WPD, Pittelkow MR, et al. Eosinophilic vasculitis in connective tissue disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:173–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Yomoda M, Inoue M, Nakama T, et al. Cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:754–5. Pubmed link
  • 67  Jang KA, Lim YS, Choi JH, et al. Hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis and Raynaud's phenomenon complicated by digital gangrene. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:641–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Kim SH, Kim TB, Yun YS, et al. Hypereosinophilia presenting as eosinophilic vasculitis and multiple peripheral artery occlusions without organ involvement. J Korean Med Sci 2005;20:677–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Oppliger R, Gay‐Crosier F, Dayer E, Hauser C. Digital necrosis in a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome in the absence of cutaneous eosinophilic vasculitis. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:1087–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Hamada T, Kimura Y, Hayashi S, et al. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with peripheral circulatory insufficiency and cutaneous microthrombi. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:812–13. Pubmed link
  • 71  Chen KR, Su WP, Pittelko MR, et al. Eosinophilic vasculitis in connective tissue disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:173–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Li W, Cao W, Song H, et al. Recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilc vasculitis: a case report and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol 2013;8:135. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Granuloma faciale

  • 73  Wigley JE. Eosinophilic granuloma. Sarcoid of Boeck. Proc R Soc Med 1945;38(3):125–6.
  • 74  Boersma D. Facial granuloma with eosinophilia (granuloma faciale). Am Med Assoc Arch Derm Syphilol 1951;63(4):520–1.
  • 75  Marcoval J, Moreno A, Peyr J. Granuloma faciale: a clinicopathological study of 11 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51(2):269–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Ortonne N, Wechsler J, Bagot M, Grosshans E, Cribier B. Granuloma faciale: a clinicopathologic study of 66 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(6):1002–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Cesinaro AM, Lonardi S, Facchetti F. Granuloma faciale: a cutaneous lesion sharing features with IgG4‐associated sclerosing diseases. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37(1):66–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Smoller BR, Bortz J. Immunophenotypic analysis suggests that granuloma faciale is a gamma‐interferon‐mediated process. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20(5):442–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Ziemer M, Koehler MJ, Weyers W. Erythema elevatum diutinum – a chronic leukocytoclastic vasculitis microscopically indistinguishable from granuloma faciale? J Cutan Pathol 2011;38(11):876–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Lallas A, Sidiropoulos T, Lefaki I, Tzellos T, Sotiriou E, Apalla Z. Photoletter to the editor: Dermoscopy of granuloma faciale. J Dermatol Case Rep 2012;6(2):59–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Leite I, Moreira A, Guedes R, Furtado A, Ferreira EO, Baptista A. Granuloma faciale of the scalp. Dermatol Online J 2011;17(4):6. Pubmed link
  • 82  Nasiri S, Rahimi H, Farnaghi A, Asadi‐Kani Z. Granuloma faciale with disseminated extra facial lesions. Dermatol Online J 2010;16(6):5. Pubmed link
  • 83  Rossiello L, Palla M, Aiello FS, Baroni A, Satriano RA. Granuloma faciale with extrafacial lesions. Skinmed 2007;6(3):150–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Verma R, Das AL, Vaishampayan SS, Vaidya S. Keloidal granuloma faciale with extrafacial lesions. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005;71(5):345–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Roberts PF, McCann BG. Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis of the upper respiratory tract: a mucosal variant of granuloma faciale? A report of three cases. Histopathology 1985;9(11):1217–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Thompson LD, Heffner DK. Sinonasal tract eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. A report of three cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2001;115(2):243–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Narayan J, Douglas‐Jones AG. Eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis and granuloma faciale: analysis of cellular infiltrate and review of literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2005;114(1 Pt 1):35–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Jain R, Robblee JV, O'Sullivan‐Mejia E, et al. Sinonasal eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis: a report of four cases and review of literature. Head Neck Pathol 2008;2(4):309–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 89  Dinehart SM, Gross DJ, Davis CM, Herzberg AJ. Granuloma faciale. Comparison of different treatment modalities. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1990;116(7):849–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Apfelberg DB, Maser MR, Lash H, Flores J. Expanded role of the argon laser in plastic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983;9(2):145–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Ludwig E, Allam JP, Bieber T, Novak N. New treatment modalities for granuloma faciale. Br J Dermatol 2003;149(3):634–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  Zacarian SA. Cryosurgery effective for granuloma faciale. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1985;11(1):11–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Van de Kerkhof PC. On the efficacy of dapsone in granuloma faciale. Acta Derm Venereol 1994;74(1):61–2. Pubmed link
  • 94  Caldarola G, Zalaudek I, Argenziano G, Bisceglia M, Pellicano R. Granuloma faciale: a case report on long‐term treatment with topical tacrolimus and dermoscopic aspects. Dermatol Ther 2011;24(5):508–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

