Introduction

  • 1  Jadassohn J. Zur Kenntnis der medicamentösen Dermatosen. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, Kongreß, Graz, 1895. Wein: Braumüller, 1896:103–29.
  • 2  MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, et al. Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Arch Intern Med 2010;3:256–61.*** Cross Ref link
  • 3  Iyengar V. Reference values for trace element concentrations in whole blood, serum, hair, liver, milk, and urine specimens from human subjects. In: Hurley LS, ed. Sixth International Symposium on Trace Elements in Man and Animals (1987, Pacific Grove, California). New York: Plenum Press, 1988;535–7. Cross Ref link

Reactions to antimony

  • 4  Tarabar AF. Antimony. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011:1207–11.***
  • 5  Chen G, Geiling EMK, MacHatton RM. Trypanocidal activity and toxicity of antimonials. J Infect Dis 1945;76:144–51. Cross Ref link
  • 6  Renes LE. Antimony poisoning in industry. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1953;7:99–108.
  • 7  Stevenson CJ. Antimony spots. Trans St Johns Hospital Dermatol Soc 1965;51:40–5.
  • 8  Motolese A, Truzzi M, Giannini A, et al. Contact dermatitis and contact sensitization among enamellers and decorators in the ceramics industry. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:59–62. Cross Ref link
  • 9  Lauwers LF, Roelants A, Roseel PM, et al. Oral antimony intoxications in man. Crit Care Med 1990;18:324–6. Cross Ref link

Reactions to arsenic

  • 10  Munday SW, Ford M. Arsenic. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011:1214–28.
  • 11  Karim MM. Arsenic in groundwater and health problems in Bangladesh. J Water Research 2000;34(1):304–10. Cross Ref link
  • 12  Banerjee M, Sarma N, Biswas R, et al. DNA repair deficiency leads to susceptibility to develop arsenic‐induced premalignant skin lesions. Int J Cancer 2008;123:283–7. Cross Ref link
  • 13  Bettley FR, O'Shea JA. The absorption of arsenic and its relation to carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:563–8. Cross Ref link
  • 14  Parish WR, Burnett JW. Arsenic exposure: the cutaneous manifestations. Cutis 1897;40:401–2.
  • 15  Mohamed KB. Occupational contact dermatitis from arsenic in a tin‐smelting factory. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(4):224–5. Cross Ref link
  • 16  Wong SS, Tan KC, Goh Cl. Cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenicism: review of seventeen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;139:1092–6.***
  • 17  Maloney MF. Arsenic in dermatology. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:301–4.
  • 18  Chin‐Hsiao Tseng. An overview on peripheral vascular disease in blackfoot disease‐hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Angiology 2002;53(5):529–37. Cross Ref link
  • 19  Järup L, Pershagen G. Arsenic exposure, smoking, and lung cancer in smelter workers – a case‐control study. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134(6):545–51.
  • 20  Cuzick J, Sasieni P, Evans S. Ingested arsenic, keratoses, and bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136(4):417–21.
  • 21  Roat JW, Wald A, Mendelow H, Pataki KI. Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with short‐term arsenic ingestion. Am J Med 1982;73(6):933–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Muckter H, Liebl B, Reich FX, et al. Are we ready to replace dimercaprol (BAL) as an arsenic antidote? Hum Exp Toxicol 1997;16:460–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Reactions to gold

