Overview of skin injury

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Determinants of the response to injury

  • 11  Ono S, Nagao K, Yamauchi M. Amorphous material of skin in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a morphologic and biochemical study. Neurology 1994;44:53740. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Isomorphic (Koebner) response

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  • 14  Wolf R, Brenner S, Ruocco V, Filioli FG. Isotopic response. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:3418. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 15  Ruocco V, Ruocco E, Ghersetich I, et al. Isotopic response after herpesvirus infection: an update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Mohla G, Brodell RT. The Köbner phenomenon in psoriasis: a common response to skin trauma. Postgrad Med 1999;106:3940. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Miller RAW. The Köbner phenomenon. Int J Dermatol 1982;21:1927. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  Powles AV, Baker BS, Rutman AJ, et al. Epidermal rupture is the initiating factor for the Köbner response in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990;70:358.
  • 19  Baker BS, Powles AV, Lambert S, et al. A prospective study of the Köbner reaction and T lymphocytes in uninvolved psoriatic skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988;68:4304.
  • 20  Farber EM, Roth RJ, Aschheim E, et al. Role of trauma in isomorphic response in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1965;91:24651. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Sweet RD. Vitiligo as a Köbner phenomenon. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:2234. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Hatchome N, Kato T, Tagami H. Therapeutic success of epidermal grafting in generalized vitiligo is limited by the Köbner phenomenon. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:8791. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Levine EL, Ribeiro GG. Vitiligo and radiotherapy: the Köbner phenomenon demonstrated in patients with vitiligo undergoing radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast. Clin Oncol 1994;6:1334. Cross Ref link
  • 24  Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, Westerhof W. Association of the Köbner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:40713. Pubmed link
  • 25  Fisher B, Fisher ER, Feduska N. Trauma and the localisation of tumor cells. Cancer 1967;20:2330. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Penrod JN, Everett MA, McCreight WG. Observations on keratosis follicularis. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:36770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Huff JC, Weston WL. Isomorphic phenomenon in erythema multiforme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:40913. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Borgia F, Cannavo SP, Guarneri F, et al. Isomorphic response after saphenectomy in a patient with granuloma annulare. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(Suppl. 2):S313. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Morales A, Livingood CS, Hu F. Familial benign chronic pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:3248. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Koizumi H, Kumakiti M, Ishizuka M, et al. Leukemia cutis in acute myelomonocytic leukemia: infiltration to minor traumas and scars. J Dermatol 1991;18:2815. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Todd P, Halpern S, Kirby J, Pembroke A. Lichen sclerosus and the Köbner phenomenon. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:2623. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Ueki H. Koebner phenomenon in lupus erythematosus with special consideration of clinical findings. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 4: 21923. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Durani BK, Kurzen H, Hartschuh W, Naeher H. Köbner phenomenon due to scratch test in scleromyxoedema. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:3068. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Aldridge RD, Main RA, Daly BM. The Köbner's response in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Cutis 1984;34:7880. Pubmed link
  • 35  Gebauer K, Armstrong M. Köbner phenomenon with necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:8956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Rotunda AM, Bhupathy AR, Dye R, Soriano TT. Pemphigus foliaceus masquerading as postoperative wound infection: report of a case and review of the Koebner and related phenomenon following surgical procedures. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:22631. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Jelinek JE. Dermatoses reported to be more frequent in diabetes. In: Jelinek JE, ed. The Skin in Diabetes. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1986:175202.
  • 38  Missner SC, Ramsay EW, Houck HE, Kauffman CL. Graves' disease presenting as localized myxedema in a thigh donor graft site. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:8469. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Green ST, Narajan S. The Köbner phenomenon in anaphylactoid purpura. Cutis 1986;38:567. Pubmed link
  • 40  Miwa N, Kanzaki T. The Köbner phenomenon in eruptive xanthoma. J Dermatol 1992;19:4850. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Utilization of mechanical stimuli

  • 41  Shelley WB. Experimental disease in the skin of man. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1983;108:532.
  • 42  Hameed A, Khan AA. Microscopic Nikolsky's sign. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:31214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Kiistala U, Mustakallio KK. Dermo‐epidermal separation with suction: electron microscopic and histochemical study of initial events of blistering on human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1967;48:46677. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Comaish S, McVittie E. Suction blisters in bullous pemphigoid and other dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:12732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Copeman PWM, Ryan TJ. Cutaneous angiitis: patterns of rashes explained by (1) Flow properties of blood (2) Anatomical disposition of vessels. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:20514. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Braverman IM, Yen A. Demonstration of immune complexes in spontaneous and histamine‐induced lesions and in normal skin of patients with leucocytoclastic angiitis. J Invest Dermatol 1975;64: 10512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Soter NA, Mihm MC, Dvorak HF, Austen KF. Cutaneous necrotising venulitis: a sequential analysis of the morphological reactions occurring after mast cell degranulation in a patient with a unique syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978;32:4658.
  • 48  Estes SA, Young CW. Delayed pressure urticaria: an investigation of some parameters of lesion induction. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:2531. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Biomechanical considerations

  • 49  Tregear RT. The Physical Functions of Skin. New York: Academic Press, 1966.
  • 50  Piérard GE. A critical approach to in vivo mechanical testing of the skin. In: Lévêque J‐L, ed. Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989:21540.
  • 51  Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
  • 52  Serup J, Jemec GBE, Grove GL, eds. Handbook of Non‐Invasive Methods and the Skin, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press, 2006.
  • 53  Kligman AM. The chronic effects of repeated mechanical trauma to the skin. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:25764. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Cox HT. The cleavage lines of the skin. Br J Surg 1941;29:23440. Cross Ref link
  • 55  Wilhelmi BJ, Blackwell SJ, Mancoli JS, Philips LG. Creep vs. stretch: a review of the viscoelastic properties of skin. Ann Plast Surg 1998;41:21519. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Ryan TJ. Biochemical consequences of mechanical forces generated by distention and distortion. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:11630. Cross Ref link
  • 57  Brunette DM. Mechanical stretching increases the number of epithelial cells synthesizing DNA in culture. J Cell Sci 1984;69:3545. Pubmed link
  • 58  Leung DYM, Glagov S, Mathews MD. Cyclic stretching stimulates synthesis of matrix components by arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro. Science 1976;191:4757. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Meikle MC, Reynolds JJ, Sellers A, et al. Rabbit cranial sutures in vitro: a new experimental model for studying the response of fibrous joints to mechanical stress. Calcif Tissue Int 1979;28:13744. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Takei T, Rivas‐Gotz C, Delling CA, et al. Effect of strain on human keratinocytes in vitro. J Cell Physiol 1997;173:6472. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Urschel JD, Scott PG, Williams HTG. The effect of mechanical stress on soft and hard tissues. Br J Plast Surg 1988;412:1826. Cross Ref link
  • 62  Gillard GC, Reilly HC, Bell‐Booth PG, et al. A comparison of the glycosaminoglycans of weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:25761. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Fung YCB. Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am J Physiol 1967;213:153244. Pubmed link
  • 64  Wan Abas WAB. Stress stabilisation behaviour in skin under small tensile loads in vitro. Biomed Mater Eng 1995;5:5963. Pubmed link
  • 65  Vogel HG. Mechanical properties of human skin: animal models. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:1739.
  • 66  Piérard G, Lapière CM. Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1977;260:2319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Mechanical properties of the skin

