Part 11, Reference for Chapter 119: Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Drugs
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Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
- 1 Generalized pustular psoriasis. A clinical and epidemiological study of 104 cases. Br J Dermatol 1968 Dec;80(12):771–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 2 Toxic pustuloderma – a new entity? J R Soc Med 1984;77 Suppl. 4:6–8. , , , .
- 3 Generalised pustular drug rash. Dermatologica 1973;146(5):285–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 4 [Acute generalized exanthematic pustuloses (four cases) (author's translation)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1980 Jan–Feb;107(1–2):37–48. Pubmed link , , .
- 5 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – a clinical reaction pattern. J Cutan Pathol 2001 Mar;28(3):113–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 6 Risk factors for acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) – results of a multinational case–control study (EuroSCAR). Br J Dermatol 2007 Nov;157(5):989–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 7 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with asymptomatic Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Arch Dermatol 2009 Jul;145(7):848–9. Pubmed link , .
- 8 [Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis due to Coxsackie B4 virus.] Acta Med Port 1997 Jun–Jul;10(6–7):487–91. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 9 Human parvovirus B19‐induced vesiculopustular skin eruption. Am J Med 1988 May;84(5):968–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 10 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis to amoxicillin associated with parvovirus B19 reactivation. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012 Sep;31(3):258–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 11 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with cytomegalovirus infection. Int J Dermatol 1996 Oct;35(10):735–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 12 Systemically induced allergic exanthem from mercury. Contact Dermatitis 2004 Jun;50(6):349–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 13 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) triggered by a spider bite. Allergol Int 2009 Jun;58(2):301–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 14 T cells in drug allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2002 Jan;2(1):9–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 15 T‐cell involvement in drug‐induced acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. J Clin Invest 2001 Jun;107(11):1433–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 16 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, a clue to neutrophil‐mediated inflammatory processes orchestrated by T cells. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002 Aug;2(4):325–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 17 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: role of cytotoxic T cells in pustule formation. Am J Pathol 2002 Dec;161(6):2079–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 18 Rare variations in IL36RN in severe adverse drug reactions manifesting as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Jul;133(7):1904–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 19 et al. Mutations in IL36RN/IL1F5 are associated with the severe episodic inflammatory skin disease known as generalized pustular psoriasis. Am J Hum Genet 2011 Sep 9;89(3):432–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 20 et al. Rare pathogenic variants in IL36RN underlie a spectrum of psoriasis‐associated pustular phenotypes. J Invest Dermatol 2013 May;133(5):1366–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 21 Do the physical and histologic features and time course in acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis reflect a pattern of cytokine dysregulation? J Cutan Med Surg 2003 Jan–Feb;7(1):7–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 22 Pharmacogenetics in clinical dermatology. Br J Dermatol 2002 Jan;146(1):2–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 23 et al. Systemic involvement of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a retrospective study on 58 patients. Br J Dermatol 2013 Dec;169(6):1223–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 24 et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Analysis of 63 cases. Arch Dermatol 1991 Sep;127(9):1333–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 25 Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis secondary to levofloxacin. Br J Dermatol 2005 May;152(5):1076–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 26 [Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis (ALEP).] J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2005 Mar;3(3):210–12. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 27 et al. T cell‐mediated acute localized exanthematous pustulosis caused by finasteride. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Feb;129(2):589–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 28 Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis: a cutaneous drug reaction in a dental setting. J Am Dent Assoc 2008 Sep;139(9):1200–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 29 Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis (ALEP) caused by amoxicillin–clavulanic acid. Int J Dermatol 2008 Mar;47(3):295–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 30 Sorafenib‐induced acute localized exanthematous pustulosis in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2011 Aug;165(2):443–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 31 Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis (ALEP) caused by Ibuprofen. A case report. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009 Mar;47(2):132–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 32 Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis induced by docetaxel. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010 Aug;63(2):e44–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 33 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a clinical update and review of current thinking. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011 Jan;36(1):6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