  • 23  Guy RH, Hostýnek JJ, Hinz RS, Lorence CR, . Gold. In: Metals and the Skin: Topical Effects and Systemic Absorption. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999:75–87.*** Cross Ref link
  • 24  Brown DH, Smith WE, Fox P, Sturrock RD. The reactions of gold (0) with amino acids and the significance of these reactions in the biochemistry of gold. Inorg Chimica Acta 1982;67:27–30. Cross Ref link
  • 25  Schonwald S. Gold. In: Dart RC, Caravati EM, Mcguigan MA, et al. eds. Medical Toxicology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2004:1048–50.***
  • 26  Burmester GR. Molecular mechanisms of action of gold in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis – an update. Z Rheumatol 2001;60:167–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Latts JR, Antel JP, Levinson DJ, Arnason BG, Medof ME. Histocompatibility antigens and gold toxicity: a preliminary report. J Clinpharmacol 1980;20:206–9.
  • 28  Rodriguez‐Pérez M, González‐Dominguez J, Matarán L, et al. Association of HLA‐DR5 with mucocutaneous lesions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold sodium thiomalate. J Rheumatol 1994;21:41–3. Pubmed link
  • 29  Pullar T. Adverse reactions profile: 1. Gold. Prescribers J 1991;31:22–6.
  • 30  Rodriguez‐Perez M, Gonzalez‐Dominguez J, Mataran L, et al. Association of HLA‐DR5 with mucocutaneous lesions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold sodium thiomalate. J Rheumatol 1994;21:41–3. Pubmed link
  • 31  Van Gestel A, Koopman R, Wijnands M, et al. Mucocutaneous reactions to gold: a prospective study of 74 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1994;21:1814–19. Pubmed link
  • 32  Tishler M, Nyman J, Wahren M, Yaron M. Anti‐Ro (SSA) antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients with gold‐induced side effects. Rheumatol Int 1997;17:133–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Ranki A, Niemi K‐M, Kanerva L. Clinical, immunohistochemical, and electron‐microscopic findings in gold dermatitis. Am J Dermatopathol 1989;11:22–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Cox AJ, Marich KW. Gold in the dermis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:655–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Thomas I. Gold therapy and its indications in dermatology. A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:845–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Lemmel EM. Comparison of pyritinol and auranofin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The European Multicentre Study Group. Br J Rheumaol 1993;32:375–82.
  • 37  Girdwood RH. Death after taking medicaments. BMJ 1974;i:501–4. Cross Ref link
  • 38  Almeyda J, Baker H. Drug reactions XII. Cutaneous reactions to anti‐rheumatic drugs. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:707–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Penneys NS, Ackerman AB, Gotlieb NL. Gold dermatitis: a clinical and histopathological study. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:372–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Penneys NS. Gold therapy: dermatologic uses and toxicities. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:315–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Webster CG, Burnett JW. Gold dermatitis. Cutis 1994;54:25–8. Pubmed link
  • 42  Lizeaux‐Parmeix V, Bedane C, Lavignac C, et al. Reactions cutanees aux sels d'or. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994;121:793–7. Pubmed link
  • 43  Laeijendecker R, van Joost T. Oral manifestations of gold allergy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:205–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Moller H, Bjorkner B, Bruze M. Clinical reactions to systemic provocation with gold sodium thiomalate in patients with contact allergy to gold. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:423–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Tsuji T, Nishimura M, Kimura S. Erythema annularecentrifugum associated with gold sodium thiomalate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:284–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Lasarowa AZ, Tsankov NK, Stoimenov AP. Lichenoide Eruptionennach Gold therapie. BerichtuberzweiFalle. Hautarzt 1992;43:514–16.
