Introduction

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  • 5  Theirs BH, Grant‐Kels JM, Rothe MJ, et al., eds. Dermatology Clinics – Oculocutaneous Diseases, I & II, Vol. 10; Nos 3 and 4. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1992.
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  • 7  Ostler HB, Maibach HI, Hoko AW, Swab IR, eds. Diseases of the Eye and Skin: a Color Atlas. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004.

Anatomy and physiology of the eye

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  • 10  King‐Smith PE, Fink BA, Hill RM, et al. The thickness of the tear film. Curr Eye Res 2004;29:357–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Disorders of the eyebrows and eyelashes

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  • 12  Casanova JM, Puig T, Rubro M. Hypertrichosis of the eyelashes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1599–601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 13  Klutman NE, Hinthorn DR. Excessive growth of eyelashes in a patient with AIDS being treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1896. Pubmed link
  • 14  Foon KA, Dougher G. Increased growth of the lashes in a patient given leukocyte A interferon. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1259. Cross Ref link
  • 15  Law SK. Bimatoprost in the treatment of eyelash hypotrichosis. Clin Ophthalmol 2010;4:349–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Fabbrocini G, Panariello L, Cacciapuoti S, et al. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes during therapy with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors: report of 3 cases. Dermatitis 2012;23:237–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Abnormalities of the eyelids

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  • 18  Steiner G, Arffa RC. Psoriasis, ichthyosis and porphyria. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1997;37:41–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Kilic B, Dogan U, Parlak AH, et al. Ocular findings in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:554–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Guin JD. Eyelid dermatitis: experience in 203 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:755–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Nethercott JR, Nield G, Holmes DL. A review of 79 cases of eyelid dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:223–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Valecchi R, Imberti G, Martinod D, Carnelli T. Eyelid dermatitis – an evaluation of 150 patients. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27:143–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Shah M, Lewis FM, Gawkrodger DJ. Facial dermatitis and eyelid dermatitis – a comparison of patch tests results and final diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27:143–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Rapaport M. Contact dermatitis secondary to chlorhexidine in contact lens cleansing solution. Am J Contact Dermat 1991;2:65–6. Cross Ref link
  • 25  Herbst RA, Maibach HI. Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions. Contact Dermatitis 1991;25:305–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Maibach HI, Engasser P, Ostler B. Upper eyelid dermatosis syndrome. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:549–54. Pubmed link
  • 27  Jarek MJ, Finger DR, Gillil UR, Giandoni MB. Periorbital oedema and Mees' lines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Non‐specific but disease‐related skin lesions. J Clin Rheumatol 1996;2:156–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Chen DM, Crosby DL. Periorbital edema as an initial presentation of rosacea. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:346–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Hunzinger N. Apropos of familial hyperpigmentation of the eyelid. J Genet Hum 1962;11:16–21. Pubmed link
  • 30  Aguilera Diaz L. Hyperpigmentation of the eyelids. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1972;99:43–6.
  • 31  Smith RW, Leppard B, Barnett NL, et al. Chrysiasis revisited: a clinical and pathological study. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:671–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Cowan CI, Halder RM, Grimes PE. Ocular disturbances in vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:17–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Harben DJ, Cooper PH, Rodman OG. Thiotepa induced leucoderma. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:973–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Skin diseases affecting the eye and eyelids

    Blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis

    • 34  McCulley JP, Dougherty JM, Deneau DG. Classification of chronic blepharitis. Ophthalmology 1982;89:1173–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 35  Nelson JD, Shimazaki J, Benitez‐del‐Castillo JM, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the definition and classification subcommittee. IOVS 2011;52(4):1930–7.
    • 36  American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern® Guidelines. Blepharitis. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2013 www.aao.org/ppp (last accessed September 2014).
    • 37  Akpek EK, Merchant A, Pinar V, Foster CS. Ocular rosacea. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1863–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 38  Erzurum SA, Feder RS, Greenwald MJ. Acne rosacea with keratitis in childhood. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:228–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 39  Nichols KK, Foulks GN, Bron AJ, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: executive summary. IOVS 2011;52(4):1922–9.
    • 40  Lindsley K, Matsumura S, Hatef E, et al. Interventions for chronic blepharitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;May 16;5:CD005556. Pubmed link
    • 41  Ghanem VC, Mehra N, Wong S, et al. The prevalence of ocular signs in acne rosacea: comparing patients from ophthalmology and dermatology clinics. Cornea 2003;22(3):230–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 42  Groden LR, Murphy B, Rodnite J, et al. Lid flora in blepharitis. Cornea 1991;10(1):50–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 43  Huber‐Spitzy V, Baumgartner I, Bohler‐Sommeregger K, Grabner G. Blepharitis – a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: a report on 407 consecutive cases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:224–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 44  McCulley JP, Dougherty JM. Blepharitis associated wirh acne rosacea and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1985;25(1):159–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 45  Elewski BE, Draelos Z, Dreno B, et al. Rosacea – global diversity and optimized outcome: proposed international consensus from the Rosacea International Expert Group. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25(2):188–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 46  Spoendlin J, Voegel JJ, Jick SS, et al. A study on the epidemiology of rosacea in the U.K. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(3):598–605. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 47  Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Comparative bacteriology of chronic blepharitis. Br J Dermatol 1984;68:524–8.
    • 48  Mondino BJ, Brawman‐Mintsev O, Adamu S. Corneal antibody levels to ribitol teichoic acid in rabbits immunised with staphylococcal antigen using various routes. IOVS 1987;28:1553–8.
    • 49  Mondino BJ, Caster AI, Dethlefs B. A rabbit model of staphylococcal blepharitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:409–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 50  Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, Seal D, et al. Role of cell‐mediated immunity to staphylococci in blepharitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111(4):473–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 51  Valenton MJ, Okumoto M. Toxin‐producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (albus). Isolates from patients with staphylococcic blepharoconjunctivitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;89(3):186–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 52  Seal D, Ficker L, Ramakrishnan M, et al. Role of staphylococcal toxin production in blepharitis. Ophthalmology 1990;97(12):1684–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 53  Kemal M, Sumer Z, Toker MI, et al. The prevalence of Demodex folliculorum in blepharitis patients and the normal population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2005;12:287–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 54  Steinhoff M, Buddenkotte J, Aubert J, et al. Clinical, cellular, and molecular aspects in the pathophysiology of rosacea. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2011;15(1):2–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 55  Li J, O'Reilly N, Sheha H, et al. Correlation between ocular Demodex infestation and serum immunoreactivity to Bacillus proteins in patients with facial rosacea. Ophthalmology 2010;117(5):870–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 56  Mathers WD. Ocular evaporation in meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye. Ophthalmology 1993;10:347–51. Cross Ref link
    • 57  Knop E, Knop N, Millar T, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the meibomian gland. IOVS 2011;52(4):1938–78.
    • 58  Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Bacterial lipases and chronic blepharitis. IOVS 1986;27(4):486–91.
    • 59  Dougherty JM, McCulley JP, Silvany RE, et al. The role of tetracycline in chronic blepharitis. Inhibition of lipase production in staphylococci. IOVS 1991;32(11):2970–5.
    • 60  Hoang‐Xuan T, Rodriguez A, Zaltas MM, et al. Ocular rosacea. A histologic and immunopathologic study. Ophthalmology 1990;97:1468–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 61  Yamasaki K, Gallo RL. Rosacea as a disease of cathelicidins and skin innate immunity. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2011;15(1):12–15. Cross Ref link
    • 62  Bowman RW, Dougherty JM, McCulley JP. Chronic blepharitis and dry eyes. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1987;27(1):27–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 63  Geerling G, Tauber J, Baudouin C, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the subcommittee on management and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. IOVS 2011;52(4):2050–64.
    • 64  McCulley JP, Scialis GF. Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1977;84:788–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 65  Tomlinson A, Bron AJ, Korb DR, et al. The international workshop on meibomian gland dysfunction: report of the diagnosis subcommittee. IOVS 2011;52(4):2006–49.
    • 66  Hope‐Ross MW, Chell PB, Kervick GN, et al. Recurrent corneal erosion: clinical features. Eye (Lond) 1994;8(Pt 4):373–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 67  Frucht‐Pery J, Sagi E, Hemo I, Ever‐Hadani P. Efficacy of doxycycline and tetracycline on ocular rosacea. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;116:88–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Prabhasawat P, Tesavibul N, Mahawong W. A randomized double‐masked study of 0.05% cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 2012;31(12):1386–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 69  Perry HD, Doshi‐Carnevale S, Donnenfeld ED, et al. Efficacy of commercially available topical cyclosporine A 0.05% in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. Cornea 2006;25:171–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Atopy and atopic eye disease

    • 70  Bielory L. Allergic and immunologic disorders of the eye. Part II: Ocular allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:1019–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 71  Abelson M, Schaefer K. Conjunctivitis of allergic origin: immunologic mechanisms and current approaches to therapy. Surv Ophthalmol 1993;38:115–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 72  Tuft SJ, Ramakrishnan M, Seal DV, Kemeny DM, Buckley RJ. Role of Staphylococcus aureus in chronic allergic conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1992;99:180–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 73  Montan PG, van Hage‐Hamsten M. Eosinophil cationic protein in tears in allergic conjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 1996;80:556–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 74  Whitcup SM, Chan CC, Luyo DA, et al. Topical cyclosporine inhibits mast cell mediated conjunctivitis. IOVS 1996;37;2686–93.
    • 75  Offiah I, Calder VL. Immune mechanisms in allergic eye diseases: what is new? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009;9:477–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Guglielmetti S, Dart JKG, Calder VL. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis and atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;10:478–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 77  Friedlander MH. Conjunctivitis of allergic origin: clinical presentation and differential diagnosis. Surv Ophthalmol 1993;38:105–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 78  Tuft SJ, Kemeney DM, Dart JKG, Buckley RJ. Clinical features of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1991;98:150–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 79  Power WJ, Tughal‐Tutkin I, Foster CS. Long‐term follow up of patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1998;105:637–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 80  Tuft SJ, Dart JKG. Limbal vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Clinical characteristics and IgE expression compared with palpebral vernal. Eye 1989;3:420–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 81  Dart JKG, Buckley RJ, Monnickendam M, Prasad J. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1986;105:513–20. Pubmed link
    • 82  Bilkhu PS, Wolffsohn JS, Naroo SA. A review of non‐pharmacological and pharmacological management of seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. Contact Lens Anterior Eye 2012;35(1): 9–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Hoang‐Xuan T, Prisant O, Hannouche D, Robin H. Systemic cyclosporine A in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1997;104:1300–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 84  Bleik JH, Tabbarah KF. Topical cyclosporine in vernal conjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1679–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 85  Akpek EK, Dart JK, Watson S, et al. A randomized trial of topical cyclosporine 0.05% in topical steroid resistant atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2004;111:476–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 86  Kilic A, Gurler B. Topical 2% cyclosporine A in preservative‐free artificial tears for the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2006;41 693–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 87  Pucci N, Novembre E, Cianferoni A, et al. Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine eyedrops in vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002;89:298–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 88  Hingorani M, Calder VL, Buckley RJ, Lightman S. The immunomodulatory effect of topical cyclosporine A in atopic keratoconjunctivitis. IOVS 1999;40:392–9.
    • 89  Kopp MV. Role of immunomodulators in allergen‐specific immunotherapy. Allergy 2011;66:792–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cicatrizing conjunctivitis and the immunobullous disorders