- 34 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a clinical update and review of current thinking. Clin Exp Dermatol [Review] 2011 Jan;36(1):6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 35 Lymphadenopathy induced by anticonvulsant drugs and mimicking clinically pathologically malignant lymphomas. Cancer 1959 Jan–Feb;12(1):164–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 36 Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1995 Nov 27;155(21):2285–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 37 et al. Drug‐induced pseudolymphoma and hypersensitivity syndrome. Two different clinical entities. Arch Dermatol 1996 Nov;132(11):1315–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 38 DIDMOHS: a proposed consensus nomenclature for the drug‐induced delayed multiorgan hypersensitivity syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1998 Jul;134(7):874–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 39 Drug‐induced pseudolymphoma and drug hypersensitivity syndrome (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: DRESS). Semin Cutan Med Surg [Review] 1996 Dec;15(4):250–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 40 et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an original multisystem adverse drug reaction. Results from the prospective RegiSCAR study. Br J Dermatol 2013 Nov;169(5):1071–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 41 et al. Association between presence of HLA‐B*5701, HLA‐DR7, and HLA‐DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV‐1 reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. Lancet 2002 Mar 2;359(9308):727–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 42 HLA‐B*1502 allele is associated with a cross‐reactivity pattern of cutaneous adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs. J Int Med Res 2012;40(1):377–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 43 Strong association between HLA‐B*1502 and carbamazepine‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in mainland Han Chinese patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011 Sep;67(9):885–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Frequency of the HLA‐B*1502 allele contributing to carbamazepine‐induced hypersensitivity reactions in a cohort of Malaysian epilepsy patients. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2011 Sep;29(3):290–3. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 45 HLA‐B*1502 screening and toxic effects of carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 2011 Aug 18;365(7):672; author reply 3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 46 Association between carbamazepine‐induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions and the HLA‐B*1502 allele among patients in central China. Epilepsy Behav 2010 Nov;19(3):405–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 47 HLA‐A*31:01 and different types of carbamazepine‐induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: an international study and meta‐analysis. Pharmacogenomics J 2013 June;14(3):281–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 48 et al. Genome‐wide association study identifies HLA‐A*3101 allele as a genetic risk factor for carbamazepine‐induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Japanese population. Hum Mol Genet 2011 Mar 1;20(5):1034–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 49 et al. HLA‐B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005 Mar 15;102(11):4134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 50 et al. Association between HLA‐B*58:01 allele and severe cutaneous adverse reactions with allopurinol in Han Chinese in Hong Kong. Br J Dermatol 2012 Jul;167(1):44–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 51 et al. HLA‐B*58:01 is a risk factor for allopurinol‐induced DRESS and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in a Portuguese population. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(3):660–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 52 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: an update on pathogenesis. Curr Opin Immunol 2012;24(6):730–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 53 et al. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology of cutaneous drug reactions. Am J Clin Dermatol [Research Support, Non‐U.S. Government Review] 2002;3(4):229–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 54 Cellular mechanisms of T cell mediated drug hypersensitivity. Curr Opin Immunol 2004 Dec;16(6):732–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 55 Hapten application to the skin induces an inflammatory program directing hapten‐primed effector CD8 T cell interaction with hapten‐presenting endothelial cells. J Immunol 2011 Feb 15;186(4):2117–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 56 Pharmacological interaction of drugs with antigen‐specific immune receptors: the p‐i concept. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002 Aug;2(4):301–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 57 Is the drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) due to human herpesvirus 6 infection or to allergy‐mediated viral reactivation? Report of a case and literature review. BMC Infect Dis [Case Reports Review] 2010;10:49. Pubmed link , , .