  • 67  Piérard GE. A critical approach to in vivo mechanical testing of the skin. In: Lévêque JL, ed. Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989:21540.
  • 68  Vogel HG. Mechanical measurements of skin. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1994;185:3943. Pubmed link
  • 69  Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001.
  • 70  Serup J, Jemec GBE, Grove GL, eds. Handbook of Non‐Invasive Methods and the Skin, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006.
  • 71  Wu KS, van Osdol WW, Dauskardt RH. Mechanical properties of human stratum corneum: effects of temperature, hydration, and chemical treatment. Biomaterials 2006;27:78595. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Wu JZ, Cutlip RG, Andrew ME, Dong RG. Simultaneous determination of the nonlinear‐elastic properties of skin and subcutaneous tissue in unconfined compression tests. Skin Res Technol 2007;13:3442. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Matts PJ. Hardware and measurement principles: the gas‐bearing electrodynamometer and linear skin rheometer. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:99109.
  • 74  Graves CJ, Edwards C. Hardware and measuring principles: the micro‐indentometer. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:16178.
  • 75  Ridge MD, Wright V. The rheology of skin: a bioengineering study of the mechanical properties of human skin in relation to its structure. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:63949. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Burton JL, Shuster S. A rapid increase in skin extensibility due to prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:4915. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Lanir Y, Fung YCB. Two‐dimensional mechanical properties of rabbit skin. I. Experimental model. J Biomech 1974;7:2934. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Burlin TE, Hutton WC, Ranu HS. A method of in vivo measurements of the elastic properties of skin. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:3213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Christensen MS, Hargens CW, Nacht S, et al. Viscoelastic properties of intact human skin, instrumentation, hydration effects and the contribution of the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:2826. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Cook T, Alexander H, Cohen ML. An experimental method for determining the two‐dimensional mechanical properties of living human skin. Med Biol Eng Comput 1977;15:3819. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Fung YC, ed. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissue. New York: Springer, 1981:2261.
  • 82  Vescovo P, Varchon D, Humbert P. In vivo tensile tests on human skin; the extensometers. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:7790.
  • 83  Khatyr F, Imberdis C, Vescovo P, et al. Model of the viscoelastic behaviour of skin in vivo and study of anisotropy. Skin Res Technol 2004;10:96103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Wan Abas WAB. Stress stabilisation behaviour in skin under small tensile loads in vitro. Biomed Mater Eng 1995;5:5963. Pubmed link
  • 85  Piérard G, Lapière CM. Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1977;260:2319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  De Rigal J. Hardware and basic principles of the dermal torque meter. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:6376.
  • 87  Piérard G, Lapière CM. Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1977;260:2319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Dikstein S, Hartzshtark A. In vivo measurement of some elastic properties of human skin. In: Marks R, Payne PA, eds. Bioengineering and the Skin. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1988:4553.
  • 89  Hargens CW. The gas‐bearing electrodynamometer applied to measuring mechanical changes in the skin and other tissues. In: Marks R, Payne PA, eds. Bioengineering and the Skin. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1981:11322. Cross Ref link
  • 90  Kirk JE, Chieffi M. Variation with age in elasticity of skin and subcutaneous tissue in human individuals. J Gerontol 1962;17:37380. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Parot S, Bourlière F. A new technique for measuring compressibility of skin and subcutaneous tissue: influences of sex, age and body area. Gerontology 1967;13:95110. Cross Ref link
  • 92  Delalleau A, Josse G, Lagarde JM, et al. Characterization of the mechanical properties of skin by inverse analysis combined with the indentation test. J Biomech 2006;39:160310. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Yuan Y, Verma R. Measuring microelastic properties of stratum corneum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006;48:612. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Piérard GE. Evaluation des proprietes mechaniques de la peau par les methodes d'indentation et de compression. Dermatologica 1984;168:616. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Lowe LB, van Der Leun JC. Suction blisters and dermal–epidermal adherence. J Invest Dermatol 1968;50:30814. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Grahame R. Elasticity of human skin in vivo. Biomed Eng 1971;6:56773. Pubmed link
  • 97  Berdt U, Elsner P. Hardware and measuring principles: the Cutometer®. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:917.
  • 98  Serup J. Hardware and measuring principles: the Dermaflex A®. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:11115.
  • 99  Häuselmann HJ, Huber K, Seifert B, Michel B. Hardware and measuring principles: the dermagraph in patients with systemic sclerosis and in healthy volunteers. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:12338.
  • 100  Khatyr F, Imberdis C, Varchon D, et al. Measurement of the mechanical properties of the skin using the suction test. Skin Res Technol 2006;12:2431. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Tronnier H, Wagener HH. Über die Frequenz‐Leitf higkiet der Menschlichen Haut. Dermatologica 1952;104:13551. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  Tosti A, Campagno G, Fazzini MC, et al. A ballistometer for the study of the plasto‐elastic properties. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:31517. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Bjerring P. Skin elasticity measured by dynamic admittance: a new technique for mechanical measurements in patients with scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985;120:837. Pubmed link
  • 104  Pugliese PT, Potts JR. Hardware and measuring principles: the ballistometer. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:14759.
  • 105  Potts RD, Chrisman DA, Buras M. The dynamic mechanical properties of human skin in vivo. J Biomech 1983;16:36572. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Falanga V, Bucalo B. Use of a durometer to assess skin hardness. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:4751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Romanelli M, Falanga V. Hardware and measuring principles: the durometer. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:13945.
  • 108  Lévêque JL, de Rigal J, Agache PG, et al. Influence of ageing on the in vivo extensibility of human skin at low stress. Arch Dermatol Res 1980;269:12735. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI. Mechanical properties of human forearm and vulvar skin. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:60714. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Jemec GBE, Selvaag E, Ågren M, Wulf HC. Measurement of the mechanical properties of skin with ballistometer and suction cup. Skin Res Technol 2001;7:1226. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Determinants of the mechanical properties of the skin

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  • 112  Schellander FA, Headington JT. The stratum corneum: some structural and functional correlates. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:50715. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Lévêque JL, Poelman MC, de Rigal J, Kligman AM. Are corneocytes elastic? Dermatologica 1988;176:659. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Lévêque JL, Rasseneur L. Mechanical properties of stratum corneum: influence of water and lipids. In: Marks RM, Barton SP, Edwards C, eds. The Physical Nature of the Skin. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1988:15561.
  • 115  Yuan Y, Verma R. Measuring microelastic properties of stratum corneum. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006;48:612. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 116  Blank IM. Factors which influence the water content of the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1952;18:43340. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Christensen MS, Hargens CW, Nacht S, et al. Viscoelastic properties of intact human skin, instrumentation, hydration effects and the contribution of the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:2826. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  De Rigal J, Lévêque JL. In vivo measurement of the stratum corneum elasticity. Bioeng Skin 1985;1:1323.
  • 119  Larsen TH, Jemec GBE. Skin mechanics and hydration In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:199205.
  • 120  Olsen LO, Jemec GBE. The influence of water, glycerin, paraffin oil and ethanol on skin mechanics. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1993;73:4046.
  • 121  Comaish S. Glutaraldehyde lowers skin friction and enhances its resistance to friction injury. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1973;53:4559.
  • 122  Marks R, Nicholls S, Fitzgeorge D. Measurement of intracorneal cohesion in man using in vivo techniques. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:299302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 123  Lapière CM, Nusgens BV, Piérard GE. The architectural organisation and function of the macromolecules in the dermis. In: Marks RM, Barton SP, Edwards C, eds. The Physical Nature of the Skin. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1988:16376.
  • 124  Oxlund H, Manschot J, Vhdik A. The role of elastin in the mechanical properties of skin. J Biomech 1988;21:21318. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Oxlund H. Relationships between the biomechanical properties, composition and molecular structure of the connective tissues. Connect Tissue Res 1986;15:6572. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Fujimura T, Moriwaki S, Imokawa G, Takema Y. Crucial role of fibroblast integrins alpha2 and beta1 in maintaining the structural and mechanical properties of the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2007;45:4553. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Physiological variation, Pathological variation