    • 90  Radford CF, Rauz S, Williams GP, et al. Incidence, presenting features, and diagnosis of cicatrising conjunctivitis in the United Kingdom. Eye 2012;26(9):1199–208. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:370–9. Pubmed link
    • 92  Bernauer W, Elder MJ, Dart JKG, eds. Cicatrising Conjunctivitis. Developments in Ophthalmology, Vol. 28. Basel: Karger, 1997. Cross Ref link
    • 93  Saw VP, Dart JK. Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid: diagnosis and management strategies. Ocul Surf 2008;6:128–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 94  Foster CS. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1986;84:527–663. Pubmed link
    • 95  Frith PA, Venning VA, Wojnarowska F, et al. Conjunctival involvement in cicatricial and bullous pemphigoid: a clinical and immunopathological study. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:52–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Saw VP, Dart JK, Rauz S, et al. Immunosuppressive therapy for ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid strategies and outcomes. Ophthalmology 2008;115:253–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 97  Bernard P, Vaillant L, Labeille B, et al. Incidence and distribution of subepidermal autoimmune bullous skin diseases in three French regions. Bullous Diseases French Study Group. Arch Dermatol 1995;131(1):48–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 98  Butt Z, Kaufman D, McNab A, et al. Drug‐induced ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: a series of clinico‐pathological reports. Eye 1998;12 (Pt 2):285–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 99  Fania L, Giannico MI, Fasciani R, et al. Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid after Lyell syndrome: occasional finding or predisposing event? Ophthalmology 2012;119(4):688–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Saw VP, Dart JK, Sitaru C, et al. Cicatrising conjunctivitis with anti‐basement membrane autoantibodies in ectodermal dysplasia. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(10):1403–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 101  Nishie W, Sawamura D, Goto M, et al. Humanization of autoantigen. Nat Med 2007;13(3):378–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 102  Lazarova Z, Hsu R, Yee C, et al. Human anti‐laminin 5 autoantibodies induce subepidermal blisters in an experimental human skin graft model. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114(1):178–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 103  Kourosh AS, Yancey KB. Pathogenesis of mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin 2011;29(3):479–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 104  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Modern diagnosis of autoimmune blistering skin diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010;10(2):84–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 105  Bernauer W, Wright P, Dart JK, et al. The conjunctiva in acute and chronic mucous membrane pemphigoid. An immunohistochemical analysis. Ophthalmology 1993;100(3):339–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 106  Caproni M, Calzolari A, Salvatore E, et al. Cytokine profile and supposed contribution to scarring in cicatricial pemphigoid. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32(1):34–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 107  Saw VP, Offiah I, Dart RJ, et al. Conjunctival interleukin‐13 expression in mucous membrane pemphigoid and functional effects of interleukin‐13 on conjunctival fibroblasts in vitro. Am J Pathol 2009;175(6):2406–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 108  Saw VP, Schmidt E, Offiah I, et al. Profibrotic phenotype of conjunctival fibroblasts from mucous membrane pemphigoid. Am J Pathol 2011;178(1):187–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 109  Setterfield J, Theron J, Vaughan RW, et al. Mucous membrane pemphigoid: HLA‐DQB1*0301 is associated with all clinical sites of involvement and may be linked to antibasement membrane IgG production. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(3):406–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 110  Grau AE, Setterfield J, Saw VP. How to do conjunctival and buccal biopsies to investigate cicatrising conjunctivitis: improving the diagnosis of ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Ophthalmol 2013;97(4):530–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 111  De Rojas MV, Dart JK, Saw VP. The natural history of Stevens–Johnson syndrome: patterns of chronic ocular disease and the role of systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1048–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 112  Thorne JE, Woreta FA, Jabs DA, et al. Treatment of ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid with immunosuppressive drug therapy. Ophthalmology 2008;115(12):2146–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 113  Tauber J, Jabbur N, Foster CS. Improved detection of disease progression in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Cornea 1992;11(5):446–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 114  Thorne JE, Anhalt GJ, Jabs DA. Mucous membrane pemphigoid and pseudopemphigoid. Ophthalmology 2004;111(1):45–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 115  Bernauer W, Elder M, Leonard JN, et al. The value of biopsies in the evaluation of chronic progressive conjunctivial cicatrisation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1994;232:533–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 116  Brown SI, Shahinian L Jr. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular rosacea. Ophthalmology 1978;85(8):779–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 117  Leonard JN, Hobday CM, Haffenden GP, et al. Immunofluorescent studies in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1988;118(2):209–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 118  Fern AI, Jay JL, Young H, et al. Dapsone therapy for the acute inflammatory phase of ocular pemphigoid. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76(6):332–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 119  Elder MJ, Bernauer W, Dart JK. General considerations in the management of chronic progressive conjunctival cicatrisation. Dev Ophthalmol 1997;28:192–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 120  Sall K, Stevenson OD, Mundorf TK, Reis BL. Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease. CsA Phase 3 Study Group. Ophthalmology 2000;107:631–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 121  McCluskey P, Chang JH, Singh R, Wakefield D. Methotrexate therapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 2004;111:796–801. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 122  Mondino BJ, Brown SI. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 1981;88(2):95–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 123  Nottage JM, Hammersmith KM, Murchison AP, et al. Treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with mycophenolate mofetil. Cornea 2013;32(6):810–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 124  Foster CS, Chang PY, Ahmed AR. Combination of rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin for recalcitrant ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: a preliminary report. Ophthalmology 2010;117(5):861–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 125  Le Roux‐Villet C, Prost‐Squarcioni C, Alexandre M, et al. Rituximab for patients with refractory mucous membrane pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(7):843–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 126  Kennedy JS, Devillez RL, Henning JS. Recalcitrant cicatricial pemphigoid treated with the anti‐TNF‐alpha agent etanercept. J Drugs Dermatol 2010;9(1):68–70. Pubmed link
    • 127  Saw VP. Immunotherapy for corneal inflammatory disorders: stepping up and down the ladder. Br J Ophthalmol 2013;97(11):1364–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 128  Leonard JN, Wright P, Williams DDM. The relationship between linear IgA disease and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:307–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 129  Sotozono C, Ang LP, Koizumi N, et al. New grading system for the evaluation of chronic ocular manifestations in patients with Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology 2007;114(7):1294–302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 130  Araki Y, Sotozono C, Inatomi T, et al. Successful treatment of Stevens–Johnson syndrome with steroid pulse therapy at disease onset. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147(6):1004–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 131  Hsu M, Jayaram A, Verner R, et al. Indications and outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation in the management of acute Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case–control study. Cornea 2012;31(12):1394–402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 132  Fu Y, Liu J, Tseng SC. Oral mucosal graft to correct lid margin pathologic features in cicatricial ocular surface diseases. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;152(4):600–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 133  Shikari H, Antin JH, Dana R. Ocular graft‐versus‐host disease: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2013;58(3):233–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 134  Hessen M, Akpek EK. Ocular graft‐versus‐host disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;12(5):540–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Systemic diseases with skin and eye involvement