- 58 Several herpesviruses can reactivate in a severe drug‐induced multiorgan reaction in the same sequential order as in graft‐versus‐host disease. Br J Dermatol 2006 Aug;155(2):301–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 59 Drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS): a reaction induced by a complex interplay among herpesviruses and antiviral and antidrug immune responses. Allergol Int 2006 Mar;55(1):1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 60 et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): a multiorgan antiviral T cell response. Sci Transl Med [Research Support, Non‐U.S. Government] 2010 Aug 25;2(46):46ra62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 61 Hypogammaglobulinemia as an early sign of drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006 Oct;55(4):727–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 62 Long‐term sequelae of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: A retrospective cohort study from Taiwan. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(3):459–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 63 et al. Association of human herpesvirus 6 reactivation with the flaring and severity of drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Br J Dermatol [Case Reports Research Support, Non‐U.S. Government] 2007 Nov;157(5):934–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 64 Short‐ and long‐term outcomes of 34 patients with drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome in a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(5):721–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 65 et al. Clinicopathological features and prognosis of drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: a study of 30 cases in Taiwan. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008 Sep;22(9):1044–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 66 et al. Histopathologic spectrum of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS): a diagnosis that needs clinico‐pathological correlation. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2014 Jun;149(3):291–300. Pubmed link , , ,
- 67 et al. Histopathologic analysis and clinical correlation of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Br J Dermatol 2013;170(4):866–73. Cross Ref link , , ,
- 68 et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: is cutaneous phenotype a prognostic marker for outcome? A review of clinicopathological features of 27 cases. Br J Dermatol 2013 Feb;168(2):391–401. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 69 HLA‐B*1502 screening and toxic effects of carbamazepine. N Engl J Med 2011 Aug 18;365(7):672–3; author reply 3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 70 Association between HLA‐B*1502 and carbamazepine‐induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population. Epilepsia 2010 May;51(5):926–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 71 et al. HLA‐A*3101 and carbamazepine‐induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans. N Engl J Med 2011 Mar 24;364(12):1134–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 72 et al. Recommendations for HLA‐B*15:02 and HLA‐A*31:01 genetic testing to reduce the risk of carbamazepine‐induced hypersensitivity reactions. Epilepsia 2014 Apr;55(4):496–506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 73 et al. Specific HLA types are associated with antiepileptic drug‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japanese subjects. Pharmacogenomics 2013 Nov;14(15):1821–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 74 TNFalpha promoter region gene polymorphisms in carbamazepine‐hypersensitive patients. Neurology 2001 Apr 10;56(7):890–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 75 Genetic susceptibility to adverse drug reactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2001 Jun;22(6):298–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 76 et al. Comparison of cytokine gene polymorphism in drug‐induced maculopapular eruption, urticaria and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014 Apr;28(4):491–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 77 et al. Drug antigenicity, immunogenicity, and costimulatory signaling: evidence for formation of a functional antigen through immune cell metabolism. J Immunol 2010 Dec 1;185(11):6448–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 78 Presence of the HLA‐A*3101 allele in a familial case of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, secondary to carbamazepine. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014 Apr;39(3):307–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 79 et al. Variability in the clinical pattern of cutaneous side‐effects of drugs with systemic symptoms: does a DRESS syndrome really exist? Br J Dermatol [Multicenter Study] 2006 Aug;155(2):422–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 80 et al. Variability in the clinical pattern of cutaneous side‐effects of drugs with systemic symptoms: does a DRESS syndrome really exist? Br J Dermatol [Comment Letter] 2007 Mar;156(3):609–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 81 The diagnosis of a DRESS syndrome has been sufficiently established on the basis of typical clinical features and viral reactivations. Br J Dermatol 2007 May;156(5):1083–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 82 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: a retrospective study of 60 cases. Arch Dermatol [Comparative Study] 2010 Dec;146(12):1373–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 83 In vitro interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with drug hypersensitivity. J Dermatol 1996 Jun;23(6):379–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 84 et al. Eosinophil activation and in situ interleukin‐5 production by mononuclear cells in skin lesions of patients with drug hypersensitivity. J Dermatol 1999 Oct;26(10):633–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 85 Visceral involvements and long‐term sequelae in drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Med Clin North Am [Research Support, Non‐U.S. Government Review] 2010;94(4):743–59, xi. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 86 et al. Twelve‐year analysis of severe cases of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: a cause of unpredictable multiorgan failure. Arch Dermatol [Case Reports] 2009 Jan;145(1):67–72. Pubmed link , , ,
