Microbiology and cerum wax

  • 1  Lucente FE. Anatomy, histology and physiology. In: Lucente FE, Lawson W, Novick NL, eds. The External Ear. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995:117.
  • 2  Kelly KE, Mohs DC. The external auditory canal: anatomy and physiology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996;29:7259. Pubmed link
  • 3  Montagna W, Giacometti L. Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. XXXII. The external ear. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:75767. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Al‐Sheikhli ARJ. Pain in the ear: with special reference to referred pain. J Laryngol Otol 1980;94:143340. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Alberti PWRM. Epithelial migration on the tympanic membrane. J Laryngol Otol 1964;78:80830. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 6  Stroman DW, Roland PS, Dohar J, Burt W. Microbiology of normal external auditory canal. Laryngoscope 2001;111:20549. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Roeser RJ, Ballachanda BB. Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/ epidemiology of human ear canal secretions. J Am Acad Audiol 1997;8:391400. Pubmed link
  • 8  Burkhart CN, Kruge MA, Burkhart CG, Black C. Cerumen composition by flash pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Otol Neurotol 2001;22:71522. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 9  Stoeckelhuber M, Matthias C, Andratschke M, et al. Human ceruminous gland: ultrastructure and histochemical analysis of antimicrobial and cytoskeletal components. Anat Rec 2006;288:87784. Cross Ref link
  • 10  Schwaab M, Gurr A, Neumann A, et al. Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;30:9971004. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 11  Kramer M. Excessive cerumen production due to the aromatic retinoid Tigason in a patient with Darier's disease. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1981;62:2678.
  • 12  Grossan M. Cerumen removal: current challenges. Ear Nose Throat J 1998;77:5418. Pubmed link
  • 13  Browning G. Ear wax. Clin Evid 2005;14:6508. Pubmed link
  • 14  Clegg AJ, Loveman E, Gospodarevskaya E, et al. The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2010;14:1192. Cross Ref link
  • 15  Saloranta K, Westermarck T. Prevention of cerumen impaction by treatment of ear canal skin. A pilot randomized controlled study. Clin Otolaryngol 2005;30:1124. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Lucente FE. Techniques of examination. In: Lucente FE, Lawson W, Novick NL, eds. The External Ear. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1995:1824.

Developmental defects

  • 17  Bowden REM. Development of the middle and external ear in man. Proc R Soc Med 1977;70:80715. Pubmed link
  • 18  Spilman L. Examination of the external ear. Adv Neonatal Care 2002;2:7280. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Bellucci RJ. Congenital aural malformations: diagnosis and treatment. Symposium on Congenital Disorders in Otolaryngology. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1981;14:95124. Pubmed link
  • 20  Melnick M. The etiology of external ear malformations and its relation to abnormalities of the middle ear, inner ear, and other organ systems. Birth Defects 1980;16:30331. Pubmed link
  • 21  Melnick M, Myrianthopoulos NC. External ear malformations; epidemiology, genetics and natural history. Birth Defects 1979;15:1139.
  • 22  Sakashita T, Sando I, Kamerer DB. Congenital anomalies of the external and middle ears. In: Bluestone CD, Stool SE, Kenna MA, eds. Pediatric Otolaryngology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1996:33370.
  • 23  Jaffe BF. Pinna anomalies associated with congenital conductive hearing loss. Pediatrics 1976;57:33241. Pubmed link
  • 24  Wang RY, Earl DL, Ruder RO, Graham JM. Syndromic ear anomalies and renal ultrasounds. Pediatrics 2001;108: E32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Melnick M, Myrianthopoulos NC. External ear malformations: epidemiology, genetics and natural history. Birth Defects 1979;15:1139.
  • 26  Kelley PE, Scholes MA. Microtia and congenital aural atresia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2007;40:6180. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Luquetti DV, Heike CL, Hing AV, et al. Microtia: epidemiology and genetics. Am J Med Genet A 2012;158A: 12439. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Jahrsdoerfer RA. Congenital atresia of the ear. Laryngoscope 1978;88 (Suppl. 13): 148. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Okajima H, Takeichi Y, Umeda K, Baba S. Clinical analysis of 592 patients with microtia. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;525:1824.
  • 30  Kountakis SE, Helidonis E, Oahrsdoerfer RA. Microtia grade as an indicator of middle ear development in aural atresia. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;121:8856. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Aase JM. Microtia: clinical observations. Birth Defects 1980;16:28997. Pubmed link
  • 32  Balci S, Boduroglu K, Kaya S. Familial microtia in four generations with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance in association with type I syndactyly. Turkish J Pediatr 2001;43:3625.
  • 33  Paulozzi LJ, Lary JM. Laterality patterns in infants with external birth defects. Teratology 1999;60:26571. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Loesch DZ, Sampson ML. Effect of the fragile X anomaly on body proportions estimated by pedigree analysis. Clin Genet 1993;44:828. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Fong C‐T, Wang M, Young EC, et al. Microtia associated with the Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuraki) syndrome. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:5578. Pubmed link
  • 36  Laband PF, Habib G, Humphreys GC. Hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Report of an affected family with associated splenomegaly and soft tissue abnormalities. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1964;17:33951. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Castori M, Valiante M, Pascolini G, Leuzzi V, Pizzuti A, Grammatico P. Clinical and genetic study of two patients with Zimmermann‐Laband syndrome and literature review. Eur J Med Genet 2013;56:5706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Melnick M. Hereditary hearing loss and ear dysplasia–renal adysplasia syndromes: syndrome delineation and possible pathogenesis. Birth Defects 1980;16:5972. Pubmed link
  • 39  Jansen T, Romiti R, Altmeyer MD. Accessory tragus: report of two cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:3914. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Scheinfeld NS, Silverberg NB, Weinberg JM, Nozad V. The preauricular sinus: a review of its clinical presentation, treatment, and associations. Pediatr Dermatol 2004;21:1916. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Smith DW, Takashima H. Protruding auricle: a neuromuscular sign. Lancet 1978;i:7479. Cross Ref link
  • 42  Steinberg RD, Ethington J, Esterly NB. Lumpy scalp syndrome. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:6578. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Finlay AY, Marks R. An hereditary syndrome of lumpy scalp, odd ears and rudimentary nipples. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:42330. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Dronamrajn KR. Hypertrichosis of the pinnae of the human ear, Y‐linked pedigrees. J Genet 1961;51:23043.
  • 45  Kamalan A, Thambiah AS. Genetics of hairy ears in South Indians. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:1924. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Ruggles Gates R, Vella F. Hairy pinnae in Malta. Lancet 1962;ii:357.
  • 47  Woods DL, Malan AF, Coetzee EJ. Intra‐uterine growth in infants of diabetic mothers. S Afr Med J 1980;58:4413. Pubmed link
  • 48  Rafaat M. Hypertrichosis pinnae in babies of diabetic mothers. Pediatrics 1981;68:7456. Pubmed link
  • 49  Tosti A, Gaddoni G, Peluso AM, et al. Acquired hairy pinnae in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:513. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Calzolari F, Garani G, Sensi A, Martini A. Clinical and radiological evaluation in children with microtia. Br J Audiol 1999;33:30312. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Ageing changes