IgA vasculitis

  • 95  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(1):1–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Rook A. William Heberden's cases of anaphylactoid purpura. Arch Dis Child 1958;33(169):271. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Mills JA, Michel BA, Bloch DA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Arthritis Rheum 1990;33(8):1114–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Ozen S, Ruperto N, Dillon MJ, et al. EULAR/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of childhood vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(7):936–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Penny K, Fleming M, Kazmierczak D, Thomas A. An epidemiological study of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Paediatr Nurs Dec;22(10):30–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Yang YH, Hung CF, Hsu CR, et al. A nationwide survey on epidemiological characteristics of childhood Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in Taiwan. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44(5):618–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Dolezalova P, Telekesova P, Nemcova D, Hoza J. Incidence of vasculitis in children in the Czech Republic: 2‐year prospective epidemiology survey. J Rheumatol 2004;31(11):2295–9. Pubmed link
  • 102  Gardner‐Medwin JM, Dolezalova P, Cummins C, Southwood TR. Incidence of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura, Kawasaki disease, and rare vasculitides in children of different ethnic origins. Lancet 2002;360(9341):1197–202. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Garcia‐Porrua C, Gonzalez‐Gay MA. Comparative clinical and epidemiological study of hypersensitivity vasculitis versus Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in adults. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999;28(6):404–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 104  Watts RA, Carruthers DM, Scott DG. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis: changing incidence or definition? Semin Arthritis Rheum 1995;25(1):28–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Kawasaki Y. The pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric Henoch‐Schonlein purpura nephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol Oct;15(5):648–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Jauhola O, Ronkainen J, Koskimies O, et al. Renal manifestations of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in a 6‐month prospective study of 223 children. Arch Dis Child Nov;95(11):877–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Trapani S, Micheli A, Grisolia F, et al. Henoch Schonlein purpura in childhood: epidemiological and clinical analysis of 150 cases over a 5‐year period and review of literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2005;35(3):143–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Smith SM, Tung KS. Incidence of IgA‐related nephritides in American Indians in New Mexico. Hum Pathol 1985;16(2):181–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Calvo‐Rio V, Loricera J, Martin L, et al. Henoch‐Schonlein purpura nephritis and IgA nephropathy: a comparative clinical study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(1 Suppl 75):S45–51. Pubmed link
  • 110  Altug U, Ensari C, Sayin DB, Ensari A. MEFV gene mutations in Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Int J Rheum Dis Jun;16(3):347–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Bayram C, Demircin G, Erdogan O, Bulbul M, Caltik A, Akyuz SG. Prevalence of MEFV gene mutations and their clinical correlations in Turkish children with Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Acta Paediatr 2011;100(5):745–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 112  Flatau E, Kohn D, Schiller D, Lurie M, Levy E. Schonlein‐Henoch syndrome in patients with familial Mediterranean fever. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25(1):42–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Ozdogan H, Arisoy N, Kasapcapur O, et al. Vasculitis in familial Mediterranean fever. J Rheumatol 1997;24(2):323–7. Pubmed link
  • 114  Atkinson SR, Barker DJ. Seasonal distribution of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Br J Prev Soc Med 1976;30(1):22–5. Pubmed link
  • 115  Chen O, Zhu XB, Ren P, Wang YB, Sun RP, Wei DE. Henoch Schonlein purpura in children: clinical analysis of 120 cases. Afr Health Sci 2013;13(1):94–9. Pubmed link