- 87 et al. A case of sulphasalazine‐induced DRESS syndrome with delayed acute interstitial nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009 Sep;24(9):2940–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 88 Linezolid‐associated acute interstitial nephritis and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2009 Dec;54(6):e17–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 89 Vancomycin‐induced hypersensitivity reaction with acute renal failure: resolution following cyclosporine treatment. Clin Nephrol 2005 Aug;64(2):155–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 90 A review of DRESS‐associated myocarditis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(6):e229–e36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 91 et al. Fulminant myocarditis as a late sequela of DRESS: two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011 Oct;65(4):889–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 92 et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome associated myocarditis: a survival experience after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. J Clin Pharm Ther 2013 Apr;38(2):172–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 93 Fatal carbamazepine induced fulminant eosinophilic (hypersensitivity) myocarditis: emphasis on anatomical and histological characteristics, mechanisms and genetics of drug hypersensitivity and differential diagnosis. J Forensic Leg Med 2010 Feb;17(2):57–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 94 Retrospective analysis of drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome: a study of 27 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(2):219–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 95 DRESS syndrome with cerebral vasculitis. Intern Med 2013;52(12):1403–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 96 Human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis associated with hypersensitivity syndrome. Ann Neurol [Case Reports] 2002;51(6):771–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 97 Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone associated with limbic encephalitis in a patient with drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008 May;33(3):287–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 98 et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms and severe involvement of digestive tract: description of two cases. Br J Dermatol [Case Reports Letter] 2011 Jul;165(1):207–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 99 et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis is a component of the anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome: description of two cases. Digest Liver Dis [Case Reports] 2008;40(2):145–8. Cross Ref link , , ,
- 100 Eosinophilic colitis complicating anti‐epileptic hypersensitivity syndrome: an indication for colonoscopy? Gastrointest Endosc [Case Reports] 2004;60(6):1034–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 101 Acute granulomatous interstitial nephritis and colitis in anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome associated with lamotrigine treatment. Am J Kidney Dis [Case Reports] 2000;36(5):1034–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 102 Colitis may be part of the antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome. Epilepsia [Case Reports] 1999;40(12):1780–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 103 Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome and dysphagia: a noteworthy association. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Dec;69(6):1058. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 104 Dysphagia, a major early manifestation in DRESS syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Dec;69(6):1057–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 105 Thyroid dysfunction in drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS): an unusual manifestation of systemic drug hypersensitivity. Br J Dermatol 2013 May;168(5):1130–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 106 A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes associated with mexiletine hypersensitivity syndrome. Diabet Med 2004 Oct;21(10):1156–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 107 Fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus caused by drug hypersensitivity syndrome with human herpesvirus 6 infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006 Feb;54(2 Suppl.):S14–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 108 Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome associated with pancreatic exocrine abnormalities and new‐onset diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2002 May 27;162(10):1190–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 109 Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with Kikuchi–Fujimoto's disease as a long‐term sequela of drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. A possible role of Epstein–Barr virus reactivation. Dermatology 2009;218(3):275–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 110 Viral connection between drug rashes and autoimmune diseases: how autoimmune responses are generated after resolution of drug rashes. Autoimmun Rev 2009 May;8(6):488–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 111 et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis, DRESS, AGEP: Do overlap cases exist? Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012;7(1):72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 112 Initial presentation of DRESS: often misdiagnosed as infections. Arch Dermatol 2012 Sep;148(9):1085–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 113 Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4(8):561–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 114 Severe drug‐induced skin reactions: clinical pattern, diagnostics and therapy. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009 Feb;7(2):142–60; quiz 61–2. .