  • 51  Niemitz C, Nibbrig M, Zacher V. Human ears grow throughout the entire lifetime according to complicated and dimorphic patterns—conclusions from a cross‐sectional analysis. Anthropol Anz 2007;65:391413. Pubmed link
  • 52  Woo Pick‐Ngor, Lip Peck‐Lin. Why do old men have big ears? BMJ 1996;312:586. Cross Ref link
  • 53  Heathcote JA. Why do old men have big ears? BMJ 1996;311:1668. Cross Ref link
  • 54  Asai Y, Yoshimura M, Nago N, Yamada T. Correlation of ear length with age in Japan. BMJ 1996;312:582. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Verhulst J, Onghena P. Circaseptennial rhythm in ear growth. BMJ 1996;313:15978. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Frank ST. Aural sign of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1973;289:3278. Pubmed link
  • 57  Elliott WJ. Earlobe crease and coronary artery disease: 1000 patients and review of the literature. Am J Med 1983;75:102432. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Kirkham N, Murrells T, Melcher DH, Morrison EA. Diagonal earlobe creases and fatal cardiovascular disease: a necropsy study. Br Heart J 1989;61:3614. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Patel V, Champ C, Andrews PS, et al. Diagonal earlobe creases and atheromatous disease: a post mortem study. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1992;26:2747. Pubmed link
  • 60  Edston E. The earlobe crease, coronary artery disease, and sudden cardiac death: an autopsy study of 520 individuals. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2006;27:12933. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Tranchesi B, Barbosa V, de Albuquerque CP, et al. Diagonal earlobe creases as a marker of the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 1992;70:141720. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Wiedemann HR. Earlobe creases, congenital and acquired. N Engl J Med 1979;301:111. Pubmed link
  • 63  Rhoads GG, Klein K, Yano K, Preston H. The earlobe crease sign of obesity in middle‐aged Japanese men. Hawaii Med J 1977;36:747. Pubmed link
  • 64  Fisher JR, Sievers ML. Earlobe crease in American Indians. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Cheng TO. Diagonal earlobe creases. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1992;26:460. Pubmed link
  • 66  Hawksworth NR. Diagonal earlobe creases: an association with primary open angle glaucoma. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1992;26:45960. Pubmed link

Traumatic conditions

    Contusion and haematoma

    • 67  Manning SC, Casselbrant M, Lammers D. Otolaryngolic manifestations of child abuse. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990;20:716. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Willner A, Ledereich PS, de Vries EJ. Auricular injury as a presentation of child abuse. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;118:6347. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 69  Hanigan WC, Peterson RA, Njus G. Tin ear syndrome: rotational acceleration in pediatric head injuries. Pediatrics 1987;80:61822. Pubmed link
    • 70  Germon WH. The care and management of acute haematoma of the external ear. Laryngoscope 1980;90:8815. Pubmed link
    • 71  Lee D, Sperling N. Initial management of auricular trauma. Am Fam Physician 1996;53:233944. Pubmed link
    • 72  Schuller DE, Dankle SD, Strauss RH. A technique to treat wrestler's auricular hematoma without interrupting training or competition. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:2026. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 73  Bull PD, Lancer JM. Treatment of auricular haematoma by suction drainage. Clin Otolaryngol 1984;9:35560. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 74  Tenta LT, Keyes GR. Reconstructive surgery of the external ear. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1981;14:91738. Pubmed link