    • 135  Callen JP, Mahl CF. Oculocutaneous manifestation observed in multisystem disorders. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:709–16. Pubmed link
    • 136  Krzystolik M, Power WJ, Foster CS. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of sarcoidosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1998;38:61–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 137  Smith JA, Foster CS. Sarcoidosis and its ocular manifestations. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1996;36:109–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 138  Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1224–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 139  Ghabral R, McCluskey FJ, Wakefield D. Spectrum of sarcoidosis involving the eye and brain. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1997;25:221–4. Cross Ref link
    • 140  English JC, Patel PJ, Greer KE. Sarcoidosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:725–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 141  Giuffrida TJ, Kerdel FA. Sarcoidosis. Dermatol Clin 2002;20:435–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 142  Burgess SM, Frith PA, Frith RP, et al. Mucosal involvement in systemic and chronic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:727–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 143  Foster CS. Systemic lupus erythematosus, discoid lupus erythematosus and progressive systemic sclerosis. Int Ophthalmol Clinic 1997;37:93–110. Cross Ref link
    • 144  Quan DN, Foster CS. Systemic lupus erythematosus and the eye. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1998;38:33–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 145  Friedlander MH. Ocular manifestations of Sjögren syndrome: keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992;18:591–608. Pubmed link
    • 146  Whallett AJ, Thurairajan G, Hamburger J, et al. Behçet's syndrome: a multidisciplinary approach to clinical care. QJM 1999;92:727–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 147  Ando K, Fujino Y, Hijikata K, et al. Epidemiological features and visual prognosis of Behçet's disease. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1999;43:312–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 148  Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Rawsthorne P, Yu N. The prevalence of extra‐intestinal diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population‐based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1116–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 149  Orchard TJ, Chua CN, Ahmed T, et al. Uveitis and erythema nodosum in inflammatory bowel disease: clinical features and the role of HLA genes. Gastroenterology 2002;123:714–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 150  Blumenkranz MS, Penneys NS. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the eye. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:777–91. Pubmed link
    • 151  Neves RA, Rodriguez A, Power WJ, et al. Herpes zoster peripheral ulcerative keratitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cornea 1996;15:446–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 152  Sarraf D, Ernest JT. AIDS and the eyes. Lancet 1996;348:525–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 153  Cunningham ET, Margolis TP. Ocular manifestations of HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1998;339:236–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 154  Mansour AM, Saad AJ, Haque AK, et al. Ocular pathology in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Ophthalmol 2002;34:137–41. Cross Ref link
    • 155  Sober AJ, Grove AS Jr, Muhlbauer JE. Cicatricial ectropion and lacrimal obstruction with porphyria cutanea tarda. Am J Ophthalmol 1984;91:396–400. Cross Ref link
    • 156  DeFrancisco M, Savino PJ, Schatz NJ. Optic atrophy in acute intermittent porphyria. Am J Ophthalmol 1976;87:221–4. Cross Ref link
    • 157  Vassallo M, Shepherd RJ, Iqbal P, Feehally I. Age related variations in presentation and outcome in Wegener's granulomatous. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1977;31:396–400.