  • 47  Russell MA, King LE, Jr, Boyd AS. Lichen planus after consumption of a gold‐containing liquor. N Engl J Med 1996;334:603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Burrows NP, Grant JW, Crisp AJ, Roberts SO. Scarring alopecia following gold therapy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:486.
  • 49  Voigt K, Holzegel K. Bleibende Nagelveranderungen nach Goldtherapie. Hautarzt 1977;28:421–3. Pubmed link
  • 50  Roest MAB, Ratnavel R. Yellow nails associated with gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:855–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Ikezawa Z, Kitamura K, Nakajima H. Gold sodium thiomalate (GTM) induces hypersensitivity to thiomalate, the thiol carrier of GTM. J Dermatol 1990;17:550–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Rennie T. Local gold toxicity. BMJ 1976;ii:1294. Cross Ref link
  • 53  Stone RL, Claflin A, Penneys NS. Erythema nodosum following gold sodium thiomalate therapy. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:603–4. Cross Ref link
  • 54  Walzer RA, Feinstein R, Shapiro L, Einbinder J. Severe hypersensitivity reaction to gold. Positive lymphocyte transformation test. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:231–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Roenigk HR, Handel D. Gold vasculitis. Arch Deramtol 1974;109:253–5. Cross Ref link
  • 56  Smith DL, Wernick R. Exacerbation of psoriasis by chrysotherapy. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:268–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Beckett VL, Doyle JA, Hadley GA, et al. Chrysiasis resulting from gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: identification of gold by X‐ray microanalysis. Mayo Clin Proc 1982;57:773–5. Pubmed link
  • 58  Pelachyk IM, Bergfeld WF, McMahon JT. Chrysiasis following gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Cutan Pathol 1984;11:491–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Smith RW, Leppard B, Barnett NL, et al. Chrysiasis revisited: a clinical and pathological study. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:671–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Fleming CJ, Salisbury ELC, Kirwan P, et al. Chrysiasis after low‐dose gold and UV light exposure. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:349–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Keen CE, Brady K, Kirkham N, Levison DA. Gold in the dermis following chrysotherapy: histopathology and microanalysis. Histopathology 1993;23:355–60. Cross Ref link
  • 62  Suzuki H, Baba S, Uchigasaki S, Murase M. Localized argyria with chrysiasis caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Distribution and chemical forms of silver and gold in cutaneous tissue by electron microscopy and X‐ray microanalysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:833–7. Cross Ref link
  • 63  Herbst WM, Hornstein OP, Griebmeyer G. Ungewohnlichekutane Angiofibromatosenach Goldtherapie einer primarchronischen Polyarthritis. Hautarzt 1989;40:568–72.
  • 64  Mongkolnam P. The adverse effects of dental restorative materials‐a review. Aust Dent J 1992;37(5):360–7. Cross Ref link
  • 65  Budden MG, Wilkinson DS. Skin and nail lesions from gold potassium cyanide. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4:172–3. Cross Ref link
  • 66  Arthur AB, Klinkhoff A, Teufel A. Nitritoid reactions: case reports, review, and recommendations for management. J Rheumatol 2001;2209–12.
  • 67  Davis P, Ezeoke A, Munro J, et al. Immunological studies on the mechanism of gold hypersensitivity reactons. BMJ 1973;iii;676–8. Cross Ref link
  • 68  Morley TF, Komansky HJ, Adelizzi RA, et al. Pulmonary gold toxicity. Eur J Respir Dis 1984;65:627–32.
  • 69  Favreau M, Tannebaum H, Lough J. Hepatic toxicity associated with gold therapy. Ann Intern Med 1977;87:717–19. Cross Ref link
  • 70  Yun PL, Arndt KA, Anderson RR. Q switched laser‐induced chrysiasis treated with long pulsed laser. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1012–14. Cross Ref link