    Ear piercing

    • 75  Deschesnes M, Fines P, Demers S. Are tattooing and body piercing indicators of risk‐taking behaviours among high school students? J Adolesc 2006;29:37993. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Laumann AE, Derick AJ. Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:41321. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 77  Suris JC, Jeannin A, Chossis I, Michaud PA. Piercing among adolescents. Body art as risk marker: a population‐based survey. J Fam Pract 2007;56:12630. Pubmed link
    • 78  Biggar RJ, Haughie GE. Medical problems of ear piercing. N Y State J Med 1975;75:14602. Pubmed link
    • 79  Simplot TC, Hoffman HT. Comparison between cartilage and soft tissue ear piercing complications. Am J Otol 1998;19:30510. Cross Ref link
    • 80  Cumberworth VL, Hogarth TB. Hazards of ear‐piercing procedures which traverse cartilage: a report of Pseudomonas perichondritis and review of other complications. Br J Clin Pract 1990;44:51213. Pubmed link
    • 81  Hanif J, Frosh A, Marnane C, et al. ‘High’ ear piercing and the rising incidence of perichondritis of the pinna. BMJ 2001;322:9067. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 82  Turkeltaub SH, Habal MB. Acute Pseudomonas chondritis as a sequel to ear piercing. Ann Plast Surg 1990;24:27982. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Macgregor DM. The risks of ear piercing in children. Scott Med J 2001;46:910. Pubmed link
    • 84  Allison G, Kravitz E. Auricular chondritis secondary to acupuncture. N Engl J Med 1975;293:780. Pubmed link
    • 85  Davis O, Powell M. Auricular perichondritis secondary to acupuncture. Arch Otolaryngol 1985;111:7701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 86  Lovejoy FH Jr, Smith DH. Life‐threatening staphylococcal disease following ear piercing. Pediatrics 1970;46:3013. Pubmed link
    • 87  Kovarik A, Setina M, Sulda M, et al. Infective endocarditis of the tricuspid valve caused by Staphylococcus aureus after ear piercing. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:2668. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 88  Razavi B, Schilling M. Chondritis attributable to Lactobacillus after ear piercing. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;37:756. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 89  Sewnath M, Faber T, Castelein R. Pyogenic spondylitis as a complication of ear piercing: differentiating between spondylitis and discitis. Acta Orthop Belg 2007;73:12832. Pubmed link
    • 90  Morgan LG. Primary tuberculosis inoculation of an earlobe: report of an unusual case and review of the literature. J Pediatr 1952;40:4825. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Van Sciver AE. Hepatitis from ear piercing. JAMA 1969;207:2285. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 92  Johnson CJ, Anderson H, Spearman J. Viral hepatitis in young women after ear piercing. MMWR 1973;22:3905.
    • 93  Jay AL. Ear piercing problems. BMJ 1977;2:5745. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 94  Ellis DAF. Complication and correction of the pierced ear. J Otolaryngol 1976;5:24750. Pubmed link
    • 95  Apesos J, Kane M. Treatment of traumatic earlobe clefts. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1993;17:2535. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Larsson‐Stymne B, Widstrom L. Ear piercing: a cause of nickel allergy in school girls? Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:28993. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 97  Fischer T, Fregert S, Gruvberger B. Nickel release from ear‐piercing kits and earrings. Contact Dermatitis 1984;10:3941. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 98  Nakada T, Iijima M, Nakayama H, Maibach HI. Role of ear piercing in metal allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:2336. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 99  Fisher AA. Allergic contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Cutis 1990;39:4735.
    • 100  Hausen BM, Rothenborg HW. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by olive wood jewelry. Arch Dermatol 1981;17:7324. Cross Ref link
    • 101  Karlberg AT, Boman A, Wahlberg JE. Copper: a rare sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:1349. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 102  Menné T. Relationship between cobalt and nickel sensitization in females. Contact Dermatitis 1980;3:33740. Cross Ref link
    • 103  Lammintausta K, Pitkanen OP, Kalino K, et al. Interrelationship of nickel and cobalt contact sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:14852. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 104  Burrows D. The dichromate problem. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:21520. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 105  Jensen CS, Lisby S, Baadsgaard O, et al. Decrease in nickel sensitization in a Danish schoolgirl population with ears pierced after implementation of a nickel‐exposure regulation. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:63642. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 106  Fisher AA. Metallic gold: the cause of a persistent allergic ‘dermal’ contact dermatitis. Cutis 1974;14:17780.
    • 107  Aoshima T, Oguchi M. Intracytoplasmic crystalline inclusions in dermal infiltrating cells of granulomatous contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988;68:2614.
    • 108  Iwatsuki K, Tagami H, Moriguichi T, et al. Lymphadenoid structure induced by gold hypersensitivity. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:60811. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 109  Iwatsuki K, Yamada M, Tagigawa M, et al. Benign lymphoplasia of the earlobes induced by gold earrings: immunohistologic study on the cellular infiltrates. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:838. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 110  Zilinsky I, Tsur H, Trau H, Orenstein A. Pseudolymphoma of the earlobes due to ear piercing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989;15:6668. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 111  Goossens A, De Swerdt A, De Coninck K, et al. Allergic contact granuloma due to palladium following ear piercing. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:33841. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 112  High WA, Ayers RA, Adams JR, et al. Granulomatous reaction to titanium alloy: an unusual reaction to ear piercing. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:71620. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 113  Masel G. Copper‐induced cutaneous sarcoidosis. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:3841. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 114  Mann RJ, Peachey RDG. Sarcoidal tissue reaction: another complication of ear piercing. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:199200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 115  Muntz HR, Cui DJ, Asher BA. Embedded earrings: a complication of the ear‐piercing gun. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1990;19:736. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 116  de San Lazaro C, Jackson RH. Vanishing earrings. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:6067. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 117  Saleeby ER, Rubin MG, Youshock E, et al. Embedded foreign bodies presenting as earlobe keloids. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1984;10:9024. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 118  Ellis DAF. Complications and corrections of the pierced ear. J Otolaryngol 1976;5:24750. Pubmed link
    • 119  Lane JE, Waller JL, Davis LS. Relationship between age of ear piercing and keloid formation. Pediatrics 2005;115:131214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 120  Slobodkin D. Why more keloids on back than front of earlobe? Lancet 1990;335:3356. Cross Ref link
    • 121  Brent B. The role of pressure therapy in the management of earlobe keloids: a preliminary report of a controlled study. Ann Plast Surg 1978;1:57981. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 122  Kim DY, Kim ES, Eo SR, et al. A surgical approach for earlobe keloid: keloid fillet flap. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:166874. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 123  Sunohara M, Oxawa T, Harada T, et al. A technique for auricular keloid core excision using a skin biopsy punch. Aesthet Plast Surg 2012;36:62830. Cross Ref link
    • 124  Chowdri NA, Mattoo MMA, Darzi MA. Keloids and hypertrophic scars: results with intra‐operative and serial post‐operative corticosteroid injection therapy. Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:6559. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 125  Chaudry MR, Akhtar S, Duvalsaint F, et al. Ear lobe keloids, surgical excision followed by radiation therapy: a 10‐year experience. Ear Nose Throat J 1994;73:77981. Pubmed link
    • 126  Akoz T, Gideroglu K, Akan M. Combination of different techniques for the treatment of earlobe keloids. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002;26:1848. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 127  Yencha MW, Oberman JP. Combined therapy in the treatment of auricular keloids. Ear Nose Throat J 2006;85:934, 96–7. Pubmed link
    • 128  Russell R, Horlock N, Gault D. Zimmer splintage: a simple effective treatment for keloids following ear‐piercing. Br J Plast Surg 2001;54:50910. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 129  van den Nieuwenhuijsen IJ, Calame JJ, Brynzeel DP. Localised argyria caused by silver earrings. Dermatologica 1988;177:18991. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 130  Shall L, Stevens A, Millard LG. An unusual case of acquired localised argyria. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:4037. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 131  Noble DA. Another hazard of pierced ears. BMJ 1979;1:125. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 132  Serratrice J, Ene N, Granel B, et al. Severe relapsing polychondritis occurring after ear piercing. J Rheumatol 2003;30:271617. Pubmed link
    • 133  Hendricks WM. Complications of ear piercing: treatment and prevention. Cutis 1991;48:38694. Pubmed link
    • 134  Landeck A, Newman N, Breadon J, et al. A simple technique for ear piercing. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:7956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 135  Cornetta AJ, Reiter D. Ear piercing for individuals with metal hypersensitivity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:935. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Chondrodermatitis nodularis