  • 127  Lévêque JL, de Rigal J, Agache PG, et al. Influence of ageing on the in vivo extensibility of human skin at low stress. Arch Dermatol Res 1980;269:12735. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 128  Escoffier C, Rigal J, Rochefort A, Vasselet R. Age‐related mechanical properties of human skin: an in vivo study. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:3537. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Elastic properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region. Arch Dermatol Res 1990;282:2838. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 130  Lévêque JL, Agache PG. Ageing Skin: Properties and Functional Changes. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993.
  • 131  Piérard GE. A critical approach to in vivo mechanical testing of the skin. In: Lévêque JL, ed. Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989:21540.
  • 132  Davis BR, Bahnjuk E, Young JK, et al. Age‐dependent changes in the shear wave propagation through human skin. Exp Gerontol 1989;24:20110. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 133  Ridge MD, Wright V. The rheology of skin, a bioengineering study of the mechanical properties of human skin in relation to its structure. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:63949. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 134  Kiistala V. Dermal epidermal separation. I. The influence of age, sex and body region on suction blister formation in human skin. Ann Clin Res 1972;4:1022. Pubmed link
  • 135  Piérard G, Lapière CM. Physiopathological variations in the mechanical properties of skin. Arch Dermatol Res 1977;260:2319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Grahame R. Elasticity of human skin in vivo. Ann Phys Med 1968;10:13041.
  • 137  Finlay B. The torsional characteristics of human skin in vivo. Biomed Eng 1971;6:56773. Pubmed link
  • 138  Auriol F, Vaulant L, Machet L, et al. Effects of short‐term hydration on skin extensibility. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1993;73:3447.
  • 139  Piérard GE, Letawe C, Dowlati A, et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy for menopause on the mechanical properties of skin. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:6625. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Sumino H, Ichikawa S, Abe M, et al. Effects of aging, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy on forearm skin elasticity in women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:9459. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 141  Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI. Mapping mechanic properties of human skin. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:18797.
  • 142  Gniadecka M, Gniadecki R, Serup J, Sondergaard J. Skin mechanical properties present adaptation to man's upright position. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:18890.
  • 143  Wang Q, Hayward V. In vivo biomechanics of the fingerpad skin under local tangential traction. J Biomech 2007;40:85160. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 144  Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI. Frictional properties of human forearm and vulvar skin: influence of age and correlation with transepidermal water loss and capacitance. Dermatologica 1990;181:8891. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 145  Berardesca E. Racial differences in skin function. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1994;185:446. Pubmed link
  • 146  Takema Y, Yorimoto Y, Kawai M, Imokawa G. Age‐related changes in the elastic properties and thickness of human facial skin. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:6418. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 147  Dobrev H. In vivo study of skin mechanical properties in Raynaud's phenomenon. Skin Res Technol 2007;13:914. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 148  Dobrev HP. Mechanical properties in other dermatological diseases. In: Elsner P, Berardesca E, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin: Skin Biomechanics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001:21527.
  • 149  Bjerring P. Skin elasticity measured by dynamic admittance: a new technique for mechanical measurements in patients with scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1985;120:837. Pubmed link
  • 150  Aghassi D, Monoson T, Braverman I. Reproducible measurements to quantify cutaneous involvement in scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:11606. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 151  Dobrev HP. In vivo study of skin mechanical properties in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:43642. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 158  Burton JL, Shuster S. A rapid increase in skin extensibility due to prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:4915. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 160  Nikkels‐Tassoudji M, Henry F, Letcuve C, et al. Mechanical properties of the diabetic waxy skin. Dermatology 1996;192:1122.
  • 161  Braham C, Betea D, Pierard‐Franchimont C, et al. Skin tensile properties in patients treated for acromegaly. Dermatology 2002;204:3259. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 162  Piérard GE, de la Brassine M, Lapière CM. Effects of long term photo‐chemotherapy on the dermis. J Invest Dermatol 1977;68:24950.
  • 163  Adoute H, de Rigal J, Popoff B, et al. Influence of PUVA treatment on the thickness and elastic properties of the skin. Bioeng Skin 1985;1:24551.
  • 164  Piérard GE, Franchimont C, de la Brassine M, Lapière CM. Photosclerosis induced by long‐wave ultraviolet light and psoralens. In: Marks R, Payne PA, eds. Bioengineering of the Skin. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1981:7582.
  • 165  Burlin TE, Hutton WC, Ranu HS. A method of in vivo measurements of the elastic properties of skin. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:3213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 167  Mimoun N, Razzouq N, Wolkenstein P, et al. Evaluation of skin viscoelasticity in type 1 neurofibromatosis patients. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006;19:227. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 170  Harvey W, Pope FM, Grahame R. Cutaneous extensibility in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:67983. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 171  Grahame R, Beighton P. Physical properties of the skin in Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 1969;28:24655. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 174  Smith JB, Fenske NA. Cutaneous manifestations and consequences of smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:71732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Effects of friction

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  • 176  Comaish S, Bottoms E. Skin and friction: deviations from Amonton's laws, and the effects of hydration and lubrication. Br J Dermatol 1971;84:3743. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 177  Comaish JS, Harborow PRH, Hofman DA. A hand‐held friction meter. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:335. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 178  El Shimi AF. In vivo skin friction measurements. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1977;28:3751.
  • 179  Armstrong TJ. Mechanical considerations of skin at work. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:46372. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 180  Akers WA. Measurements of friction injuries in man. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:47381. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 181  Wilkinson DS. Dermatitis from repeated trauma to the skin. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:30717. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 182  Zimmerer RE, Lawson KD, Culvert CJ. The effects of wearing diapers on the skin. Pediatr Dermatol 1986;3:95101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 183  Buchholz B, Frederick LJ, Armstrong TJ. An investigation of human skin friction and the effects of materials, prick force and moisture. Ergonomics 1988;31:31725. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 184  Loden M, Olsson H, Axell T, Linde YW. Friction, capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in dry atopic and normal skin. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:13741. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 185  Hills RJ, Unsworth A, Ive A. A comparative study of the frictional properties of emollient bath additives using porcine skin. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:3741. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 187  Sivamani RK, Goodman J, Gitis NV, Maibach HI. Friction coefficient of skin in real‐time. Skin Res Technol 2003;9:2359. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 188  Highley DR, Coomey M, Den Beste M, et al. Frictional properties of skin. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:3035. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 189  Nacht S, Close J, Yeung D, et al. Skin friction coefficient: changes induced by hydration and emollient application and correlation with perceived skin feel. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1981;32:5565.
  • 190  Zhang M, Mak AFT. In vivo friction properties of human skin. Prosthet Orthot Int 1999;23:13541. Pubmed link
  • 191  Naylor PFD. The skin surface and friction. Br J Dermatol 1955;67:23948. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 192  Cua AB, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI. Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:4739. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 193  Cua AB, Wilhelm K‐P, Maibach HI. Skin surface lipid and skin friction: relation to age, sex and anatomical region. Skin Pharmacol 1995;8:24651. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Callosities, corns and calluses