  • 116  Singh S, Aulakh R. Kawasaki disease and Henoch Schonlein purpura: changing trends at a tertiary care hospital in north India (1993–2008). Rheumatol Int 2010;30(6):771–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Spyridis N, Salapata M, Fessatou S, Kontaxaki C, Spyridis P. Simultaneous presentation of Henoch Schonlein purpura in monozygotic twins. Scand J Infect Dis 2005;37(9):703–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Al‐Sheyyab M, el‐Shanti H, Ajlouni S, Batieha A, Daoud AS. Henoch‐Schonlein purpura: clinical experience and contemplations on a streptococcal association. J Trop Pediatr 1996;42(4):200–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 119  Al‐Sheyyab M, Batieha A, el‐Shanti H, Daoud A. Henoch‐Schonlein purpura and streptococcal infection: a prospective case‐control study. Ann Trop Paediatr 1999;19(3):253–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 120  Yang YH, Chuang YH, Wang LC, Huang HY, Gershwin ME, Chiang BL. The immunobiology of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Autoimmun Rev 2008;7(3):179–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Egan CA, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ, Petersen MJ, Zone JJ. IgA1 is the major IgA subclass in cutaneous blood vessels in Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Br J Dermatol 1999;141(5):859–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Saulsbury FT. Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001;13(1):35–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 123  Ogura Y, Suzuki S, Shirakawa T, et al. Haemophilus parainfluenzae antigen and antibody in children with IgA nephropathy and Henoch‐Schonlein nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36(1):47–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Ayoub EM, McBride J, Schmiederer M, Anderson B. Role of Bartonella henselae in the etiology of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21(1):28–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Novak J, Szekanecz Z, Sebesi J, et al. Elevated levels of anti‐Helicobacter pylori antibodies in Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Autoimmunity 2003;36(5):307–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Peru H, Soylemezoglu O, Gonen S, et al. HLA class 1 associations in Henoch Schonlein purpura: increased and decreased frequencies. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27(1):5–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  Demirkaya E, Ozen S, Pistorio A, et al. Performance of Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score and disease extent index in childhood vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012;30(1 Suppl 70):S162–8. Pubmed link
  • 128  Samuel JP, Bell CS, Molony DA, Braun MC. Long‐term outcome of renal transplantation patients with Henoch‐Schonlein purpura. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6(8):2034–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Deng F, Lu L, Zhang Q, Hu B, Wang SJ, Huang N. Henoch‐Schonlein purpura in childhood: treatment and prognosis. Analysis of 425 cases over a 5‐year period. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29(4):369–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 130  Ronkainen J, Nuutinen M, Koskimies O. The adult kidney 24 years after childhood Henoch‐Schonlein purpura: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2002;360(9334):666–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis

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  • 141  Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(3):310–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Hypocomplementaemic urticarial vasculitis

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Antiglomerular basement membrane vasculitis disease

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  • 156  Goodpasture EW. Landmark publication from the American Journal of the Medical Sciences: the significance of certain pulmonary lesions in relation to the etiology of influenza. Am J Med Sci 2009;338(2):148–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 162  Cui Z, Zhao J, Jia XY, Zhu SN, Zhao MH. Clinical features and outcomes of anti‐glomerular basement membrane disease in older patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2011;57(4):575–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 165  Levy JB, Turner AN, Rees AJ, Pusey CD. Long‐term outcome of anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibody disease treated with plasma exchange and immunosuppression. Ann Intern Med 2001;134(11):1033–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Microscopic polyangiitis