    • 136  Grigoryants V, Qureshi H, Patterson JW, Lin KY. Pediatric chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. J Craniofac Surg 2007;18:22831. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 137  Magro CM, Frambach GE and Crowson AN. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis as a marker of internal syndromes associated with microvascular injury. J Cutan Pathol 2005;32:329333. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 138  Upile T, Patel NN, Jerjes, et al. Advances in the understanding of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helices: the perichondrial vasculitis theory. Clin Otolaryngol 2009;34:14750. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 139  Bottomley WW, Goodfield MDJ. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis occurring with systemic sclerosis: an under‐reported association? Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:21920. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 140  Sasaki T, Nishizawa H, Sugita Y. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis in childhood dermatomyositis. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:3635. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 141  Santa Cruz DJ. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis: a transepidermal perforating disorder. J Cutan Pathol 1980;7:706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 142  Cribier B, Scrivener Y, Peltre B. Neural hyperplasia in chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:8448. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 143  Chan HP, Neuhaus LM, Maibach HI. Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronic helicis in monozygotic twins. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;34:3589. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 144  Kavanagh GM, Bradfield JWB, Collins CMP, Kennedy CTC. Weathering nodules of the ear: a clinicopathological study. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:5504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 145  Sanu A, Koppana R, Snow DG. Management of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronic helicis using a ‘doughnut pillow’. J Laryngol Otol 2007;121:10968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 146  Moncrieff M, Sassoon EM. Effective treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis using a conservative approach. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:8924. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 147  Travelute CR. Self‐adhering foam: a simple method for pressure relief during sleep in patients with chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Dermatol Surg 2013;39:31719. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 148  Cox NH, Denham PF. Intralesional triamcinolone for chondrodermatitis nodularis: a follow‐up study of 60 patients. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:71213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 149  Flynn V, Chisholm C, Grimwood R. Topical nitroglycerin: a promising treatment option for chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:5316. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 150  Lawrence CM. The treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis with cartilage removal alone. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:5305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 151  Hudson‐Peacock MJ, Cox NH, Lawrence CM. The long‐term results of cartilage removal alone for the treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:7035. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 152  de Ru JA, Lohuis PJ, Saleh HA, Vuyk HD. Treatment of chondrodermatitis nodularis with removal of the underlying cartilage alone: retrospective analysis of experience in 37 lesions. J Laryngol Otol 2002;116:67781. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 153  Hussain W, Chalmers RJG. Simplified surgical treatment of chondropdermatitis nodularis by cartilage trimming and sutureless skin closure. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:11618. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 154  Rajan N, Langtry JAA. The punch and graft technique: a novel method of surgical treatment for chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:7447. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 155  Yaneza MMC, Sheikh S. Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronic helicis excision and reconstruction. J Laryngol Otol 2013;127:634. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 156  Gilaberte Y, Frias MP, Pérez‐Lorenz JB. Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis successfully treated with photodynamic therapy. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:10802. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 157  Pellegrino M, Taddeucci S, Mei C, et al. Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronic helicis and photodynamic therapy: a new therapeutic option? Dermatol Ther 2011;24:1447. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 158  Taylor MB. Chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis: successful treatment with the carbon dioxide laser. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:8624. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Pseudocyst of the ear

    • 159  Lazar RH, Heffner DK, Hughes GB, Hyams VK. Pseudocyst of the auricle: a review of 21 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;94:3601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 160  Santos AD, Kelley PE. Bilateral pseudocyst of the auricle in an infant girl. Pediatr Dermatol 1995;12:1525. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 161  Engel D. Pseudocyst of the auricle in Chinese. Arch Otolaryngol 1996;83:2934.
    • 162  Choi S, Lam K, Chan K, Ghadially F. Enchondral pseudocyst of the auricle in Chinese. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984;110:7926. Cross Ref link
    • 163  Grabski WJ, Salasche SJ, McCollough ML, Angeloni VL. Pseudocyst of the auricle associated with trauma. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:52830. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 164  Chen PP, Tsai SM, Wang HM, et al. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns in auricular pseudocyst fluid. J Laryngol Otol 2013;127:49982. Cross Ref link
    • 165  Yamamoto T, Yokoyama A, Umeda T. Cytokine profile of bilateral pseudocyst of the auricle. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995;76:923.
    • 166  Glamb R, Kim R. Pseudocyst of the auricle. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:5863. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 167  Heffner DK, Hyams VJ. Cystic chondromalacia (endochondral pseudocyst) of the auricle. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1986;110:7403. Pubmed link
    • 168  Salgado CJ, Hardy JE, Mardini S, et al. Treatment of auricular pseudocyst with aspiration and local pressure. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006;59:14502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 169  Patigaroo SA, Mehfooz N, Patigaroo FA, et al. Clinical characteristics and comparative study of different modalities of treatment of pseudocyst pinna. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2012;269:174754. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 170  Myamoto H, Dida M, Onuma S, Uchiyama M. Steroid injection therapy for pseudocyst of the auricle. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:1402.
    • 171  Tuncer S, Basterzi Y, Yavuzer R. Recurrent auricular pseudocyst: a new treatment recommendation with curettage and fibrin glue. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:10803. Pubmed link
    • 172  Oyama N, Satoh M, Iwatsuki K, et al. Treatment of recurrent auricle pseudocyst with intralesional injection of minocycline: a report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:5546. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Manifestation of skin disease and systemic disease in the ear