Reactions to lead

  • 71  Henretig FM. Lead. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011;1266–83.
  • 72  Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children, basic mechanism and clinical correlates. Brain 2003;126:5–19. Cross Ref link
  • 73  Silbergeld EK. Facilitative mechanisms of lead as a carcinogen. Mutat Res 2003;533:121–33. Cross Ref link
  • 74  Onalaja AO, Claudiol L. Genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning. Environ Health Perspect 2000;108(Suppl. 1):23–8. Cross Ref link
  • 75  Al‐Hazzaa SA, Krahn PM. Kohl: a hazardous eyeliner. Int Ophthalmol 1995;19(2):83–8. Cross Ref link
  • 76  Asher A, Friedman MD. Dermatitis of the breast from “lead” pencils. AMA Arch Derm 1956;73(4):384. Cross Ref link
  • 77  Mahta A, Kesari S. The greens of lead. Q J Med 2012;105(12):1223. Cross Ref link
  • 78  Camuglia JE, Grigoriadis G, Gilfillan CP. Lead poisoning and Burton's line. Med J Aust 2008;189(6):339.

Reactions to mercury

  • 79  Young‐Jin S. Mercury. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011;1299–307.
  • 80  Sunderman FW. Perils of mercury. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1988;18(2):89–101.
  • 81  Black J. The puzzle of pink disease. J R Soc Med 1999;92:478–81.
  • 82  Rustam H, Hamdi T. Methylmercury poisoning. Brain 1974;97:499–510. Cross Ref link
  • 83  Burge KM, Winkelmann RK. Mercury pigmentation. An electron microscopic study. Arch Dermatol 1970;102:51–61. Cross Ref link
  • 84  Lupton GP, Kao GF, Johnson FB, et al. Cutaneous mercury granuloma. A clinicopathological study and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985:12;296–303. Cross Ref link
  • 85  Roujeau JC, Bioulac‐Sage P, Bourseau C. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis. Analysis of 63 cases. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1333–8. Cross Ref link
  • 86  Granstein RD, Sober AJ. Drug‐ and heavy metal‐induced hyperpigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:1–18.*** Cross Ref link
  • 87  Boyd AS, Seger D, Vannucci S, et al. Mercury exposure and cutaneous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:81–90. Cross Ref link
  • 88  Vena GA, Foti C, Grandolfo M, Angelini G. Mercury exanthem. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:214–16. Cross Ref link
  • 89  Warkany J, Hubbard DM. Adverse mercurial reactions in the form of acrodynia and related conditions. Am J Dis Child 1951;81(3)335–73.
  • 90  Gillespie AE. Acrodynia. Can Med Assoc J 1952;67(5):418–21.
  • 91  Selter P. Infantile paralysis of the vegetative nervous system (acrodynia, trophodermatoneurosis, veg neurosis). Arch Kinderh 1927;80:244.
  • 92  Burge KM, Winkelmann RK. Mercury pigmentation. An electron microscopic study. Arch Dermatol 1970;102:51–61. Cross Ref link
  • 93  Ramdial PK, Jogessar V, Dada MA. Membranous fat necrosis due to subcutaneous elemental mercury injections. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20(4):369–73. Cross Ref link
  • 94  Laine J, Kalimo K, Happonen RP. Contact allergy to dental restorative materials in patients with oral lichenoid lesions. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:141–6. Cross Ref link
  • 95  Thornhill MH, Pemberton MN, Simmons RK, Theaker ED. Amalgam‐contact hypersensitivity lesions and oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:291–9. Cross Ref link
  • 96  Issa Y, Duxbury AJ, Macfarlane TV, Brunton PA. Oral lichenoid lesions related to dental restorative materials. Br Dent J 2005;198:361–6.

Reactions to selenium

  • 97  Calello DP. Selenium. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011;1316–20.
  • 98  Yang G, Wand S, Zhou R, et al. Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. Am J Clin Nutrition 1983;37:872–81.
  • 99  Stadman T. Selenium biochemistry. Science 1974;183:915–22. Cross Ref link
  • 100  Glover JR. Selenium and its industrial toxicology. Ind Med Surg 1970;39(1):50–4.
  • 101  Civil IDS, McDonald MJA. Acute selenium poisoning: case report. NZ Med J 1978;87:354–6.
  • 102  Hunsaker DM, Spiller HA, Williams D. Acute selenium poisoning: suicide by ingestion. J Forensic Sci 2005;50:942–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Sutter ME, Thomas JD, Brown J, Morgan B. Selenium toxicity: a case of selenosis caused by a nutritional supplement. Ann Int Med 2008;148:970–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 104  MacFarquhar JK, Broussard DL, Melstrom P, et al. Acute selenium toxicity associated with a dietary supplement. Arch Intern Med 2010;3:256–61. Cross Ref link
  • 105  Senthilkumaran S, Balamurugan N, Vohra R, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Paradise nut paradox: alopecia due to selenosis from a nutritional therapy. Int J Trichol 2012;4(4):283–4. Cross Ref link
  • 106  Hadjimarkos DM. Selenium in relation to dental caries. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1973;11:1083–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Hasunuma N, Umebayashi Y, Manabe M. True leukonychia in Crohn disease induced by selenium deficiency. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150(7):779–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Reactions to silver