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  • 195  Menz HB, Zammit GV, Munteanu SE. Plantar pressures are higher under callused regions of the foot in older people. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:37580. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 203  Cox NH, Finlay AY. Crossed‐leg callosities. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1985;65:55961.
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  • 206  Baden HP, Bronstein BR, Rand RE. Hereditary callosities with blisters. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:40915. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 207  Cambiaghi S, Morel P. Hereditary painful callosities with associated features. Dermatology 1996;193:479. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 208  Ronchese F, ed. Occupational Marks and Other Physical Signs: a Guide to Personal Identification. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1968.
  • 209  Ronchese F. Occupation marks. Practitioner 1973;210:50712. Pubmed link
  • 210  Koh D, Jeyaratnam J. An occupational mark of screwdriver operators. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 211  Gellin GA. Dermatoses acquired by solid‐waste handlers. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:36370. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 212  Joseph AB, Herr B. Finger calluses in bulimia. Am J Psychiatry 1985;5:655.
  • 213  Russell G. Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 1979;9:42948. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 214  Maharaj D, Naraynsingh V. Cigarette lighter thumb. Am J Med 2001;110:506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 215  Harahap M. Peculiar forehead mark from praying. Int J Dermatol 1981;20:133. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 216  Vollum DI, Azadeh B. Prayer nodules. Clin Exp Dermatol 1979;4:3947. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 217  Kahana M, Cohen M, Ronnen M, et al. Prayer nodules in Muslim men. Cutis 1986;38:2816. Pubmed link
  • 218  Abanmi AA, Al Zouman AY, Al Hussaini H, Al‐Asmari A. Prayer marks. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:41114. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 219  Abboud RJ, Rowley DI. Foot pressure measurement: history and development. In: Helal B, Rowley DI, Crachiolo A, III, Myerson M, eds. Surgery and Disorders of the Foot and Ankle. London: Martin Dunitz, 1996:12338.
  • 220  Pitei DL, Foster A, Edmonds M. The effect of regular callus removal on foot pressures. J Foot Ankle Surg 1999;38:2515. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 221  Regnauld B, ed. The Foot. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 1986. Cross Ref link
  • 222  Helal B, Rowley DI, Crachiolo A, III, Myerson MS. Surgery and Disorders of the Foot and Ankle. London: Martin Dunitz, 1996.
  • 223  Kiviniemi VJ, Leppilahti J, Jalovaara PI. Study of straight metatarsal osteotomy for the treatment of plantar callosities. Ann Chir Gynaecol 2000;89:30912. Pubmed link
  • 224  Okuda R, Kinoshita M, Morikawa J, et al. Surgical treatment for hallux valgus with painful plantar callosities. Foot Ankle Int 2001;22:2038. Pubmed link
  • 225  Idusuyi OB, Kitaoka HB, Patzker GL. Oblique metatarsal osteotomy for intractable plantar keratosis: 10‐year follow‐up. Foot Ankle Int 1998;19:3515. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 226  Balkin SW. Injectable silicone and the foot: a 41‐year clinical and histologic history. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:15559. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 227  Cohen PR, Eliezri YD, Silvers DN. Athlete's nodules: treatment by excision. Sports Med 1990;10:198203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 228  Landorf KB, Morrow A, Spink MJ, et al. Effectiveness of scalpel debridement for painful plantar calluses in older people: a randomized trial. Trials 2013;14:243. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 229  Davys HJ, Turner DE, Helliwell PS, et al. Debridement of plantar callosities in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44(2):20710. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 230  Siddle HJ, Redmond AC, Waxman R, et al. Debridement of painful forefoot plantar callosities in rheumatoid arthritis: the CARROT randomised controlled trial. Clin Rheumatol 2013;32(5):56774. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 231  Akdemir O, Bilkay U, Tiftikcioglu YO, et al. New alternative in treatment of callus. J Dermatol 2011; 38(2):14650. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Friction blisters

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  • 233  Brennan FH, Jr, Jackson CR, Olsen C, et al. Blisters on the battlefield: the prevalence of and factors associated with foot friction blisters during Iraqi Freedom I. Mil Med 2012;177(2):15762. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 234  Brehmer‐Andersson E, Goransson K. Friction blisters as a manifestation of pathomimia. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1975;55:6571.
  • 235  Epstein WL, Fukuyama K, Cortese TA. Autoradiographic study of friction blisters. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:94106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 236  Pigatto PD, Legori A, Bigardi AS. Occupational dermatitis from physical causes. Clin Dermatol 1992;10:23143. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 237  Darrigrand A, Reynolds K, Jackson R, et al. Efficacy of antiperspirants on feet. Mil Med 1992;157:2569. Pubmed link
  • 238  Tkach JR. Treatment of recurrent bullous eruption of the hands and feet (Weber–Cockayne disease) with topical aluminium chloride. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:10956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 239  Tidman MJ, Wells RS. Control of plantar blisters in pachyonychia congenita with topical aluminium chloride. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:4512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 240  Younger IR, Priestley GC, Tidman MJ. Aluminium chloride hexahydrate and blistering in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:9301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 241  Reynolds KL, Darrigrand A, Roberts D, et al. Effects of an antiperspirant with emollients on foot‐sweat accumulation and blister formation while walking in the heat. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:62630. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 242  Knapik JJ, Reynolds K, Barson J. Influence of an antiperspirant on foot blister incidence during cross‐country hiking. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:2026. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 243  Levine N. Friction blisters. Physician Sports Med 1982;10:8492.
  • 244  Allan JR, Macmillan AL. The Immediate Effects of Heat on Unacclimatized Paratroops. Exercise ‘Tiger Brew II’. Farnborough, UK: Army Operational Research Establishment, Memorandum no. 16/62, 1963.
  • 245  Allan JR. A Study of Foot Blisters. Farnborough, UK: Army Operational Research Establishment, Memorandum no. 16/64, 1964.
  • 246  Quinn J. The Effects of Two New Foot Powders on the Incidence of Foot Infection and Blisters in Recruits During Basic Training. Farnborough, UK: Army Personnel Research Establishment, Memorandum no. P/6, 1967.
  • 247  Spence WR, Shields MN. Insole to reduce shear forces on the sole of the feet. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1968;49:4769. Pubmed link
  • 248  Spence WR, Shields MN. New insole for prevention of athletic blisters. J Sports Med 1968;8:17780.
  • 249  Smith W, Walter J, Bailey M. Effects of insoles in coastguard basic training footwear. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1985;75:6447. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 250  Herring KM, Richie DH. Friction blisters and sock fiber composition. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1990;80:6371. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 251  Knapik JJ, Hamlet MP, Thompson KJ, et al. Influence of boot‐sock systems on frequency and severity of foot blisters. Mil Med 1995;161:5948.
  • 252  Patterson HS, Woolley TW, Lednar WM. Foot blister risk factors in an ROTC summer camp population. Mil Med 1994;159:1305. Pubmed link
  • 253  Cortese TA, Fukuyama K, Epstein W, et al. Treatment of friction blisters: an experimental study. Arch Dermatol 1968;97:71721. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 254  Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Eaglstein WH. The effect of occlusive dressings on collagen synthesis and re‐epithelialization in superficial wounds. J Surg Res 1983;35:1428. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 255  Yarkony GM, Lukane C, Carle TV. Pressure sore management efficacy of a moisture reactive occlusive dressing. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:567600.
  • 256  Levy PD, Hile DC, Hile LM, Miller MA. A prospective analysis of the treatment of friction blisters with 2‐octylcyanoacrylate. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2006;96:2327. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Black heel and palm