    • 173  Chadwick JM, Downham TF. Auricular calcification. Int J Dermatol 1978;17:799801. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 174  Hicks BC, Weber PJ, Hashimoto K, et al. Primary cutaneous amyloidosis of the auricular concha. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:1925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 175  Bakos L, Weissbluth ML, Pires AKS, Muller LFB. Primary amyloidosis of the concha (letter). J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:5245. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 176  Barnadas M, Perez M, Esquius J, et al. Papules in the auricular concha: lichen amyloidosus in a case of biphasic amyloidosis. Dermatologica 1990;181:14951. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 177  Olsen TG, Helwig EB. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. A clinicopathologic study of 116 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:78196. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 178  Tada J, Toi Y, Akiyama H, Arata J. Infra‐auricular fissures in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:12931.
    • 179  Bazex A, Griffiths A. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica: a new cutaneous marker of malignancy. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:3016. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 180  Kastanioudakis I, Bassioukas K, Ziavra N, Skevas A. External ear involvement in epidermolysis bullosa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:618. Pubmed link
    • 181  Azon‐Masoliver A, Ferrando J, Navarra E, Mascaro JE. Solitary congenital nodular calcification of Winer located on the ear: report of two cases. Pediatr Dermatol 1989;6:1913. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 182  McCallum DI, Gray WM. Metastatic Crohn's disease. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:5514. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 183  Ghigliotti G, Parodi A, Borgiani L, et al. Acquired cutis laxa confined to the face. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:5045. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 184  Thompson AC, Shall L, Moralee SJ. Darier's disease of the external ear. J Laryngol Otol 1992;106:7256. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 185  Rongioletti F, Ghio L, Ginevri F, et al. Purpura of the ears: a distinctive vasculopathy with circulating autoantibodies complicating long‐term treatment with levamisole in children. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:94851. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 186  Toriumi DM, Konior RJ, Berktold RE. Severe hypertrichosis of the external ear canal during minoxidil therapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:91819. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 187  Trunnell TN, Waisman M. Hypertrophied retroauricular folds attributable to diphenylhydantoin therapy. Cutis 1982;30:2079. Pubmed link
    • 188  Grant JM. Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa of the ears. Cutis 1982;29:4414. Pubmed link
    • 189  Mahzoon S, Azadeh B. Elephantiasis of external ears: a rare manifestation of pediculosis capitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:3635.
    • 190  Muhlbauer JE. Granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:21730. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 191  Foss MH. Granuloma faciale: report on a case. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1957;37:47382.
    • 192  Mansfield RE, Storkan MA, Cliff IS. Evaluation of the earlobe in leprosy. A clinical and histopathological study. Arch Dermatol 1969;100:40712. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 193  Sartori‐Valinotti JC, Bruce AJ, Krotova Khan Y, Beatty CW. A 10‐year review of otic lichen planus: the Mayo Clinic experience. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:10826. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 194  Darvay A, Russell‐Jones R, Acland KM, et al. Systemic B‐cell lymphoma presenting as an isolated lesion on the ear. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:1669. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 195  Sugathan P. Mudi‐chood disease. Dermatol Online J 1999;5:5. Pubmed link
    • 196  Bukachevsky R, Kimmelman CP. Otolaryngologic manifestations of porphyria cutanea tarda. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;101:4023. Pubmed link
    • 197  Nova A. Sarcoidosis of the ear. Ear Nose Throat J 1981;60:3078. Pubmed link
    • 198  Jensen JL, Liao SY, Jeffes EW III. Verruciform xanthoma of the ear with coexisting epidermal dysplasia. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:42630. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 199  Kavanagh GM, Bradfield JW, Collins CM, Kennedy CT. Weathering nodules of the ear: a clinicopathological study. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:5504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 200  Kornblut AD, Wolffs M, Fauci AS. Ear disease in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Laryngoscope 1982;92:71317. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 201  Sueki H, Saito T, Iijima M, Fujisawa R. Adult onset xanthogranuloma appearing symmetrically on the ear lobes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:3724. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infection