  • 108  Lai Becker MW, Burns Ewald M. Silver. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, et al., eds. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, 9th edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2011;1321–5.
  • 109  Fung MC, Bowen DL. Silver products for medical indications: risk‐benefit assessment. Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34(1):119–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Bianchini A, Wood CM. Mechanism of acute silver toxicity in Daphnia magna. Environ Toxicol Chem 2003;22(6):1361–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Sue YM, Lee JY, Wang MC, Lin TK, Sung JM, Huang JJ. Generalized argyria in two chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:1048–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 112  Liu J, Wang Z, Liu FD, et al. Chemical transformations of nanosilver in biological environments. ACS Nano 2012;6:9887–99.*** Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Drake PL, Hazelwood KJ. Exposure‐related health effects of silver and silver compounds: a review. Ann Occup Hyg 2005;49:575–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Burmeister V. Arygyria: the intradermal “photograph,” a manifestation of passive photosensitivity. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16(2):211–17.*** Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 115  Granstein RD, Sober AJ. Drug and heavy metal‐induced hyperpigmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:1–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 116  Bleehen SS, Gould DJ, Harrington CI. Occupational argyria; light and electron microscopic studies and X‐ray microanalysis. Br J Dermatol 1981;104(1):19–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Kapur N, Landon G, Yu RC. Localized argyria in an antique restorer. Br Dermatol 2001;144:1912. Cross Ref link
  • 118  Sánchez‐Huerta V, De Wit‐Carter G, Hernández‐Quintela E, et al. Occupational corneal argyrosis in art silver solderers. Cornea 2003;22(7):604–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 119  Zografos L, Uffer S, Chamot L. Unilateral conjunctival‐corneal arygrosis simulating melanoma. Arch Opthalmol 2003;121:1483–7. Cross Ref link
  • 120  Tanita Y, Kato T, Hanada K, Tagami H. Blue macules of localized argyria caused by implanted acupuncture needles. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:1550–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Rongioletti F, Robert E, Buffa P, Bertagno R, Rebora A. Blue nevi‐like dotted occupational argyria. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(6):1015–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Rusch‐Behrend GD, Gutmann JL. Management of diffuse tissue argyria subsequent to endodontic therapy: report of a case. Quintessence Int 1995;26:553–7. Pubmed link
  • 123  Koplon BS. Azurelunulae due to argyria. Arch Dermatol 1966;94(3):333–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Gaslin MT, Rubin C, Pribitkin EA. Silver nasal sprays: misleading Internet marketing. Ear Nose Throat J 2008;87(4):217–20. Pubmed link
  • 125  Van de Voorde K, Nijsten T, Schelfhout K, Moorkens G. Long‐term use of silver containing nose‐drops resulting in systemic argyria. Acta Clin Belg 2005;60(1):33–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Kubba A, Kubba R, Batrani M, Pal T. Argyria: an unrecognized cause of cutaneous pigmentation in Indian patients: a case series and review of the literature. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013;79:805–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  Rhee DY, Chang SE, Lee MW, Choi JH, Moon KC, Koh JK. Treatment of argyria after colloidal silver ingestion using Q‐switched 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser. Dermatol Surg 2008;34(10):1427–30. Pubmed link
  • 128  Silvija P, Gottesman MD, Gerald N, Goldberg MD. Immediate successful treatment of argyria with a single pass of multiple Q‐switched laser wavelengths . JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(5):623–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Reactions to thallium