- 115 et al. Identification of thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) as a potential marker for early indication of disease and prediction of disease activity in drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS)/drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). J Dermatol Sci 2013 Jan;69(1):38–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 116 et al. Elevated serum thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) relates to reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 in drug reactions with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)/ drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS). Br J Dermatol 2014;171(2):425–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 117 [Management of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010 Nov;137(11):703–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 118 et al. Ten cases of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) treated with pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone. Eur J Dermatol [Comparative Study] 2011 May–Jun;21(3):385–91. Pubmed link , , ,
- 119 High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin monotherapy for drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 2012 Jan;92(1):100–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 120 Successful treatment of antiepileptic drug hypersensitivity syndrome with intravenous immune globulin. Pediatrics 2001 Jan;107(1):E14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 121 Case reports: treatment of nevirapine‐associated dress syndrome with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG). J Drugs Dermatol 2005 Jul–Aug;4(4):510–13. Pubmed link , , , .
- 122 et al. Poor benefit/risk balance of intravenous immunoglobulins in DRESS. Arch Dermatol 2012 Apr;148(4):543–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 123 A case of recalcitrant DRESS syndrome with multiple autoimmune sequelae treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. JAMA Dermatol 2013 Apr;149(4):494–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 124 Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of drug rash eosinophilia and systemic symptoms caused by phenytoin. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2012 Oct;15(4):320–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 125 Association between anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome and human herpesvirus 6 reactivation and hypogammaglobulinemia. Arch Dermatol 2004 Feb;140(2):183–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 126 Carbamazepine‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome associated with transient hypogammaglobulinaemia and reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 infection demonstrated by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2003 Jul;149(1):165–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 127 , , , . DRESS syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura: are they related? BMJ Case Rep 2012 Nov 14;2012, pii: bcr2012007558. doi: 10.1136/bcr‐2012‐007558.
- 128 Minocycline‐induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome with persistent myocarditis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010 Feb;62(2):315–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 129 et al. Cyclophosphamide therapy for corticoresistant drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome in a patient with severe kidney and eye involvement and Epstein–Barr virus reactivation. Am J Kidney Dis 2010 Mar;55(3):e11–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 130 et al. Treatment of DIHS/DRESS syndrome with combined N‐acetylcysteine, prednisone and valganciclovir – a hypothesis. Med Sci Monit 2012 Jul;18(7):CS57–62. Cross Ref link , , ,
Drug‐induced generalized exfoliative dermatitis
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- 140 et al. HLA‐B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102:4134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
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- 152 Severe erythrodermic reactions to the proton pump inhibitors and lansoprazole. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:173–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 153 Exfoliative dermatitis due to Nifedipine. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:401–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 154 Imatinib‐induced erythroderma mediated by an unusual non‐dose‐dependent mechanism. Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:538–9. Pubmed link , , , .
- 155 Generalized exfoliative dermatitis induced by interferon alfa. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:2173–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 156 Erythroderma: a clinical‐etiological study of 82 cases. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:373–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 157 Propolis induced erythroderma. J Dermatol 2001;28:580–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
- 158 A new eruptive fever associated with stomatitis and ophthalmia: report of two cases in children. Am J Dis Child 1922;24:526–33. Cross Ref link , .
- 159 Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an eruption resembling scalding of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1956;68:355–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 160 Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:92–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1039–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 162 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). Incidence and drug etiology in France, 1981–1985. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:37–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 163 Epidemiology of erythema exsudativum multiforme majus, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Germany (1990–1992): structure and results of a population‐based registry. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:769–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 164 et al. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Sub‐Saharan Africa: a multi‐centric study in four countries. Int J Dermatol 2013;52(5):575–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 165 et al. TEN‐like acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and the spectrum of the acute syndrome of apoptotic pan‐epidermolysis. Lupus 2004;13(12):941–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 166 ALDEN, an algorithm for assessment of drug causality in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: comparison with case–control analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:60–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 167 Immune mechanisms in drug allergy. Allergol Int 2006;55:27–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 168 Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part I: J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 69:173, e1–13. Cross Ref link , , .