      Otitis externa

      • 202  Hirsch BE. Infections of the external ear. Am J Otolaryngol 1992;13:14555. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 203  Osguthorpe JD, Nielsen DR. Otitis externa: Review and clinical update. Am Fam Physician 2006;74:151016. Pubmed link
      • 204  Rowlands S, Devalia H, Smith C, Hubbard R, Dean A. Otitis externa in UK general practice: a survey using the UK General Practice Research Database. Br J Gen Pract 2001;51:5338. Pubmed link
      • 205  Roland PS, Stroman DW. Microbiology of acute otitis externa. Laryngoscope 2002;112:116677. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 206  Quayle AF. Otitis externa in New Guinea. Med J Aust 1944;2:228;22831.
      • 207  Martinez Devesa P, Willis CM, Capper JW. External auditory canal pH in chronic otitis externa. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2003;28:3204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 208  Antonelli PJ, Schultz GS, Cantwell JS, et al. Inflammatory proteases in chronic otitis externa. Laryngoscope 2005;115:6514. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 209  Steuer MK, Hofstadter F, Probster L, et al. Are ABH antigenic determinants on human outer ear canal epithelium responsible for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections? Otorhinolaryngology 1995;57:14852.
      • 210  Matar GM, Harakeh HS, Ramlawi F, et al. Comparative analysis between Pseudomonas aeruginosa genotypes and severity of symptoms in patients with unilateral or bilateral otitis externa. Curr Microbiol 2001;42:1903. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 211  Walshe P, Rowley H, Timon C. A worrying development in the microbiology of otitis externa. Clin Otolaryngol 2001;26:21820. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 212  Calderon R, Mood EW. An epidemiological assessment of water quality and ‘swimmers’ ear'. Arch Environ Health 1982;37:3005. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 213  Strauss NB, Dierker RL. Otitis externa associated with aquatic activities (swimmer's ear). Clin Dermatol 1987;5:10311. Cross Ref link
      • 214  Springer GL, Shapiro EA. Fresh water swimming as a risk factor for otitis externa: a case–control study. Arch Environ Health 1985;40:2026. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 215  Russell JD, Donnelly M, McShane DP, et al. What causes acute otitis externa? J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:898901. Pubmed link
      • 216  Hawke M, Wong J, Krajden S. Clinical and microbiological features of otitis externa. J Otolaryngol 1984;13:28995. Pubmed link
      • 217  19 Selesnick SH. Otitis externa: management of the recalcitrant case. Am J Otol 1994;15:40812. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 218  Sood S, Strachan DR, Tsikoudas A, Stables GI. Allergic otitis externa. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 2002;27:2336. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 219  Devos SA, Mulder JJ, van der Valk PG. The relevance of positive patch test reactions in chronic otitis externa. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:3545. Pubmed link
      • 220  Millard TP, Orton DI. Changing patterns of contact allergy in chronic inflammatory ear disease. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:836. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 221  Roest MA, Shaw S, Orton DI. Allergic contact otitis externa due to iodoform in BIPP cavity dressings. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:360. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 222  Cockerill D. Allergies to ear moulds. A study of reactions encountered by hearing aid users to some ear mould materials. Br J Audiol 1987;21:145. Cross Ref link
      • 223  Wetmore SJ, Abramson M. Bullous myringitis with sensorineural hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1979:87:66070.
      • 224  Stoney P, Kwok P, Hawke M. Granular myringitis: a review. J Otolaryngol 1992;21:12935. Pubmed link
      • 225  Wolf M, Primov‐Fever A, Barshack I, et al. Granular myringitis: incidence and clinical characteristics. Otol Neurotol 2006;27:10947. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 226  Grant JM. Elephantiasis nostra verrucosa of the ears. Cutis 1982;29:4414. Pubmed link
      • 227  Wormald PJ. Surgical management of benign necrotizing otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 1994;108:1015. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 228  Hajioff D, Mackeith S. Otitis externa. Clin Evid (Online) 2010 Aug 3;0510 PMC3217807.
      • 229  Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed SR. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004740. Pubmed link
      • 230  Kesser BW. Assessment and management of chronic otitis externa. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;19:3417. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 231  Burton MJ, Singer M, Rosenfeld RM. Extracts from The Cochrane Library: interventions for acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;143:811. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 232  Rosenfeld RM, Singer M, Wasserman JM, Stinnett SS. Systematic review of topical antimicrobial therapy for acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134(4 Suppl):S2448. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 233  Rosenfeld RM, Brown L, Cannon CR, et al. American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. Clinical practice guideline: acute otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134(4 Suppl.):S423. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 234  Harth W, Caffeier PP, Mayelzadeh B, et al. Topical tacrolimus treatment for chronic dermatitis of the ear. Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:40511. Pubmed link
      • 235  Hunsaker DH. Conchomeatoplasty for chronic otitis externa. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:3958. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 236  Roland PS. Chronic external otitis. Ear Nose Throat J 2001;80 (6 Suppl.): 1216. Pubmed link
      • 237  Jacobsen N, Mills R. Management of stenosis and acquired atresia of the external auditory meatus. J Laryngol Otol 2006;120:26671. Pubmed link

      Necrotizing otitis externa

      • 238  Coser PL, Stamm AEC, Lobo RC, et al. Malignant external otitis in infants. Laryngoscope 1980;90:31216. Pubmed link
      • 239  Rubin J, Yu VL, Stool SE. Malignant external otitis in children. J Pediatr 1988;113:96570. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 240  Driscoll PV, Ramachandrula A, Drezner DA, et al. Characteristics of cerumen in diabetic patients: a key to understanding malignant external otitis? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993;109:6769. Pubmed link
      • 241  Naghibi M, Smith RP, Baltch AL, et al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on chemotactic and bactericidal activity of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1987;4:2735. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 242  Geerlings SE, Hoepelman AI. Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1999;26:25965. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 243  Bernheim J, Sade J. Histopathology of the soft parts in 50 patients with malignant external otitis. J Laryngol Otol 1989;103:3668. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 244  Ostfeld E, Segal M, Czernobilsky B. Malignant external otitis: early histopathologic changes and pathogenic mechanism. Laryngoscope 1981;91:96570. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 245  Nguyen LT, Harris JP, Nguyen QT. Erosive external otitis: a novel distinct clinical entity of the external auditory canal in nonimmunosuppressed individuals. Otol Neurotol 2010;31:140911. Pubmed link
      • 246  Tsikoudas A, Davis BC. Benign necrotizing otitis externa. Ear Nose Throat J 2009;88:E18. Pubmed link
      • 247  Wickham N, Crawford A, Carney AS, Goss AN. Bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the external auditory canal. J Laryngol Otol 2013;127(Suppl. 2):S513. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 248  Chen CN, Chen YS, Yeh TH, Hsu CJ, Tseng FY. Outcomes of malignant external otitis: survival vs mortality. Acta Otolaryngol 2010;130:8994. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 249  Franco‐Vidal V, Blanchet H, Bebear C, et al. Necrotizing external otitis: a report of 46 cases. Otol Neurotol 2007;28:7713. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 250  Carfrae MJ, Kesser BW. Malignant otitis externa. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2008;41:53749. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 251  Gherini SG, Brackmann DE, Bradley WG. Magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography in malignant otitis externa. Laryngoscope 1986;96:5428. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 252  Grandis JR, Curtin HD, Yu VL. Necrotizing (malignant) external otitis: prospective comparison of CT and MR imaging in diagnosis and follow‐up. Radiology 1995;196:499504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 253  Okpala NC, Siraj QH, Nilssen E, Pringle M. Radiological and radionuclide investigation of malignant otitis externa. J Laryngol Otol 2005;119:715. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 254  Chen YH, Hsieh HJ. Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography for malignant otitis externa: lesion not shown on planar image. Am J Otolaryngol 2013;34:16971. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 255  Rubin J, Stoehr G, Yu VL, et al. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin plus rifampin for treatment of malignant external otitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:10639. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 256  Mahdyoun P, Pulcini C, Gahide I, et al. Necrotizing otitis externa: a systematic review. Otol Neurotol 2013;34:6209. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 257  Phillips JS, Jones SE. Hyperbaric oxygen as an adjuvant treatment for malignant otitis externa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(5):CD004617. Pubmed link