    Viral infections

    • 158  Holzberg M, Stulting RD, Drake LA. Ocular and periocular infections. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:741–61. Pubmed link
    • 159  Vannas S, Lapinleimu K. Molluscum contagiosum in the skin, caruncle and conjunctiva. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1967;45:314–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 160  Liesegang TJ, Melton J, Daly PJ. Epidemiology of herpes simplex: incidence in Rochester, Minnesota 1950 through 1982. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;107:1160–5. Cross Ref link
    • 161  Herpetic Eye Disease Study Group. Oral acyclovir for herpes simplex virus eye disease. Effect on prevention of epithelial keratitis and stromal keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:1030–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 162  Fatezadeh M, Schwartz RA. Human herpes simplex viral infections: epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptomatology, diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:737–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 163  Marsh RJ. Ophthalmic zoster. Lancet 1991;338:1527. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 164  Weinberg JM. Herpes zoster: epidemiology, natural history and common complications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:S130–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 165  Tyring SK. Management of herpes zoster and post‐herpetic neuralgia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:S136–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 166  Negasako EM, Johnson RW, Griffin DRJ, Dworkin RH. Rash severity in herpes zoster: correlates and relationship to postherpetic neuralgia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:834–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 167  Hu AY, Strauss EC, Holland GN, et al. Late varicella‐zoster virus dendriform keratitis in patients with histories of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149(2):214–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 168  Jackson K, Baker SR. Periorbital cellulitis. Head Neck Surg 1987;9:227–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 169  Walters R. A fatal case of necrotizing fasciitis of the eyelid. Br J Ophthalmol 1988;72:428–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 170  John D, Daniel E. Infectious keratitis in leprosy. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:173–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 171  Dana MR, Hochman MA, Viana MA, et al. Ocular manifestations of leprosy in the USA. Arch Ophthalmol 1994;112:626–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 172  Schlaegel TF Jr, Kao SF. A review (1970–1980) of 28 presumptive cases of syphilis uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1982;93:412–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 173  Zaidman GW. The ocular manifestation of Lyme disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1997;37:13–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 174  Lesser RI. Ocular manifestations of Lyme disease. Am J Med 1995;98:605–25. Cross Ref link
    • 175  Burns DA. The treatment of phthirus pubis infestation of the eyelashes. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:741–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 176  Jacobson CC, Abel EA. Parasitic infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:1026–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 177  Hoerauf A, Buttner DW, Adjei O, Pearlman E. Onchocerciasis. BMJ 2003;326:207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Inherited disorders