  • 257  Crissey JT, Peachey JC. Calcaneal petechiae. Arch Dermatol 1961;83:501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 258  Kirton V, Wheatley‐Price M. Black heel. Trans St John's Hosp Derm Soc Lond 1965;51:804.
  • 259  Hafner J, Haenseler E, Ossent P, et al. Benzidine stain for the histochemical detection of hemoglobin in splinter hemorrhage (subungual hematoma) and black heel. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:3627. Pubmed link
  • 260  Degos R, Civatte J. Pseudo‐chromidrose eccrine intra‐cornée. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syph 1963;70:4023.
  • 261  Juhlin L, Pontén B. Plantar pseudochromidrosis simulating malignant melanoma. Acta Dermatol Venereol 1967;47:2558.
  • 262  Wilkinson DS. Black heel: a minor hazard of sport. Cutis 1977;20:3936. Pubmed link
  • 263  Izumi AK. Pigmented palmar petechiae. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:261. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 264  Cho KH, Kim YE, Seo KI, Suh DH. Black heel with atypical melanocytic hyperplasia. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:43740. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 265  Saida T, Oguchi S, Ishihara Y. In vivo observations of magnified features of pigmented lesions on volar skin using video microscope. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:248304. Cross Ref link

Skin reactions to musical instruments

  • 266  Gamblicher T, Uzun A, Boms S, et al. Skin conditions in instrumental musicians: a self‐reported survey. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(4):21722. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 267  Rimmer S, Spielvogel RL. Dermatologic problems of musicians. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:65763. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 268  Fisher AA. Dermatitis in a musician. Part III. Injuries caused by specific musical instruments. Cutis 1998;62:2612. Pubmed link
  • 269  Gambichler T, Boms S, Freitag M. Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians. BMC Dermatol 2004;4:3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 270  Fisher AA. Dermatitis in a musician. Part I. Allergic contact dermatitis. Cutis 1998;62:1678. Pubmed link
  • 271  Fisher AA. Dermatitis in a musician. Part II. Injuries to skin, soft tissue, and bone from musical instruments. Cutis 1998;62:21415. Pubmed link
  • 272  Baccouche D, Mokni M, Ben Abdelaziz A, Ben Osman‐Dhahri A. Dermatological problems of musicians: a prospective study in musical students. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007;134:4459. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 273  Lombardi C, Bottello M, Caruso A, et al. Allergy and skin diseases in musicians. Allerg Immunol (Paris) 2003;35:525.
  • 274  Peachey RDG, Matthews CNA. Fiddler's neck. Br J Dermatol 1978;98:66974. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 275  Stern JB. The edema of fiddler's neck. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:53840. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 276  Kaufman BH, Hoffman AD, Zimmerman D. Fiddler's neck in a child. J Pediatr 1988;113:8990. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 277  Bird HA. Development of Garrod's pads in the fingers of a professional violinist. Ann Rheum Dis 1987;46:16970. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 278  Reina NJ, Honet JC, Brown OW, et al. Paget–Schrotter syndrome in a viola player. Med Probl Perform Art 1988;3:245.
  • 279  Adams RM. Occupational Skin Disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983:4212.
  • 280  Curtis P. Guitar nipple [Letter]. BMJ 1974;2:226. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 281  Semple R, Gillingham J. Musical bumps. BMJ 1974;2:504. Cross Ref link
  • 282  Baran R, Tosti A. Occupational acro‐osteolysis in a guitar player. Acta Derm Venéréol (Stockh) 1993;73:645.
  • 283  Mandel HN. Cellist's chest. N Engl J Med 1962;266:348. Cross Ref link
  • 284  Shapiro PE. ‘Cello scrotum’ questioned [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:665. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 285  Hindson TC. Clarinettist's cheilitis. BMJ 1978;2:1295. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 286  Friedman SC, Connolly SM. Clarinettist's cheilitis. Cutis 1986;38:1834. Pubmed link
  • 287  Dahl MGC. Flautist's chin [Letter]. BMJ 1978;2:1023. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 288  Planus J. Rupture of the orbicularis oris in trumpet players (Satchmo's syndrome). Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;69:6903. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 289  Signore RJ. Dermatologic problems of musicians. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:321. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 290  Koransky JS. Dermatologic problems of musicians: iatrogenic black dermographism. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:519. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Hypothenar hammer syndrome

  • 291  Conn J, Bergan JJ, Bell JL. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: post‐traumatic digital ischaemia. Surgery 1970;68:11228. Pubmed link
  • 292  De Monaco D, Fritsche E, Rigonia G, et al. Hypothenar hammer syndrome. J Hand Surg 1999;24:7314. Cross Ref link
  • 293  Kaji H, Honma H, Usui M, et al. Hypothena hammer syndrome in workers occupationally exposed to vibrating tools. J Hand Surg 1993;18:7616. Cross Ref link
  • 294  Scharnbacher J, Claus M, Reichert J, et al. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: a multicenter case‐control study. Am J Ind Med 2013;56(11):13528. Pubmed link
  • 295  Ferris BL, Taylor LM, Jr, Oyama K, et al. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: proposed etiology. J Vasc Surg 2000;31:10413. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 296  Duncan WC. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: an uncommon cause of digital ischemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:8803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 297  Cooke RA. Hypothenar hammer syndrome: a discrete syndrome to be distinguished from hand‐arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med (Lond) 2003;53:3204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 298  Winterer JT, Ghanem N, Roth M, et al. Diagnosis of the hypothenar hammer syndrome by high‐resolution contrast‐enhanced MR angiography. Eur Radiol 2002;12:245762. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Achenbach syndrome

  • 299  Layton AM, Cotterill JA. A case of Achenbach's syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 300  Thies K, Beschorner U, Noory E, et al. Achenbach's syndrome revisited. Vasa 2012;41(5):36670. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 301  Robertson A, Liddington MI, Kay SP. Paroxysmal finger haematomas (Achenbach's syndrome) with angiographic abnormalities. J Hand Surg (Br) 2002;27:3913. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Other reactions to mechanical injury

    Spectacle‐frame acanthoma

    • 302  Epstein EE. Granuloma fissuratum of the ear. Arch Dermatol 1965;94:6212. Cross Ref link
    • 303  Benedetto AV, Bergfeld WF. Acanthoma fissuratum: histopathology and review of the literature. Cutis 1979;24:2259. Pubmed link
    • 304  Farrel WL, Wilson JW. Granuloma fissuratum of the nose. Arch Dermatol 1968;97:347. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 305  Barnes HM, Calnan CD, Sarkany I. Spectacle frame acanthoma. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1974;60:99102.
    • 306  MacDonald DM, Martin SJ. Acanthoma fissuratum: spectacle frame acanthoma. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1975;55:4858.
    • 307  Betti R, Inselvini E, Pozzi G, Grosti C. Bilateral spectacle frame acanthoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:5034. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Semicircular lipoatrophy

    • 308  Forstrom L, Winkelmann RK. Acute panniculitis: a clinical and histopathologic study of 34 cases. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:90917. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 309  Diaz‐Cascajo C, Borghi S. Subcutaneous pseudomembranous fat necrosis: new observations. J Cutan Pathol 2002;29:510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 310  Gschwandtner WR, Munzberger H. Ein Beitrag zur band Formig circularen Atrophien del subcutanen Fettgewebes in Extremitatenbereich. Hautzart 1974;25:2227.
    • 311  Nagore E, Sanchez‐Motilla JM, Rodriguez‐Serna M, et al. Lipoatrophia semicircularis: a traumatic panniculitis – report of cases and review of literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:87981. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 312  Gruber PC, Fuller LC. Lipoatrophy semicircularis induced by trauma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:26971. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 313  Herane MI, Urbina F, Sudy E. Lipoatrophia semicircularis: a compressive lipoatrophy consecutive to persistent mechanical pressure. J Dermatol 2007;34:3903. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 314  Haas N, Henz BM, Bunikowski R, Keitzer R. Semicircular lipoatrophy in a child with systemic lupus erythematosus after subcutaneous injections with methotrexate. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19:4325. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Acne mechanica

    • 315  Mills DH, Kligman AM. Acne mechanica. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:4813. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 316  Basler RS. Acne mechanica in athletes. Cutis 1992;50:1258. Pubmed link
    • 317  Tan SG, Cunliffe WJ, MacGregor AJ. Acne mechanica. BMJ 1976;i:130.
    • 318  Kang YC, Choi EH, Hwang SM, et al. Cane mechanica due to an orthopedic crutch. Cutis 1999;64:978. Pubmed link
    • 319  Darley CR. Acne conglobata of the buttocks aggravated by mechanical and environmental factors. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:4623. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 320  Birrer RB, Griesemer B, Cataletto MB. Pediatric Sports Medicine for Primary Care. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.