      Otomycosis

      • 258  Ho T, Vrabec JT, Yoo D, Coker NJ. Otomycosis: clinical features and treatment implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;135:78791. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 259  Lucente FE. Fungal infections of the external ear. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1993;26:9951006. Pubmed link
      • 260  Viswanatha B, Sumatha D, Vijayashree MS. Otomycosis in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients: comparative study and literature review. Ear Nose Throat J 2012;91:11421. Pubmed link
      • 261  Nielsen PG. Fungi isolated from chronic external ear disorders. Mykosen 1985;28:2347. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 262  Sood VB, Sinha A, Mohaoatra LN. Otomycosis: a clinical entity—clinical and experimental study. J Laryngol Otol 1988;81:9991173. Cross Ref link
      • 263  Stern JC, Lucente FE. Otomycosis. Ear Nose Throat J 1988;67:80410. Pubmed link
      • 264  Vennewald I, Klemm E. Otomycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2010;28:20211. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Tumours of the auricle and external auditory canal

        Glandular tumours

        • 265  Lynde CW, McLean DI, Wood WS. Tumors of the ceruminous glands. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:8417. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 266  Lassaletta L, Patron M, Oloriz J, et al. Avoiding misdiagnosis in ceruminous gland tumours. Auris Nasus Larynx 2003;30:28790. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 267  Thompson LD, Nelson BL, Barnes EL. Ceruminous adenomas: a clinicopathologic study of 41 cases with a review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:30818. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 268  Habib MA. Ceruminoma in association with other sweat gland tumours. J Laryngol Otol 1981;95:41520. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 269  Dehner LP, Chen KTK. Primary tumours of the external and middle ear: benign and malignant glandular neoplasms. Arch Otolaryngol 1980;106:1319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 270  Nissim F, Czernobilsky B, Ostfeld E. Hidradenoma papilliferum of the external auditory canal. J Laryngol Otol 1981;95:8438. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 271  Gonzalez‐Castro J, Iranza P, Palou J, Mascaro JM. Extramammary Paget's disease of the external ear. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:91415. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 272  Mansour P, George MK, Pahor AL. Ceruminous gland tumours: a reappraisal. J Laryngol Otol 1992;106:72732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle (pinna)

        • 273  Thomas SS, Matthews RN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna: a 6‐year study. Br J Plastic Surg 1994;47:815. Cross Ref link
        • 274  Johnson TM, Rowe DE, Nelson BR, Swanson NA. Squamous carcinoma of the skin (excluding lip and oral mucosa). J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:46784. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 275  Ahmad I, Das Gupta AR. Epidemiology of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the pinna. J Laryngol Otol 2001;115:856. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 276  Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis and survival rates in squamous carcinoma of the skin, ear and lip. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:97690. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 277  Veness MJ, Palme CE, Morgan GJ. High‐risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results from 266 treated patients with metastatic lymph node disease. Cancer 2006;106:238996. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 278  Cooper JZ, Brown MD. Special concern about squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp in organ transplant recipients. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:7558. Pubmed link
        • 279  Moloney FJ, Comber H, O'Lorcain P, et al. A population‐based study of skin cancer incidence and prevalence in renal transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:498504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 280  Lindelof B, Dal H, Wolk K, Malmborg N. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients: a study of the Swedish cohort with regard to tumor site. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:44751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 281  Nordin P, Stenquist B. Five‐year results of curettage‐cryosurgery for 100 consecutive auricular non‐melanoma skin cancers. J Laryngol Otol 2002;116:8938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 282  Reddy LV, Zide MF. Reconstruction of skin cancer defects of the auricle. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:145771. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 283  Pless J. Carcinoma of the external ear. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1976;10:14751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 284  Kitchens GG. Auricular wedge resection and reconstruction. Ear Nose Throat J 1989;68:6734, 677–9, 683. Pubmed link
        • 285  Levine HL, Kinney SE, Bailin PL, Roberts JK. Cancer of the peri‐auricular region. Dermatol Clin 1989;7:78195. Pubmed link
        • 286  Mohs F, Larson P, Iriondo M. Micrographic surgery for the microscopically controlled excision of carcinoma of the external ear. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:72937. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 287  Lee D, Nash M, Har‐El G. Regional spread of auricular and peri‐auricular cutaneous malignancies. Laryngoscope 1996;106:9981001. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 288  Niparko JK, Swanson NA, Baker SR, et al. Local control of auricular, peri‐auricular, and external canal malignancies with Mohs' surgery. Laryngoscope 1990;100:104751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 289  Menick FJ. Reconstruction of the ear after tumor excision. Clin Plast Surg 1990;17:40515. Pubmed link
        • 290  Johnson TM, Fader DJ. The staged retroauricular to auricular direct pedicle (interpolation) flap for helical ear reconstruction. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:9758. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 291  Yotsuyanagi T, Nihei Y, Sawada Y. Reconstruction of defects involving the upper one‐third of the auricle. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998;102:98892. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 292  Martinez JM, Alconchel MD, Olivares C, Cimorra GA. Reconstruction of the tragus after tumour excision. Br J Plast Surg 1997;50:5524. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 293  van der Lei B, Spronk CA. Reconstruction of non‐marginal ear defect by a postauricular wedge transposition flap. Br J Plast Surg 1998;51:1416. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 294  Majumdar A, Townend J. Helix rim advancement for reconstruction of marginal defects of the pinna. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 295  Dagregorio G, Darsonval V. Peninsular conchal axial flap to reconstruct the upper or middle third of the auricle. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:3505. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 296  Redondo P, Lloret P, Sierra A, Gil P. Aggressive tumors of the concha: treatment with postauricular island pedicle flap. J Cutan Med Surg 2003;7:33943. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 297  Caccialanza M, Piccinno R, Kolesnikova L, Gnecchi L. Radiotherapy of skin carcinomas of the pinna: a study of 115 lesions in 108 patients. Int J Dermatol. 2005;44:51317. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 298  Moloney FJ, Kelly PO, Kay EW, et al. Maintenance versus reduction of immunosuppression in renal transplant recipients with aggressive squamous cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:6748. Pubmed link