    • 178  Harper J, ed. Inherited Skin Disorders – the Genodermatoses. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann, 1996.
    • 179  Wiedemann HR, Kunze J, eds. Clinical Syndromes. London: Mosby Wolfe, 1997.
    • 180  Grant‐Kels JM, Rothe MJ, Kels BD, eds. Oculocutaneous Disease, Vol. 10. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, Dermatologic Clinics, 1992.
    • 181  Neldener KH, Hambridge KM, Walravens PA. Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Int J Dermatol 1978;17:380–7. Pubmed link
    • 182  Beighton P. Serious ophthalmological complications in the Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Br J Ophthalmol 1970;54:263–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 183  Maumenee IH. The eye in the Marfan syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1981;79:684–733. Pubmed link
    • 184  Neldner KH. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Int J Dermatol 1988;27:98–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 185  Pellegrino JE, Schnurr RE, Boghosian‐Sell LE, et al. Ablepharon macrostomia syndrome with associated cutis laxa: possible localisation to 18q. Hum Genet 1996;97:532–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 186  Leung RSC, Beer WE, Menta HK. Aplasia cutis congenita presenting as a familial triad of atrophic alopecia, ocular defects and a peculiar scarring tendency of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:715–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 187  Oley C, Baraitser M. Blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES syndrome). Syndrome of the month. J Med Genet 1988;25:47–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 188  Nance MA, Berry SA. Cockayne syndrome. Review of 140 cases. Am J Med Genet 1992;42:68–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 189  Davidson HR, Connor JM. Dyskeratosis congenita. J Med Genet 1988;25:843–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 190  Pinheiro M, Freire‐Maia N. Ectodermal dysplasias. In: Harper J, ed. Inherited Skin Disorders – the Genodermatoses. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann, 1996:126–45.
    • 191  Thomas JV, Yoshizumi MO, Beyer CK, et al. Ocular manifestations of focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:1997–2001. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 192  Gattuso J, Patton MA, Baraitser M. The clinical spectrum of the Fraser syndrome. J Med Genet 1987;24:549–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 193  Frydman M, Curran HA, Carmon G, Savir H. Autosomal recessive blepharophimosis ptosis V – esotrophic syndactyly and short stature. Clin Genet 1992;41:57–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 194  The 11th Annual David W. Smith Workshop on Malformations and Morphogenesis. Symposium on the Hallerman–Streiff syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1991;41:487–523. Cross Ref link
    • 195  Happle R, Daniels D, Koopman RJJ. Midas syndrome (microphthalmia dermal aplasia and sclerocornea): an X‐linked phenotype distinct from Golz syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1993;47:710–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 196  Su WPD, Chun IS, Hammond DL, et al. Pachyonychia congenita. A clinical study of 12 cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 1990;7:33–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 197  Jackson LG. Lange syndrome (editorial). Am J Med Genet 1992;42:377–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 198  Solomon IL, Green OC. Monilethrix. N Engl J Med 1963;269:1279–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 199  Galewsky E. Pili torti. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1932;26:659–66.
    • 200  Bennett CP, Berry AC, Maxwell DJ, Seller MJ. Chondrodysplasia punctata: another possible X‐linked recessive case. Am J Med Genet 1992;44:795–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 201  Joy B, Black RK, Wells RS. Ocular manifestations of ichthyosis. Br J Ophthalmol 1968;52:217–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 202  Skinner BA, Greist MC, Norins AL. The keratitis ichthyosis and deafness (KID) syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:285–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 203  Refsum S. Herdopathia atactica polyneuritiformis phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum's disease) with a particular reference to ophthalmological disturbances. Metab Ophthalmol 1977;1:73–9.
    • 204  Gilbert WR, Smith JL, Nyhan WY. The Sjögren–Larsson syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1968;80:308–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 205  Burnett JW, Schwartz MF, Berbian BJ. Ulerythema ophryogenes with multiple congenital abnormalities. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:437–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 206  O'Brien WM, La Du BN, Bunim JJ. Biochemical pathologic and clinical aspects of alkaptonuria, ochronosis and ochronotic arthropathy. Review of world literature. Am J Med 1963;34:813–38. Cross Ref link
    • 207  Wallace HJ. Anderson–Fabry disease. Br J Dermatol 1973;88:1–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 208  Carson NAJ, Cusworth DC, Dent CE, et al. Homocystinuria. Arch Dis Child 1963;38:425–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 209  Burk RD, Valle D, Thomas GH, et al. Early manifestations of multiple sulphatase deficiency. J Pediatr 1984;104:574–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 210  Goldsmith LA, Reed J. Tyrosine induced eye and skin lesions: a treatable genetic disease. JAMA 1976;236:382–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 211  Brownstein S, Little JM. Ocular neurofibromatosis. Ophthalmology 1983;90:1595–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 212  Greenwald MJ, Weiss A. Ocular manifestations of the neurocutaneous syndromes. Pediatr Dermatol 1984;2:98–117. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 213  Gorlin RJ. The naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Medicine 1987;66:98–113. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 214  Gretzula JC, Hevia O, Weber PJ. Bloom's syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:479–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 215  Moss C. Rothmund–Thomson syndrome. A report of two patients and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:821–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 216  Kraemer KH, Lee MM, Scotto J. Xerodermo pigmentosum cutaneous ocular and neurologic abnormalities in 830 published cases. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:241–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 217  Blume RS, Wolff SM. The Chediak–Higashi syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:336–47. Pubmed link
    • 218  Cross HE, McKusick VA, Breen W. A new oculocerebral syndrome with hyperpigmentation. J Pediatr 1967;70:396–406. Cross Ref link
    • 219  Rogers M, McCrossin I, Commons C. Epidermal naevi and the epidermal naevus syndrome. A review of 131 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:476–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 220  Berlin AL, Paller AS, Chan LS. Incontinentia pigmenti. A review and update on the molecular basis of pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:169–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 221  Glover MT, Brett EM, Atherton DJ. Hypomelanosis of Ito: spectrum of the disease. J Pediatr 1989;115:75–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 222  Witkop CJ, Hill CW, Desnick S, et al. Ophthalmologic biochemical platelet and ultrastructural defects in the various types of oculocutaneous albinism. J Invest Dermatol 1973;60:443–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 223  Winship I, Young K, Martell R, et al. Piebaldism: an autonomous autosomal dominant entity. Clin Genet 1991;39:330–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 224  Goldberg MF. Waardenburg's syndrome with fundus and other anomalies. Arch Ophthalmol 1966;76:797–810. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 225  Pehr K, Moroz B. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. Long term follow up review of the literature and report of a case in conjunction with congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10:6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 226  Auerbach AD. Fanconi's anaemia. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:41–9. Pubmed link
    • 227  Kolin T, Johns KJ, Wadlington WB, et al. Hereditary lymphoedema and distichiasis. Arch Ophthalmol 1991;109:980–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 228  Phelps CD. The pathogenesis of glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome. Ophthalmology 1978;85:276–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Other disorders