    Traumatic effects of sports

    • 321  Adams BB. Dermatologic disorders of the athlete. Sports Med 2002;32:30921. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 322  Metelitsa A, Barankin B, Lin AN. Diagnosis of sports‐related dermatoses. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:11319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 323  Mailler‐Savage EA, Adams BB. Skin manifestations of running. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:290301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 324  Curtis KA, Dillon D. Survey of wheelchair athletic injuries: common patterns and prevention. Paraplegia 1985;23:1705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 325  Schaeffer RS, Proffer DS. Sports medicine for wheelchair athletes. Am Fam Physician 1989;39:23945. Pubmed link
    • 326  Beck CK. Infectious diseases in sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000;32:4318. Cross Ref link
    • 327  Adams BB. Transmission of cutaneous infections in athletes. Br J Sports Med 2000;34:41314. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 328  Becker T, Kodsi R, Bailey P, et al. Grappling with herpes: herpes gladiatorum. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:6659. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 329  Mobacken H, Nordin P. Molluscum contagiosum among cross‐country runners. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:51920. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 330  Beller M, Gessner BD. An outbreak of tinea corporis gladiatorum on a high school wrestling team. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:197201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 331  Kohl TD, Lisney M. Tinea gladiatorum. Sports Med 2000;29:43947. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 332  Roach MC, Chrétien JH. Common hand warts in athletes: association with trauma to the hand. J Am Coll Health 1995;44:1256. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 333  Sosin DM, Gunn RA, Ford WL, Skaggs JN. An outbreak of furunculosis among high school athletes. Am J Sports Med 1989;17:82832. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 334  Adler A, Altman J. An outbreak of mud‐wrestling‐induced pustular dermatitis in college students. JAMA 1993;269:5024. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 335  Fisher AA. Sports‐related cutaneous reactions. II. Allergic contact dermatitis to sports equipment. Cutis 1999;63:203.
    • 336  Kockentiet B, Adams BB. Contact dermatitis in athletes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:104855. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 337  Brooks C, Kujawska A, Patel D. Cutaneous allergic reactions induced by sporting activities. Sports Med 2003;33:699708. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 338  Pharis DB, Teller C, Wolf JE. Cutaneous manifestations of sports participation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:44859. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 339  Prins M, Veraart JCJM, Vermeulen AHM, et al. Leucocytoclastic vasculitis induced by prolonged exercise. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:91518. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 340  Wilkinson DS. Black heel: a minor hazard of sport. Cutis 1977;20:3936. Pubmed link
    • 341  Izumi AK. Pigmented palmar petechiae (black palm). Arch Dermatol 1974;109:261. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 342  Cohen HJ. Jogger's petechiae. N Engl J Med 1968;279:109. Pubmed link
    • 343  Scott MJ, Jr, Scott MJ, III. Pingpong patches. Cutis 1989;43:3635. Pubmed link
    • 344  Allan SJR, Humphreys F, Buxton PK. Annular purpura and step aerobics. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:418. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 345  Gibbs RC. Tennis shoe. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:918. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 346  Sher RK. Jogger's toe. Int J Dermatol 1978;17:71920. Pubmed link
    • 347  Ryan A, Goldsmith LA. Golfer's nails. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:8578. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 348  Basler RSW. Skin injuries in sports medicine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:125762. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 349  Freeman MJ, Bergfeld WF. Skin diseases of football and wrestling participants. Cutis 1977;20:33341. Pubmed link
    • 350  Birrer RB, Halbrook SP. Martial arts injuries: the results of a 5 year national survey. Am J Sports Med 1988;16:40810. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 351  Illingworth C, Jay A, Parkin R, et al. Skateboard injuries: a preliminary report. BMJ 1977;ii:1636. Cross Ref link
    • 352  Clanton TO, Ford JJ. Turf toe injury. Clin Sports Med 1994;13:73141. Pubmed link
    • 353  Doller J, Strother S. Turf toe: an acute inflammatory response to athletic activity on artificial playing surfaces. J Am Podiatr Med 1978;68:51214. Cross Ref link
    • 354  Levit F. Jogger's nipples. N Engl J Med 1977;297:1127. Pubmed link
    • 355  Powell B. Bicyclist's nipples. JAMA 1983;249:2457. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 356  Toback A, Korson R, Krusincki P. Pulling boat hands: a unique dermatosis from coastal New England. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:64955. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 357  Tomecki K, Mikesell J. Rower's rump. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:8901. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 358  Erickson JG, von Gemmingen GR. Surfer's nodules and other complications of surf‐boarding. JAMA 1977;167:1346.
    • 359  Cohen PR, Eliezri YD, Silvers DN. Athlete's nodules: sport‐related connective tissue nevi of the collagen type (collagenomas). Cutis 1992;50:1315. Pubmed link
    • 360  Dickens R, Adams BB, Mutasim DF. Sports‐related pads. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:2913. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 361  Nakamura A, Inoue Y, Ishihara T, Ono T. Acquired coccygeal nodule due to repeated stimulation by a bicycle saddle. Dermatology 1995;22:3659. Cross Ref link
    • 362  Kawaura K, Yano K, Takama H, et al. Nodular lesion on the sacrococcygeal area in a bicycle rider. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:11245. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 363  Basler RSW. Acne mechanica in athletes. Cutis 1992;50:1258. Pubmed link
    • 364  Knable AL, Hanke CW, Gonin R. Prevalence of acne keloidalis nuchae in football players. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:5704. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 365  Farhadian JA, Tlougan BE, Adams BB, et al. Skin conditions of baseball, cricket and softball players. Sports Med 2013;43(7):57589. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 366  Koehn GG. Skin injuries in sports medicine [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:152. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 367  Sullivan SN. Judo‐jogger's itch. N Engl J Med 1979;300:866. Pubmed link
    • 368  Blauvelt A, Duarte AM, Schachner LA. Pool palms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:111. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 369  Swinehart JM. Mogul skier's palm: traumatic hypothenar ecchymosis. Cutis 1992;50:117. Pubmed link
    • 370  Scott MJ, Jr, Scott NI, Scott LM. Dermatologic stigmata in sports: weight lifting. Cutis 1992;50:1415. Pubmed link
    • 371  Levine N. Dermatologic aspects of sports medicine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:41524. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 372  Souminen H, Heikkinen E, Moisio H, et al. Physical and chemical properties of skin in habitually trained and sedentary men. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:14754. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 373  Shelley WB, Rawnsley HM. Painful feet due to herniations of fat. JAMA 1968;205:3089. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 374  Berglund HT, Stocks GW. Muscle hernia in a recreational athlete. Orthop Rev 1993;22:1246. Pubmed link