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  • 167  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Andrassy K, et al. Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an international consensus conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(2):187–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 168  Wohlwill F. Über die nur mikroskopisch erkennbare Form der Periarteriitis nodosa. Virchows Arch Path Anat 1923;246(1):377–411. Cross Ref link
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  • 170  Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Westman KW, Sturfelt G, Segelmark M. Incidence and survival rates in Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg‐Strauss syndrome and polyarteritis nodosa. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009;48(12):1560–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 171  Fujimoto S, Uezono S, Hisanaga S, et al. Incidence of ANCA‐associated primary renal vasculitis in the Miyazaki Prefecture: the first population‐based, retrospective, epidemiologic survey in Japan. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;1(5):1016–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 172  Mahr A, Guillevin L, Poissonnet M, Ayme S. Prevalences of polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Churg‐Strauss syndrome in a French urban multiethnic population in 2000: a capture‐recapture estimate. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51(1):92–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 173  Mohammad AJ, Jacobsson LT, Mahr AD, Sturfelt G, Segelmark M. Prevalence of Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, polyarteritis nodosa and Churg‐Strauss syndrome within a defined population in southern Sweden. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(8):1329–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 175  Lane SE, Watts R, Scott DG. Epidemiology of systemic vasculitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2005;7(4):270–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 176  Heeringa P, Foucher P, Klok PA, et al. Systemic injection of products of activated neutrophils and H2O2 in myeloperoxidase‐immunized rats leads to necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs and gut. Am J Pathol 1997;151(1):131–40. Pubmed link
  • 177  Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002;110(7):955–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 178  Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC. Anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87(11):4115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 179  Hewins P, Williams JM, Wakelam MJ, Savage CO. Activation of Syk in neutrophils by antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies occurs via Fcgamma receptors and CD18. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15(3):796–808. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 180  Lane SE, Watts RA, Bentham G, Innes NJ, Scott DG. Are environmental factors important in primary systemic vasculitis? A case‐control study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(3):814–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 181  Guillevin L, Durand‐Gasselin B, Cevallos R, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis: clinical and laboratory findings in eighty‐five patients. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(3):421–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 183  Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(3):310–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 184  Akikusa B, Sato T, Ogawa M, Ueda S, Kondo Y. Necrotizing alveolar capillaritis in autopsy cases of microscopic polyangiitis. Incidence, histopathogenesis, and relationship with systemic vasculitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997;121(2):144–9. Pubmed link
  • 185  Lauque D, Cadranel J, Lazor R, et al. Microscopic polyangiitis with alveolar hemorrhage. A study of 29 cases and review of the literature. Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherche sur les Maladies “Orphelines” Pulmonaires (GERM”O”P). Medicine (Baltimore) 2000;79(4):222–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 186  Suppiah R, Judge A, Batra R,, et al. A model to predict cardiovascular events in patients with newly diagnosed Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2011;63(4):588–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 187  Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003;349(1):36–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 188  Ntatsaki E, Carruthers D, Chakravarty K, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the management of adults with ANCA‐associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53(12):2306–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 189  Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA‐associated vasculitis: long‐term follow‐up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(6):955–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 190  De Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;150(10):670–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 191  Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high‐dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18(7):2180–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 192  Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA‐associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363(3):221–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 193  Jones RB, Tervaert JW, Hauser T, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide in ANCA‐associated renal vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363(3):211–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 194  Jones RB, Ferraro AJ, Chaudhry AN, et al. A multicenter survey of rituximab therapy for refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(7):2156–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 195  Smith RM, Jones RB, Guerry MJ, et al. Rituximab for remission maintenance in relapsing antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(11):3760–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 196  Rhee EP, Laliberte KA, Niles JL. Rituximab as maintenance therapy for anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5(8):1394–400. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis

  • 197  Jennette JC, Falk RJ, Bacon PA, et al. 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(1):1–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 200  Gonzalez‐Gay MA, Garcia‐Porrua C, Guerrero J, Rodriguez‐Ledo P, Llorca J. The epidemiology of the primary systemic vasculitides in northwest Spain: implications of the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definitions. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49(3):388–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 202  Watts RA, Gonzalez‐Gay MA, Lane SE, Garcia‐Porrua C, Bentham G, Scott DG. Geoepidemiology of systemic vasculitis: comparison of the incidence in two regions of Europe. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60(2):170–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 203  Watts RA, Mooney J, Skinner J, Scott DG, Macgregor AJ. The contrasting epidemiology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) and microscopic polyangiitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(5):926–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 206  Watts RA, Al‐Taiar A, Scott DG, Macgregor AJ. Prevalence and incidence of Wegener's granulomatosis in the UK general practice research database. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61(10):1412–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 207  Akikusa JD, Schneider R, Harvey EA, et al. Clinical features and outcome of pediatric Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57(5):837–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 208  Cabral DA, Uribe AG, Benseler S, et al. Classification, presentation, and initial treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis in childhood. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(11):3413–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 209  Koldingsnes W, Nossent H. Epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis in northern Norway. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(11):2481–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 210  Seck SM, Dussol B, Brunet P, Burtey S. Clinical features and outcomes of ANCA‐associated renal vasculitis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2012;23(2):301–5. Pubmed link
  • 211  Fujimoto S, Watts RA, Kobayashi S, et al. Comparison of the epidemiology of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis between Japan and the UK. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50(10):1916–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 212  Faurschou M, Helleberg M, Obel N, Baslund B. Incidence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) in Greenland and the Faroe Islands: epidemiology of an ANCA‐associated vasculitic syndrome in two ethnically distinct populations in the North Atlantic area. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(1 Suppl. 75):S52–5. Pubmed link
  • 213  Heeringa P, Foucher P, Klok PA, et al. Systemic injection of products of activated neutrophils and H2O2 in myeloperoxidase‐immunized rats leads to necrotizing vasculitis in the lungs and gut. Am J Pathol 1997;151(1):131–40. Pubmed link
  • 214  Xiao H, Heeringa P, Hu P, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies specific for myeloperoxidase cause glomerulonephritis and vasculitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002;110(7):955–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 215  Pfister H, Ollert M, Frohlich LF, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies against the murine homolog of proteinase 3 (Wegener autoantigen) are pathogenic in vivo. Blood 2004;104(5):1411–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 216  Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Charles LA, Jennette JC. Anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87(11):4115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 217  Hewins P, Williams JM, Wakelam MJ, Savage CO. Activation of Syk in neutrophils by antineutrophil cytoplasm antibodies occurs via Fcgamma receptors and CD18. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15(3):796–808. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 218  Popa ER, Stegeman CA, Bos NA, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW. Staphylococcal superantigens and T cell expansions in Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;132(3):496–504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 219  Voswinkel J, Muller A, Lamprecht P. Is PR3‐ANCA formation initiated in Wegener's granulomatosis lesions? Granulomas as potential lymphoid tissue maintaining autoantibody production. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1051:12–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 220  Braun MG, Csernok E, Gross WL, Muller‐Hermelink HK. Proteinase 3, the target antigen of anticytoplasmic antibodies circulating in Wegener's granulomatosis. Immunolocalization in normal and pathologic tissues. Am J Pathol 1991;139(4):831–8. Pubmed link
  • 221  Lane SE, Watts RA, Bentham G, Innes NJ, Scott DG. Are environmental factors important in primary systemic vasculitis? A case‐control study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(3):814–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 222  Popa ER, Tervaert JW. The relation between Staphylococcus aureus and Wegener's granulomatosis: current knowledge and future directions. Intern Med 2003;42(9):771–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 224  Jagiello P, Gencik M, Arning L, et al. New genomic region for Wegener's granulomatosis as revealed by an extended association screen with 202 apoptosis‐related genes. Hum Genet 2004;114(5):468–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 225  Lyons PA, Rayner TF, Trivedi S, et al. Genetically distinct subsets within ANCA‐associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2012;367(3):214–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 226  Mukhtyar C, Guillevin L, Cid MC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of primary small and medium vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(3):310–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 227  Faurschou M, Sorensen IJ, Mellemkjaer L, et al. Malignancies in Wegener's granulomatosis: incidence and relation to cyclophosphamide therapy in a cohort of 293 patients. J Rheumatol 2008;35(1):100–5. Pubmed link