      Ocular complications of dermatological therapy

      • 229  David D, Berkowitz J. Ocular effects of topical and systemic corticosteroids. Lancet 1969;i:149–51. Cross Ref link
      • 230  Agaarwal RK, Potamitis T, Chong NHV. Extensive visual loss with topical facial steroids. Eye 1993;7:664–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 231  Black RL, Oglesby RB, von Sallman L, et al. Posterior subcapsular cataracts induced by corticosteroids in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1960;174:166–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 232  Giles C, Mason G, Dugg I, et al. The association of cataract formation and systemic corticosteroid therapy. JAMA 1962;182:719–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 233  Shiono H, Oonishi M, Yamaguchi M, et al. Posterior subcapsular cataracts associated with long term oral corticosteroids therapy. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1977;16:726–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 234  Branco N, Branco BC, Maibach HI. Cutaneous corticosteroids therapy and cataract in men. J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol 2002;21:161–8. Cross Ref link
      • 235  First C, Smiley WK, Arsell BM. Steroid cataract. Ann Rheum Dis 1983;25:364–8. Cross Ref link
      • 236  Armaly MF. Effect of corticosteroids on intraocular pressure and fluid dynamics. I. The effect of dexamethasone in the normal eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1963;70:482–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 237  Rentro L, Snow JS. Ocular effects of topical and systemic steroids. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:505–12. Pubmed link
      • 238  Kwok AKH, Lam DJC, Ng JSK, et al. Ocular hypertensive response to topical steroids in children. Ophthalmology 1997;104:2112–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 239  Chua JK, Fan DS, Leung AT, Lam DS. Accelerated ocular hypertensive response after application of corticosteroid ointment to a child's eye. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:539–48. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 240  Cubey RB. Glaucoma following the application of corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:207–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 241  Zigerman C, Saunders D, Levit F. Glaucoma from topically applied steroids. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1362–6.
      • 242  Brown SI, Blomfield S, Pearce DB, Tragakis M. Infections with the therapeutic soft lens. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;91:275–7. Cross Ref link
      • 243  Sprawl CW, Lang GE, Lang GK. Retinal pigment epithelial changes associated with systemic corticosteroids treatment. Report of cases and review of the literature. Ophthalmologica 1998;212:142–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 244  Palestine AG. Transient acute myopia resulting from isotretinoin (acutane) therapy. Ann Ophthalmol 1984;16:660–2. Pubmed link
      • 245  Bigby M, Stein RSL. Adverse reactions to isotretinoin. A report from the adverse drug reaction reporting system. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:543–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 246  Goulden V, Layton AM, Cunliffe WJ. Long term safety of isotretinoin as a treatment for acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:360–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 247  Lerman S. Ocular side effects of accutane therapy. Lens Eye Toxic Res 1992;9:429–38. Pubmed link
      • 248  Leyden JJ. The role of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne: personal observation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:545–9. Cross Ref link
      • 249  Weleber R, Denman S, Hanifin J, Cunningham WJ. Abnormal retinal function associated with isotretinoin therapy for acne. Arch Opthalmol 1986;104:831–7. Cross Ref link
      • 250  Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW, Edwards R. Ocular side effects possibly associated with isotretinoin usage. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:299–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 251  Easterbrook M. Ocular side effects and safety of antimalarial agents. Am J Med 1988;85:23–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 252  Cox NH, Paterson WD. Ocular toxicity of antimalarials in dermatology: a survey of current practice. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:878–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 253  Browning DJ. Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine retinopathy: screening for drug toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;135:649–56. Cross Ref link
      • 254  Fielder A, Graham E, Jones S, et al. Royal College of Ophthalmologists guidelines: ocular toxicity and hydroxychloroquine. Eye 1998;12:907–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 255  Marmor MF, Carr RE, Easterbrook M, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. A report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):415‐22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 256  Digre KB. Not so benign intracranial hypertension. BMJ 2003;326:613–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 257  Elston J, Lochhead J. Doxycycline induced intracranial hypertension. BMJ 2003;326:641–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 258  Sabroe RA, Archer CB, Harlow D, et al. Minocycline induced discolouration of the sclerae. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:314–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 259  Fraunfelder FT, Randall JA. Minocin induced scleral pigmentation. Ophthalmology 1997;104:936–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 260  Morrow GL, Abbott RL. Minocycline‐induced scleral dental and dermol pigmentation. Am J Ophthalmol 1998;125:396–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 261  Boettner EA, Woffer JR. Transmission of the ocular media. IOVS 1962;i:776–83.
      • 262  Parrish JA, Chylack LT, Woehler ME, et al. Dermatological and ocular examination in rabbits chronically photosensitised with methoxsalen. J Invest Dermatol 1979;73:256–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 263  Basis O, Hollstrom E, Lidor S, et al. Absence of cataract 10 years after treatment with 8‐methoxypsoralen. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980;60:79–80.
      • 264  Hammershoy O, Jessen F. A retrospective study of cataract formation in 96 patients treated with PUVA. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1982;62:444–6.
      • 265  Stern RC, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB. Ocular findings in patients treated with PUVA. J Invest Dermatol 1985;85:269–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 266  Lerman S, Megaw J, Gardner K, et al. PUVA therapy and human cataractogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1982;23:801–4. Pubmed link
      • 267  Calzavara‐Pinton PG, Carlino A, Manfredi E, et al. Ocular side effects of PUVA treated patients refusing eye sun protection. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1994;186:164–5. Pubmed link
      • 268  Stern RS. Ocular lens findings in patients treated with PUVA. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:534–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 269  See JA, Weller P. Ocular complications of PUVA therapy. Australas J Dermatol 1993;34:1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 270  Prytowsky JH, Keen MS, Rabinowitz AU, et al. Present status of eyelid phototherapy: clinical efficacy and transmittance of ultra violet and visible radiation through human eyelids. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:607–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 271  Moseley H, Cox NH, MacKie RM. The suitability of sunglasses used by patients following ingestion of psoralens. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:247–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 272  Moseley H, Jones SK. Clear ultraviolet blocking lenses for use by PUVA patients. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:775–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 273  Malanos D, Stern RN. Psoralen plus ultraviolet A does not increase the risk of cataracts: a 25 year prospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:231–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 274  Garg A, Loosemore M. Pinguecula following psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:177–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 275  Huang W, Foster JA, Rogachefsky AJ. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:249–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 276  Hager T, Seitz B. Ocular side effects of biological agents in oncology: what should the clinician be aware of? Onco Targets Ther 2013;7:69–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Tumours