    Foreign body reaction

    • 375  Zimmerli W, Zak O, Vosbeck K. Experimental haematogenous infection of subcutaneously implanted foreign bodies. Scand J Infect Dis 1985;17:30310. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 376  Kim YC, Triffet MK, Gibson LE. Foreign bodies in sarcoidosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:40812. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 377  Saw P, Solivan G, Johnson FB. Cutaneous reaction from a broken thermometer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:91519. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 378  Kelly JJ. Blackthorn inflammation. J Bone Joint Surg 1966;48B:4747.
    • 379  Paproski SM, Smith SL, Crawford RI. Ferruginous foreign body. A clinical stimulant of melanoma with distinctive histologic features. Am J Dermatopathol 2002;24:3968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 380  Mucci B, Stenhouse G. Soft tissue radiography for wooden foreign bodies: a worthwhile exercise? Injury 1985;16:4024. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 381  Lammers RL. Soft tissue foreign bodies. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17:133646. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 382  Gilbert FJ, Campbell RSD, Bayliss AP. The role of ultrasound in the detection of non‐radio‐opaque foreign bodies. Clin Radiol 1990;41:10912. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 383  Donaldson JS. Radiographic imaging of foreign bodies in the hand. Hand Clin North Am 1991;7:12534.
    • 384  Suramo I, Pamil M. Ultrasound examination of foreign bodies: an in vitro investigation. Acta Radiol Diagn 1986;27:4636. Cross Ref link
    • 385  De Flaviis L, Scaglione P, Del Bo P, et al. Detection of foreign bodies in soft tissues: experimental comparison of ultrasonography and xeroradiography. J Trauma 1988;28:4004. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 386  Russell RC, Williamson DA, Sullivan JW, et al. Detection of foreign bodies in the hand. J Hand Surg 1991;16:211. Cross Ref link
    • 387  Jaworsky C. Analysis of cutaneous foreign bodies. Clin Dermatol 1991;9:15778. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 388  Bloom W, Fawcett DW. A Textbook of Histology, 10th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1975:2130.
    • 389  Baker D, Kupke KC, Ingram P, et al. Microprobe analysis in human pathology. Scan Electron Microsc 1985;2:65980.
    • 390  Lammers RL, Magill T. Detection and management of foreign bodies in soft tissues. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1992;4:76781.
    • 391  Rickoff SE, Bauder T, Kerman BL, et al. Foreign body localization and retrieval in the foot. J Foot Surg 1981;20:334. Pubmed link
    • 392  Young PC, Smack DP, Sau P, et al. Golf club granuloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:10478. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 393  Mehregan AH, Faghri B. Implantation dermatoses. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1974;54:614.
    • 394  Hirsh BC, Johnson WC. Pathology of granulomatous diseases: epithelioid granulomas. II. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:30613. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 395  Winer LH, Zeilenga RH. Cactus granulomas of the skin. Arch Dermatol 1955;72:5669. Cross Ref link
    • 396  Snyder RA, Schwartz RA. Cactus bristle implantation: report of an unusual case initially seen with rows of yellow hairs. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:1524. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 397  Lindsey D, Lindsey WE. Cactus spine injuries. Am J Emerg Med 1988;6:3629. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 398  Iwatsu T, Miyaji M. Phaeomycotic cyst: a case with a lesion containing a wooden splinter. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:120911. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 399  Connor DH, Gibson DW. Association of splinters with chromomycosis and phaeomycotic cyst [Letter]. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:168. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 400  Kinmont PDC. Sea‐urchin sarcoidal granuloma. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:33543. Pubmed link
    • 401  Allen AC. Persistent ‘insect bites’ (dermal eosinophilic granulomas) simulating lymphoblastomas, histiocytoses, and squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Pathol 1948;24:36775. Pubmed link
    • 402  Schon MJ, Scott FA, Boswick JA. High pressure injection injuries of the hand. J Trauma 1980;20:22938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 403  Mesquita‐Guimaraes J, Azevedo F, Aguiar S. Silica granulomas secondary to explosion of a land mine. Cutis 1987;40:413. Pubmed link
    • 404  Hanke CW, Connor AC, Probst EL, Fondak AA. Blast tattoos resulting from black powder firearms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:81925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 405  Hatch CL, Terezhalmy GT, Krolls SO. Amalgam tattoos of the oral soft tissue. Ear Nose Throat J 1984;63:41622. Pubmed link
    • 406  Hartman LC, Natiella JR, Meenaghan MA. The use of elemental microanalysis in verification of the composition of presumptive amalgam tattoo. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44:62833. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 407  Cortez Pimentel J. Sarcoid granulomas of the skin produced by acrylic and nylon fibres. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:6737. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 408  Centeno JA, Kalasinsky VF, Johnson FB, et al. Fourier transform infrared microscopic identification of foreign materials in time sections. Lab Invest 1992;66:12330. Pubmed link
    • 409  Stein F. Foreign body injuries of the hand. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1985;3:38390. Pubmed link
    • 410  Hogan DJ. Subungual trichogranuloma in a hairdresser. Cutis 1988;42:1056. Pubmed link
    • 411  Brown CK, Wooten SL, Fair LK. Retained foreign body: a fingernail fragment? J Emerg Med 1993;11:25964. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 412  Jones Williams W. Beryllium disease. Postgrad Med J 1988;64:51116. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 413  Mowry GM, Sams MW, Caulfield JB. Cutaneous silica granuloma. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:6924. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 414  Travis WD, Balogh K, Abraham JL. Silicone granulomas: report of three cases and review of the literature. Hum Pathol 1985;16:1927. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 415  Swanson NA, Stoner JG, Siegle RJ, Solomon AR. Treatment site reactions to Zyderm collagen implantation. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983;9:37780. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 416  Kligman AM. Histologic responses to collagen implants in human volunteers: comparison of Zyderm collagen with Zyplant implant. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988;14(Suppl. 1):358. Cross Ref link
    • 417  Morgan AM. Localized reactions to injected therapeutic materials. I. Medical agents. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:193214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 418  Oertel VC, Johnson FB. Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the male genitalia. Arch Pathol 1977;101:3216.
    • 419  Alagaratnam TT, Ong GB. Paraffinomas of the breast. J R Coll Surg Edin 1983;28:2603.
    • 420  Nakamura M, Saekrai T, Yoskida K, et al. Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the penis: chemical analysis of lipid from lesional tissue. J Urol 1985;133:10468. Pubmed link
    • 421  Hirsh BC, Johnson WC. Pathology of granulomatous diseases: foreign body granulomas. Int J Dermatol 1984;23:5318. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 422  Postlethwaite RW, Willigan DA, Ulin AW. Human tissue reaction to sutures. Ann Surg 1975;181:14450. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 423  Terzakis JA, Shustak SR, Stock EG. Talc granuloma identified by X‐ray microanalysis. JAMA 1978;239:23712. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 424  Leonard DD. Starch granulomas. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:1013. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 425  Jaworsky C. Analysis of cutaneous foreign bodies. Clin Dermatol 1991;9:14956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 426  Jordaan HF, Sandler M. Zinc‐induced granuloma: a unique complication of insulin therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:2279. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 427  Slater DN, Underwood JCE, Durrant TE, et al. Aluminium hydroxide granulomas: light and electron microscopic studies and X‐ray microanalysis. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:1038. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 428  Garcia‐Patos V, Pujol RM, Alomar A, et al. Persistent subcutaneous nodules in patients hyposensitized with aluminium‐containing allergen extracts. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:14214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 429  Morgan AM. Localized reactions to injected therapeutic materials. II. Surgical agents. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:289303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 430  Goldman L. Reactions following intralesional and sublesional injections of corticosteroids. JAMA 1962;182:61316. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 431  Weedon D, Gutteridge BH, Hockly RG, Emmett AJJ. Unusual cutaneous reactions to injections of corticosteroids. Am J Dermatopathol 1982;4:199203. Pubmed link
    • 432  Bhawan J. Steroid‐induced ‘granulomas’ in hypertrophic scar. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:5603.
    • 433  Kossard S, Ecker RI, Dicken CH. Povidone panniculitis. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:7046. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 434  Morgan AM, Johnson FB, Lupton GP. Cutaneous and subcutaneous polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) storage disease [Abstract]. J Cutan Pathol 1989;16:318.
    • 435  Texier L. Hypodermite sclerodermiforme lombo‐fessiere induite par injection de vitamin K. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 1975;82:4489.
    • 436  Padilla AS, Becker LE, Hoffman H. Cutaneous and venous complications of pentazocine abuse. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:9757. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 437  Posner DI, Guill MA. Cutaneous foreign body granulomas associated with intravenous drug abuse. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:86972. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 438  Hirsch CS. Dermatopathology of narcotic addiction. Hum Pathol 1972;3:3753. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 439  Sullivan M. Multiple subcutaneous abscesses produced by the hypodermic injection of feces. South Med J 1949;42:4024. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Specific foreign body reactions

