Physiological changes

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  • 2  Pennoyer JW, Grin CM, Driscoll MS, et al. Changes in size of melanocytic naevi during pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36(3):37882. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3  Muallem MM, Rubeiz NG. Physiological and biological skin changes in pregnancy. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Rosenfield RL. What every physician should know about polycystic ovary syndrome. Dermatol Ther 2008;21:35461. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Burton JL, Cunliffe WJ, Millar DG, et al. Effect of pregnancy on sebum excretion. BMJ 1970;ii:76971. Cross Ref link
  • 6  Torgerson RR, Marnach ML, Bruce AJ, Rogers RS. Oral and vulvar changes in pregnancy. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:12232. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Chang ALS, Agredano YZ, Kimball AB. Risk factors associated with striae gravidarum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:8815. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 8  Vaughan Jones SA. Physiologic skin changes of pregnancy. In: Black MM, Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Edwards L, Lynch P, eds. Obstetric and Gynaecologic Dermatology, 3rd edn. New York: Mosby, 2008:2330. Cross Ref link
  • 9  García‐González E, Ahued‐Ahued R, Arroyo E, Montes‐De‐ Oca D, Granados J. Immunology of the cutaneous disorders of pregnancy. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:7219. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Yip L, McCluskey J, Sinclair R. Immunological aspects of pregnancy. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:847. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Skin infections

  • 11  Bargman H. Podophyllin and pregnancy. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:691. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Prober CG, Sullender WM, Yasukawa LL, et al. Low risk of herpes simplex virus infections in neonates exposed to the virus at the time of vaginal delivery to mothers with recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 1989;314:2404.
  • 13  Harger JH, Ermest JM, Thurnau GR, et al. Frequency of congenital varicella syndrome in a prospective cohort of 347 pregnant women. Obstet Gynaecol 2002;100:2605.
  • 14  De Ruiter A (Chair), Taylor GP, Clayden P, et al. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of HIV infection in pregnant women 2012. HIV Med 2012;13(2):87157. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 15  Calista D, Morri M, Stagno A, et al. Changing morbidity of cutaneous diseases in patients with HIV after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy including a protease inhibitor. Am J Clin Dermatol 2002;3:5962. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective Caesarean section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV‐1 transmission: a randomized clinical trial. Lancet 1999;353:10359. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Mytton OT, McGready R, Lee SJ, et al. Safety of benzoyl benzoate lotion and permethrin. Br J Obs Gynaecol 2007;114(5);5827. Cross Ref link
  • 18  Duncan ME, Pearson JMH, Ridley DS, et al. Pregnancy and leprosy: the consequences of alterations of cell‐mediated and humoral immunity during pregnancy and lactation. Lepr Rev 1982;55:12942.
  • 19  Lockwood DNJ, Sinha HH. Pregnancy and leprosy: a comprehensive literature review. Int J Lepr 1999;67:612.
  • 20  Farb H, West DP, Pedvis‐Leftick A. Clofazimine in pregnancy complicated by leprosy. Obstet Gynecol 1982;59:1223. Pubmed link

Autoimmune skin diseases

  • 21  Khmashta MA. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006;20:68594. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Al Arfaj AS, Khalil N. Pregnancy outcome in 396 pregnancies in patients with SLE in Saudi Arabia. Lupus 2010;19(14);166573. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Buyon JP, Hiebert R, Copel J, et al. Auto‐immune associated congenital heart block; demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:165866. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Kardos M, Levine D, Gurcanhm, Ahmed RA. Pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy; analysis of the current data on the management and outcome. Obstet Gynaec Surv 2009;64(11);73949. Cross Ref link
  • 25  Daneshpazooh M, Chams‐Davatchi C, Valikhani M, et al. Pemphigus and pregnancy – a 23 year experience. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77(4):534. Cross Ref link
  • 26  Hern S, Vaughan Jones SA, Setterfield J, et al. Pemphigus vulgaris in pregnancy with a favourable fetal prognosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23:2603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Kalayciyan A, Engin B, Serdaroglu SA. A retrospective analysis of patients with pemphigus vulgaris associated with pregnancy. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:3967. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Okubo S, Sato C, Abe R, et al. The use of ELISA to detect desmoglein antibodies in a pregnant woman and fetus. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:121718. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Hirsch R, Anderson J, Weinberg JM, et al. Neonatal pemphigus foliaceus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49(2);S1879. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Ramos‐E‐Silva M, Libia Cardozo Pereira A, Bastos Oliveira G, et al. Connective tissue diseases: pseudoxanthoma elasticum, anetoderma, and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome in pregnancy. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:916. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Skin tumours