  • 228  Knight A, Askling J, Ekbom A. Cancer incidence in a population‐based cohort of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Int J Cancer 2002;100(1):82–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 229  Faurschou M, Mellemkjaer L, Sorensen IJ, Svalgaard Thomsen B, Dreyer L, Baslund B. Increased morbidity from ischemic heart disease in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(4):1187–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 230  Mukhtyar C, Flossmann O, Hellmich B, et al. Outcomes from studies of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis: a systematic review by the European League Against Rheumatism systemic vasculitis task force. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(7):1004–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 232  Koldingsnes W, Nossent H. Predictors of survival and organ damage in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41(5):572–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 233  Ntatsaki E, Carruthers D, Chakravarty K, et al. BSR and BHPR guideline for the management of adults with ANCA‐associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014;53(12):2306–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 234  De Groot K, Rasmussen N, Bacon PA, et al. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide versus methotrexate for induction of remission in early systemic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(8):2461–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 236  Harper L, Morgan MD, Walsh M, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in ANCA‐associated vasculitis: long‐term follow‐up. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(6):955–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 237  De Groot K, Harper L, Jayne DR, et al. Pulse versus daily oral cyclophosphamide for induction of remission in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009;150(10):670–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 238  Jayne DR, Gaskin G, Rasmussen N, et al. Randomized trial of plasma exchange or high‐dosage methylprednisolone as adjunctive therapy for severe renal vasculitis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18(7):2180–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 239  Stone JH, Merkel PA, Spiera R, et al. Rituximab versus cyclophosphamide for ANCA‐associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2010;363(3):221–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 242  Flossmann O, Baslund B, Bruchfeld A, et al. Deoxyspergualin in relapsing and refractory Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(7):1125–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 243  Jayne DR, Chapel H, Adu D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for ANCA‐associated systemic vasculitis with persistent disease activity. Q J Med 2000;93(7):433–9. Cross Ref link
  • 244  Jayne D, Rasmussen N, Andrassy K, et al. A randomized trial of maintenance therapy for vasculitis associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. N Engl J Med 2003;349(1):36–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 245  Pagnoux C, Mahr A, Hamidou MA, et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate maintenance for ANCA‐associated vasculitis. N Engl J Med 2008;359(26):2790–803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 246  Metzler C, Miehle N, Manger K, et al. Elevated relapse rate under oral methotrexate versus leflunomide for maintenance of remission in Wegener's granulomatosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(7):1087–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 247  Hiemstra TF, Walsh M, Mahr A, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil vs azathioprine for remission maintenance in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(21):2381–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

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Polyarteritis nodosa and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa

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  • 296  Zhou Q, Yang D, Ombrello AK, et al. Early‐onset stroke and vasculopathy associated with mutations in ADA2. N Engl J Med;370(10):911–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Kawasaki disease

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Giant cell arteritis

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  • 321  Baum EW, Sams WM, Jr, Payne RR. Giant cell arteritis: a systemic disease with rare cutaneous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6(6):1081–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 333  Proven A, Gabriel SE, Orces C, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Glucocorticoid therapy in giant cell arteritis: duration and adverse outcomes. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49(5):703–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Takayasu arteritis

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  • 336  Savory WS. Case of a young woman in whom the main arteries of both upper extremities and of the left side of the neck were throughout completely obliterated. Med Chir Trans 1856;39:205–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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