  • 129  Munch JC. Human thallotoxicosis. JAMA 1934;102:1929–33. Cross Ref link
  • 130  Meggs WJ, Hoffman RS, Shih RD, et al. Thallium poisoning from maliciously contaminated food. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994;32(6):723–30. Cross Ref link
  • 131  Insley BM, Grufferman S, Ayliffe HE. Thallium poisoning in cocaine abusers. Am J Emerg Med 1986;4:545–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 132  Melnick RL, Monti LG, Motzkin SM. Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by thallium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1976;69:68–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 133  Mulkey JP, Oehme FW. A review of thallium toxicity. Vet Hum Toxicol 1993;35(5):445–53. Pubmed link
  • 134  Pai V. Acute thallium poisoning. Prussian blue therapy in 9 cases. West Indian Med J 1987;36(4):256–8. Pubmed link
  • 135  Moore D, House I, Dixon A. Thallium poisoning: diagnosis may be elusive but alopecia is the clue. BMJ 1993;306:1527–9.*** Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Munch, JC. Human thallotoxicosis. JAMA 1934;102:1929–33. Cross Ref link
  • 137  Feldman J, Levisohn DR. Acute alopecia: clue to thallium toxicity. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10:29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 138  Moore D, House I, Dixon A. Thallium poisoning: diagnosis may be elusive but alopecia is the clue. BMJ 1993;306:1527–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 139  Tromme I, van Neste D, Dobbelaere F, et al. Skin signs in the diagnosis of thallium poisoning. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(2):321–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Lu CI, Huang CC, Chang YC, Tsai YT, Kuo HC, Chuang YH. Short‐term thallium intoxication: dermatological findings correlated with thallium concentration. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(1):93–8. Pubmed link
  • 141  Stevens W, van Peteghem C, Heyndrickx A, et al. Eleven cases of thallium intoxication treated with prussian blue. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1974;10:1–22. Pubmed link

Reactions to other metals

    Beryllium

    • 142  Guy RH, Hostýnek JJ, Hinz RS, Lorence CR, . Metals and the Skin: Topical Effects and Systemic Absorption. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999. Cross Ref link
    • 143  Curtis GH. Cutaneous hypersensitivity due to beryllium. AMA Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1951;54:470–82. Cross Ref link
    • 144  Hannon JWG. Beryllium disease. Report of the Section on Nature and Prevalence Committee on Occupational Diseases of the Chest. Chest 1965;48:550–8.
    • 145  Berlin JM, Taylor JS, Sigel JE, et al. Beryllium dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:939–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 146  Haberman AL, Pratt M, Storrs FJ. Contact dermatitis from beryllium in dental alloys. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:157–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 147  Epstein WL. Commentary and update (beryllium granulomas of the skin: a small window to understanding). Cleve Clin Q 1983;50:73–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 148  Rietschel RL, Fowler JF. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Williams and Wilkins, 1995;822–3.
    • 149  Burnett JW. Berylliosis. Cutis 1990;45:151–4. Pubmed link
    • 150  Lederer H, Savage J. Beryllium granuloma of the skin. Br J Ind Med 1965;11(1):45–7.

    Molybdenum

    • 151  Menne T, Maibach HI. Reactions to systemic exposure to contact allergens: systemic contact allergy reactions (SCAR). Immunol Allergy Pract 1987;9:373–85.
    • 152  Bezzon OL. Allergic sensitivity to several base metals: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 1993;69:243–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 153  Kubba R, Taylor JS, Marks KE. Cutaneous complications of orthopedic implants. A two‐year prospective study. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:554–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Platinum

    • 154  Levene GM. Platinum sensitivity. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:590–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 155  Cleare MJ, Hughes EG, Jacoby B, Pepys J. Immediate (type 1) allergic responses to platinum compounds. Clin Allergy 1976;6:183–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 156  Conde‐Salazar L, Cannavo A, Meza B, et al. Occupational argyrosis and platinosis. Am J Cont Dermat 1992;3:44–7. Cross Ref link