  • 31  Stolz W, Riemann A, Cognetta AB, et al. ABCD rule of dermoscopy: a new practical method for early recognition of malignant melanoma. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4:5217.
  • 32  Akturk AS, Bilen N, Bayramgurler D, et al. Dermoscopy is a suitable method for the observation of the pregnancy‐related changes in melanocytic nevi. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 2007;21:108690. Cross Ref link
  • 33  Pennoyer JW, Grin CM, Driscoll MS, et al. Changes in size of melanocytic naevi during pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36(3):37882. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Miller E, Barnea Y, Gur E, et al. Malignant melanoma and pregnancy: second thoughts. J Plast Reconstruct Aesthet Surg 2010;63(7):11638. Cross Ref link
  • 35  Driscoll MS, Grant‐Kels JM. Naevi and melanoma in pregnancy. Dermatol Clin 2006;24(2):199204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Silipo V, De Simone P, Mariani G, et al. Malignant melanoma and pregnancy. Melanoma Res 2006;16(6):497500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Khosrotehrani K, Aractingi S, et al. Pregnancy promotes melanoma metastasis through enhanced lymphangiogenesis. Am J Pathol 2011;178(4):187080. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Pages C, Robert C, Thomas L, et al. Managment and outcome of metastatic melanoma during pregnancy. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(2):27481. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Inflammatory skin diseases

  • 39  Weatherhead S, Robson SC, Reynolds NJ. Management of psoriasis in pregnancy BMJ 2007;334:121820. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Yang YW, Chen CS, Chen YH, et al. Psoriasis and pregnancy outcomes; a nationwide population‐based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011:64;717. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Yoon‐Soo CB, Van Vorhees AS, Hsu S, et al. Review of treatment options for psoriasis in pregnant or lactating women: from the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(3):45977. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Bozdag K, Ozturk S, Ermete M. A case of recurrent impetigo herptiformis treated with systemic corticosteroids and narrowband UVB. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31(1):679. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Lipson AH, Collins F, Webster WS. Multiple congenital defects associated with maternal use of topical tretinoin. Lancet 1993;341:13523. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Jarrett R, Gonsalves R, Anstey AV. Differing obstetric outcomes of rosacea fulminans in pregnancy: report of three cases with review of pathogenesis and management. Clin Exp Derm 2010;35(8):88891. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Fuentelsaz V, Ara M, Corredera C, et al. Rosacea fulminans in pregnancy; successful treatment with azithromycin. Clin Exp Derm 2011;36(6):6746. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Kallen BA, Otterblad Olausson P. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Reprod Toxicol 2003;17(3):25561. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Kallen BA, Otterblad Olausson P, Danielsson BR. Is erythromycin therapy teratogenic in humans? Reprod Toxicol 2005;20(2):20914. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Zeichner JA. Narrow band UV‐B phototherapy for the treatment of acne vulgaris during pregnancy. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(5):5379. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Drago F, Broccolo F, Zaccaria E, et al. Pregnancy outcome in patients with pityriasis rosea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(5):S7883. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Itching