- 169 TNF‐alpha and IFN‐gamma are potential inducers of Fas‐mediated keratinocyte apoptosis through activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:489–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 170 Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 1998;282:490–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 171 Pathogenesis and recent therapeutic trends in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;97:272–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 172 Granulysin is a key mediator for disseminated keratinocyte death in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Nat Med 2008;14:1343–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 173 An annexin A1‐FPR1 interaction contributes to necroptosis of keratinocytes in severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Sci Transl Med 2014;6:245ra95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 174 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR‐study. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:35–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 175 Medication use and the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1600–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 176 Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 177 Mycoplasma pneumonia‐induced rash and mucositis as a syndrome distinct from Stevens Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme: a systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;72:239–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 178 et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Nature 2004;428 (6982):486. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 179 et al. HLA‐B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(11):4134–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 180 Relationship between the HLA‐B*1502 allele and carbamazepine‐induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(9):1025–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 181 et al. Building pharmacogenetics into a pharmacovigilance program in Singapore: using serious skin rash as a pilot study. Pharmacogenomics J 2014;14(4):316–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 182 Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Clinical findings and prognosis factors in 87 patients. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1160–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 183 Risk factors for the development of ocular complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:157–62. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 184 Pulmonary complications in toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective clinical study. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:1237–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 185 Acute and chronic respiratory complications of toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Burn Care Rehab 1996;17:237–409. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 186 Mycoplasma pneumoniae‐associated mucositis – case report and systematic review of literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29:595. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 187 SCORTEN: a severity‐of‐illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:149–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 188 Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of the erythema multiforme/Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Ophthalmology 1995;102:1669–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 189 et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: current evidence, practical management and future directions. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:241–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 190 et al. Acute respiratory failure in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical features and factors associated with mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 2014;42:118–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 191 Colonic involvement in Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Postgrad Med J 2006;82(968):e10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 192 et al. Long‐term follow‐up of patients treated for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Burn Care Res 2006;27:26–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 193 Delayed reepitheliasation and scarring deregulation following drug‐induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Burns 2007;33:100–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 194 et al. Dermatological and ophthalmological sequels in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Dermatology 2003;207:33–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 195 Stevens–Johnson and Lyell syndromes: mucocutaneous and ocular sequels in 43 patients. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011;138:88–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 196 Risk factors for the development of ocular complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:157–62. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 197 The natural history of Stevens–Johnson syndrome: patterns of chronic ocular disease and the role of systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1048–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 198 Toxic epidermal necrolysis with a rare long‐term oral complication requiring surgical intervention. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:e29–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 199 Sjogren‐like syndrome after drug‐induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 1985;1:609–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 200 et al. Chronic pulmonary complications associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis: report of a severe case with anti‐Ro/SS‐A and a review of the published work. J Dermatol 2006;33:616–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 201 Esophageal stricture as a late sequel of Stevens–Johnson syndrome in adults: incidental detection because of foreign body impaction. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:437–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 202 et al. Vanishing bile duct syndrome in a child with toxic epidermal necrolysis: an interplay of unbalanced immune regulatory mechanisms. Ann Hepatol 2006;5:116–19. Pubmed link , , ,
- 203 Hematocolpos caused by genital bullous lesions in a patient with Stevens–Johnson syndrome. J Clin Ultrasound 1998;26:52–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 204 et al. Vaginal adenosis induced by Stevens–Johnson syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:896–8. Pubmed link , , ,
- 205 Patient experiences of serious adverse drug reactions and their attitudes to medicines. Drug Saf 2011;34:319–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 206 Cutaenous adverse drug reactions. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. J World Allergy Org 2002;14:143–50. Cross Ref link , .