        Squamous carcinoma of the external auditory canal

        • 299  Arriaga M, Curtin H, Takahashi H, et al. Staging proposal for external auditory meatus carcinoma based on preoperative clinical examination and computed tomography findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990;99:71421. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 300  Lim L H, Goh Y H, Chan Y M, et al. Malignancy of the temporal bone and external auditory canal. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:8826. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 301  Stafford ND, Frootko NJ. Verrucous carcinoma in the external auditory canal. Am J Otol. 1986;7:4435. Pubmed link
        • 302  Hosokawa S, Mizuta K, Takahashi G, et al. Surgical approach for treatment of carcinoma of the anterior wall of the external auditory canal. Otol Neurotol 2012;33:4504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 303  Bared A, Dave SP, Garcia M, Angeli SI. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the external auditory canal (EAC). Acta Otolaryngol 2007;127:2804. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 304  Miah MS, Crawford M, White SJ, Hussain SS. Malignant transformation from benign papillomatosis of the external auditory canal. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33:6437. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 305  Masterson L, Winder DM, Marker A, et al. Investigating the role of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. Head Neck Oncol 2013;5:22.
        • 306  Moody SA, Hirsch BE, Myers EN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal: an evaluation of a staging system. Am J Otol 2000;21:5828. Pubmed link
        • 307  Higgins TS, Antonio SA. The role of facial palsy in staging squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone and external auditory canal: a comparative survival analysis. Otol Neurotol. 2010;31:14739. Pubmed link
        • 308  Ito M, Hatano M, Yoshizaki T. Prognostic factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone: extensive bone involvement or extensive soft tissue involvement? Acta Otolaryngol. 2009;129:131319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 309  Yamatodani T, Mineta H. Surgical approach for treatment of carcinoma of the anterior wall of the external auditory canal. Otol Neurotol 2012;33:4504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 310  Gidley PW. Managing malignancies of the external auditory canal. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009;9:127782. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 311  Ogawa K, Nakamura K, Hatano K, et al. Treatment and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal and middle ear: a multi‐institutional retrospective review of 87 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68:132634. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 312  Pemberton LS, Swindell R, Sykes AJ. Primary radical radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle ear and external auditory canal‐an historical series. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2006;18:3904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Miscellaneous conditions

          Petrified ear

          • 313  Stites PC, Boyd AS, Zic J. Auricular ossificans (ectopic ossification of the auricle). J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:1424. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 314  Gossner J. Prevalence of the petrified ear: a computed tomographic study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014;271:1957. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 315  Strauss RM. Petrified ears associated with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:40910. Pubmed link

          Cholesteatoma of the external auditory canal

          • 316  Friedman I, Arnold W. Pathology of the Ear. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1993:301.
          • 317  Sismanis A, Williams GH, Abedi E. External auditory meatus cholesteatoma. In: Tos M, Thomas J, Peitersen E, eds. Cholesteatoma and Mastoid Surgery. Amsterdam: Kugler and Ghedini, 1984:57782.
          • 318  Owen HH, Rosborg J, Gaihede M. Cholesteatoma of the external ear canal: etiological factors, symptoms and clinical findings in a series of 48 cases. BMC Ear Nose Throat Disord 2006;6:1625. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Keratosis obturans

          • 319  Piepergerdes JC, Kramer BM, Behnke EE. Keratosis obturans and external auditory canal cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 1980;90:38390. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 320  Armitage JM, Lane DJ, Stradling JR, Burton M. Ear involvement in the yellow nail syndrome. Chest 1990;98:15345. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Referred pain

          • 321  Shah RK, Blevins NH. Otalgia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003;36:113751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 322  Sheikhi AARJ. Pain in the ear: with special reference to referred pain. J Laryngol Otol 1980;94:143340. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 323  Arlen H. The otomandibular syndrome: diagnosis. Ear Nose Throat J 1978;57:5536. Pubmed link
          • 324  Papay FA, Levine HL, Schiavone WA. Facial fuzz and funny feelings. Cleve Clin J Med 1989;56:2736. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 325  Dight R. Psychogenic earache. An unusual cause of otalgia. Med J Aust 1980;i:767.