  • 50  Furhoff WR. Itching in pregnancy: a 15‐year follow‐up study. Acta Med Scand 1974;196:40310. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Alcalay J, Wolf JE. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: the enigma and the confusion. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:111516. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Lammert F, Marschall HU, Glantz A, Matern S. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. J Hepatol 2000;33:101221. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 53  Glantz A, Marschall HU, Mattsson LA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: relationships between bile acid levels and fetal complication rates. Hepatology 2004;40:46774. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Mullegger RR, Vaughan‐Jones SA, et al. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy revisited and reclassified: results of a retrospective two‐center study on 505 pregnant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:395404. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  David AL, Kotecha M, Girling JC. Factors influencing postnatal liver function tests. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2000;107:14216. Cross Ref link
  • 56  Milkiewicz P, Elias E, Williamson C, et al. Obstetric cholestasis. BMJ 2002;324:1234. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Sadler LC, Lane M, North R. Severe fetal intracranial haemorrhage during treatment with cholestyramine for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:16970. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Roncaglia N, Arreghini A, Locatelli A, Bellini P, Andreotti C, Ghidini A. Obstetric cholestasis:outcome with active management. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002;100:16770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Specific dermatoses

  • 59  Holmes RC, Black MM. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:40512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Vaughan Jones SA, Hern S, Nelson‐Piercy C, et al. A prospective study of 200 women with dermatoses of pregnancy correlating clinical findings with hormonal and immunopathological profiles. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:7181. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Müllegger RR, Vaughan‐Jones SA, Kerl H, Black MM. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy re‐ visited and reclassified: results of a retrospective two‐center study on 505 pregnant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:395404. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy

  • 62  Holmes RC, Black MM. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:40512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Matiz H, Orion E, Wolf R. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy: polymorphic eruption of pregnancy (PUPPP). Clin Dermatol 2006;24:1058. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Rudolph CM, Al‐Fares S, Vaughan‐Jones SA, et al. Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy: clinicopathology and potential trigger factors in 181 patients. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:5460. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Black MM. Polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. In: Black M, Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Edwards L, Lynch P, eds. Obstetric and Gynaecologic Dermatology, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2008:4956. Cross Ref link
  • 66  Cohen LM, Capeless EL, Krusinski PA, et al. Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy and its relationship to maternal–fetal weight gain and twin pregnancy. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:15346. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Vaughan Jones SA, Hern S, Nelson‐Piercy C, et al. A prospective study of 200 women with dermatoses of pregnancy correlating clinical findings with hormonal and immunopathological profiles. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:7181. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Aractingi S, Berkane N, Bertheau P, et al. Fetal DNA in skin of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. Lancet 1998;352:1898901. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Jurecka W, Holmes RC, Black MM, et al. An immunoelectron microscopy study of the relationship between herpes gestationis and polymorphic eruption of pregnancy. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:14751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Powell AM, Sakuma‐Oyama Y, Oyama N, et al. Usefulness of BP180 NC16a enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in the serodiagnosis of pemphigoid gestationis and in differentiating between pemphigoid gestationis and pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:70510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Pemphigoid gestationis

  • 71  Jenkins RE, Black MM. Pemphigoid (herpes) gestationis. In: Black MM, Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Edwards L, Lynch P, eds. Obstetric and Gynaecologic Dermatology, 3rd ed. London: Elsevier, 2008:3747. Cross Ref link
  • 72  Shornick JK, Jenkins RD, Artlett CM, et al. Class II MHC typing in pemphigoid gestationis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:1236. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Chi CC, Wang SH, Charles‐Holmes R, et al. Pemphigoid gestationis: early onset and blister formation are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:12228. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Zilikens D. Pemphigoid gestationis: recent advances. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17(Suppl. 3):7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 75  Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
  • 76  Van de Wiel A, Hart HCH, Flinterman J, et al. Plasma exchange in herpes gestationis. BMJ 1980;281:1041. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Atopic eruption of pregnancy

  • 77  Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Müllegger RR, Vaughan‐Jones SA, Kerl H, Black MM. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy re‐ visited and reclassified: results of a retrospective two‐center study on 505 pregnant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:395404. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Garci‐González E, Ahued‐Ahued R, Arroyo E, Montes‐De‐ Oca D, Granados J. Immunology of the cutaneous disorders of pregnancy. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:7219. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1980;92:447.

General guidance on safe treatments in pregnancy

  • 80  Chi CC, Wang SH, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Systematic review of the safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:694705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Schaefer C, Peters P, Miller RK. Drugs during Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment, 2nd edn. Oxford: Elsevier, 2007.
  • 82  Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 2008.

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