- 207 SCORTEN: a severity‐of‐illness score for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:149–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 208 Performance of the SCORTEN during the first five days of hospitalization to predict the prognosis of epidermal necrolysis. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:272–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 209 Use of SCORTEN to accurately predict mortality in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis in the United States. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:890–2. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 210 Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: does early withdrawal of causative drugs decrease the risk of death? Arch Dermatol 2000;136:323–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 211 A 10‐year experience with toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000;21:199–204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 212 Outcome of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:768–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 213 How far would you go to save someone's skin? Dermatol Nursing 2009;8:10–19. .
- 214 Amniotic membrane in the surgical management of acute toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ophthalmology 2002;109:351–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 215 Management of acute Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis utilizing amniotic membrane and topical corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149:203–13 +e2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 216 Indications and outcomes of amniotic membrane transplantation in the management of acute Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case–control study. Cornea 2012;31:1394–402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 217 Amniotic membrane transplantation as a new therapy for the acute ocular manifestations of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2009;54:686–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 218 What are the fluid requirements in toxic epidermal necrolysis? J Burn Care Res 2010;31:100–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 219 Nutrition requirements in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Nutr Clin Pract 1997;12:81–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 220 Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Chelsea & Westminster TEN protocol. Br J Dermatol 2010;162:860–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 221 Bacteremia in Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Epidemiology, risk factors, and predictive value of skin cultures. Medicine 2010;89:28–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 222 Randomised comparison of thalidomide versus placebo in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Lancet 1998;352:1586–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 223 Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:187.e1–16. Pubmed link , , .
- 224 Effects of treatments on the mortality of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: A retrospective study on patients included in the prospective EuroSCAR Study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:33–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 225 Toxic epidermal necrolysis: analysis of clinical course and SCORTEN‐based comparison of mortality rate and treatment modalities in Korean patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85:497–502. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 226 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS): experience with high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins and topical conservative approach. A retrospective analysis. Burns 2007;33:452–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 227 Analysis of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis using SCORTEN: The University of Miami Experience. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:39–43. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 228 Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins: multicenter retrospective analysis of 48 consecutive cases. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:26–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 229 Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a prospective noncomparative study showing no benefit on mortality or progression. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:33–6. Pubmed link , , .
- 230 High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin for severe drug reactions: efficacy in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:430–2. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 231 Prospective, noncomparative open study from Kuwait of the role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:847–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 232 Toxic epidermal necrolysis: does immunoglobulin make a difference? J Burn Care Rehabil 2004;25:81–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 233 Intravenous immunoglobulin does not improve outcome in toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Burn Care Rehabil 2004;25:246–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 234 High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis: an Asian series. J Dermatol 2005;32:1–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 235 Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Steven Johnson syndrome: 11‐years experience and outcome. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2007;11:119–27. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 236 Toxic epidermal necrolysis: five years of treatment experience from a burn unit. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:630–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 237 The efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:424–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 238 et al. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy for Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: clinical evaluation and analysis of biomarkers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:496–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , ,
- 239 Outcome of patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis syndrome revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg 2002;110:768–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 240 Dexamethasone pulse therapy for Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:144–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 241 Corticosteroid therapy in an additional 13 cases of Stevens–Johnson syndrome: a total series of 67 cases. Allergy Asthma Proc 2000;21:101–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 242 Combination therapy of intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: a retrospective comparative study in China. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:1122–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 243 High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Chinese patients: a retrospective study of 82 cases. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:743–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 244 Toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Burn Care Rehabil 1997;18:417–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 245 Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with cyclosporin A. J Trauma 2000;48:473–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 246 Open trial of ciclosporin treatment for Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:847–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 247 Cyclosporine in Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis and retrospective comparison with systemic corticosteroid. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013;79:686–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 248 Retrospective review of Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis treatment comparing intravenous immunoglobulin with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71(5):941. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 249 Efficacy of plasmapheresis for the treatment of severe toxic epidermal necrolysis: Is cytokine expression analysis useful in predicting its therapeutic efficacy? J Dermatol 2011;38:236–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 250 Beneficial effect of plasma exchange in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a series of four cases. J Clin Apher 2012;27:215–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 251 Etanercept therapy for toxic epidermal necrolysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71:278–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.