      • 277  Watanabe A. Serum lipids lipoprotein lipids and coronary heart disease in patients with xanthelasma palpebrarum. Atherosclerosis 1981;38:283–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 278  Codere F, Lee RD, Anderson RL. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma of the eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:60–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 279  Dapling RB, Nelson ME. Ocular lesions in patients with juvenile xanthogranuloma. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:260–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 280  Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Corbet JR. Multiple facial eccrine hidrocystomas – effective topical treatment with atropine. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:558–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 281  Coskey RJ, Liroi J, Rossini T. Diagnosis and treatment of chalazia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:345–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 282  Farber M, Schutzer P, Mihm MC. Pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:971–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 283  Grin JM, Grant‐Kiels JM, Grin CM, et al. Ocular melanomas and melanocytic lesions of the eye. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:716–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 284  Patel BCK, Egon CA, Lucius RW, et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma and oculodermal melanocytosis (nevus of Ota): report of a case and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:862–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 285  Spott D, Heaton CL, Word MG. Melanoacanthoma of the eyelid. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:898–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 286  Goldberg NS, Rosanova M. Periorbital haemangioma. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:653–61. Pubmed link
      • 287  Stigmar G, Crawford JS, Ward CM, et al. Ophthalmological sequelae of infantile haemangiomas of the eyelids and orbit. Am J Ophthalmol 1978;85:806–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 288  Bruckner AL, Frieden IJ. Haemangiomas of infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:477–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 289  Boyd MJ, Collin JRO. Capillary haemangiomas: an approach to their management. Br J Ophthalmol 1991;75:298–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 290  Luu M, Frieden IJ. Haemangioma: clinical course, complications and management. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):20–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 291  Salasche SJ, Shore JW, Olbricht SM. Periocular tumours. Dermatol Clin 1992;10:669–85. Pubmed link
      • 292  Char DH. The management of lid and conjunctival malignancies. Surv Ophthalmol 1980;24:679–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 293  Tesluk GC. Eyelid lesions. Incidence and comparison of benign and malignant lesions. Ann Ophthalmol 1985;17:704–7. Pubmed link
      • 294  Anderson RL. A warning on cryosurgery for eyelid malignancies. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1289–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 295  Mohs FE. Microscopically controlled excision of medial canthal carcinomas. Ann Plast Surg 1981;7:308–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 296  Mohs FE. Micrographic surgery for the microscopically controlled excision of eyelid cancers. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104:901–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 297  Ali FR, Lear JT. Systemic treatments for basal cell carcinoma (BCC): the advent of dermato‐oncology in BCC. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):53–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 298  Rosin P, Drubow LM, Rigel DJ. Squamous cell carcinoma healed by Mohs' surgery: an experience with 414 cases in a period of 15 years. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1981;7:800–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 299  Rao NA, Hidyet A, McClean JW, et al. Sebaceous carcinoma of the ocular adnexae. A clinicopathologic study of 104 cases with a 5‐year follow up date. Hum Pathol 1982;13:113–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 300  Spencer JM, Nossa R, Tse DT, Sequerra M. Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid treated with Mohs' micrographic surgery. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:1004–9. Cross Ref link
      • 301  Ni C, Dryja TP, Albert DM. Sweat gland tumours of the eyelids. A clinicopathological analysis of 55 cases. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1982;22:1–22.