      Paraffinoma

      • 440  Claudy A, Garcier F, Schmitt D. Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the male genitalia: ultrastructural study. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:4516. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 441  Basse P, Alsbjorn B. Paraffinoma of the male breast. Acta Chir Plast 1991;33:1635. Pubmed link
      • 442  Feldman R, Harms M, Chavaz P, et al. Orbital and palpebral paraffinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:8335. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 443  Hintschich CR, Beyer‐Machule CK, Stefani FH. Paraffinoma of the periorbit: a challenge for the oculoplastic surgeon. Ophthalm Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;11:3943. Cross Ref link
      • 444  Merkur AB, Jardeleza MS, Illiff NT, et al. Periocular petrolatum. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2005;21:2330. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 445  Khong PL, Ho LWC, Chan JHM, Leong LLY. MR imaging of breast paraffinomas. Am J Radiol 1999;173:92932.

      Sclerodermiform reaction to vitamin K and vitamin B12 injections

      • 446  Alonso‐Llamazares J, Ahmed I. Vitamin K‐induced localised scleroderma (morphea) with linear deposition of IgA in the basement membrane zone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:3224. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 447  Janin‐Mercier A, Mosser C, Souteyrand P. Subcutaneous sclerosis with fasciitis and eosinophilia after phytonadione injection. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:14213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 448  Texier L. Hypodermite sclérodermiforme lombo‐fessière induite par injection de vitamin K1. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 1975;82:4489.
      • 449  Guidetta MS, Vincenzi C, Papi M, Tosti A. Sclerodermatous skin reaction after vitamin K injections. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:456. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 450  Manduit G, Cambazard F, Faure M, Thivolet J. Pseudoscleroderma and sclerodermiform states. Ann Intern Med 1984;135:61523.
      • 451  Ho J, Rothchild YH, Sengelmann R. Vitamin B12‐associated localized scleroderma and its treatment. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:12525. Pubmed link

      Pentazocine ulcers

      • 452  Prasad HRY, Khaitan BK, Ramam M et al. Diagnostic clinical features of pentazocine‐induced ulcers. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:91015. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 453  Jain A, Bhattacharya SN, Singal A, et al. Pentazocine induced widespread cutaneous and myo‐fibrosis. J Dermatol 1999;26:36870. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Reactions to intralesional corticosteroids

      • 454  Goldman L. Reactions following intralesional and sublesional injections of corticosteroids. JAMA 1962;182:61316. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 455  Weedon D, Gutteridge BH, Hockly RG, Emmett AJJ. Unusual cutaneous reactions to injections of corticosteroids. Am J Dermatopathol 1982;4:199203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 456  Farnandez‐flores A, Valderiz S, Crespo LG, Rodriguez R. Granulomatous response to anaebolic steroid injections. Acta Dermatovenerol Corat 2011;19(2):1036.

      Reactions to silicone

      • 457  Ellenbogen R, Ellenbogen R, Rubin L. Injectable fluid silicone therapy: human morbidity and mortality. JAMA 1975;234:3089. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 458  Morgan AM. Localized reaction to injected therapeutic materials. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:289303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 459  Teuber SS, Feilly DA, Howell L, et al. Severe migratory granulomatous reactions to silicone gel in three patients. J Rheumatol 1999;26:699704. Pubmed link
      • 460  Selmanovitz VJ, Orentreich N. Medical‐grade fluid silicone: a monographic review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1977;3:597611. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 461  Brown SL, Silverman BG, Berg WA. Rupture of silicone‐gel breast implants: causes, sequelae, and diagnosis. Lancet 1997;350:15317. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 462  Yanagihara M, Fujii T, Wakamatu N, et al. Silicone granuloma on the entry points of acupuncture, venepuncture and surgical needles. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:3015. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 463  Alani RM, Busam K. Acupuncture granulomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:2256. Cross Ref link
      • 464  Andrews TR, Calamia KT, Waldorf JC, Walsh JS. Subcutaneous nodules on the face. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 465  Marcoval J, Mana J. Silicone granulomas and sarcoidosis. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:904. Pubmed link
      • 466  Senet P, Bachelez H, Ollivaud L, et al. Minocycline for the treatment of cutaneous silicone granulomas. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:9857. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 467  Ellis LZ, Cohen JL, High W, Granulomatous reaction to silicone injection. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012;5(7):447. Pubmed link

      Fibreglass dermatitis

      • 468  Dahlquist J, Fregert S, Trulsson L. Allergic contact dermatitis from epoxy resin finished glass fibre. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5:190. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 469  Possick PA, Gellin GA, Key MM. Fibreglass dermatitis. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1970;31:1215. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 470  Bjornberg A. Fiberglass dermatitis. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:395400. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 471  Bjornberg A, Lowhagen GB. Patch testing with mineral wool (rock‐wool). Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1977;57:25760.
      • 472  Cuypers JMC, Hoedmaker J, Nater JP. The histopathology of fibre‐glass dermatitis in relation to von Hebra's concept of eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:8895. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Complications of tattoos

      • 473  Mercer NSG, Davies DM. Tattoos: marked for life. BMJ 1991;303:380. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 474  Scutt R, Gotch C, eds. Skin Deep. London: Davies, 1974.
      • 475  Hanke CW, Connor AC, Probst EL, et al. Blast tattoos resulting from black powder firearms. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:81925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 476  Camisa C, Roberts W. Monsel solution tattooing [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:7534. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 477  Olmstead PM, Lund HZ, Leonard DD. Monsel's solution: a histologic nuisance. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:4928. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 478  Kurban RS, Goldstein JA, Bhawan J. Earring‐induced localised iron tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:7889. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 479  Laumann AE, Derick AJ. Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:41321. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 480  Angres CG. Angres permalid‐liner method: a new surgical procedure. Ann Ophthalmol 1984;16:1456. Pubmed link
      • 481  Timko AL, Miller CH, Johnson FB, Ross E. In vitro quantitative chemical analysis of tattoo pigments. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:1437. Pubmed link
      • 482  Goldstein AP. Histologic reactions in tattoos. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1979;5:896900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 483  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients – Ohio, Kentucky and Vermont, 2004–2005. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55:6779.
      • 484  Limentani AE, Elliott LM, Noah ND, et al. An outbreak of hepatitis B from tattooing. Lancet 1979;ii:868. Cross Ref link
      • 485  Hwang LY, Kramer JR, Troisi C, et al. Relationship of cosmetic procedures and drug use to hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infection in a low‐risk population. Hepatology 2006;44:34151. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 486  De Nichioka SA, Gyorkos TW, Joseph L, et al. Tattooing and transfusion‐transmitted diseases in Brazil: a hospital‐based cross‐sectional matched study. Eur J Epidemiol 2003;18:4419. Pubmed link
      • 487  Foulds I. Molluscum contagiosum, an unusual complication of tattooing. BMJ 1982;285:607. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 488  Ragland HP, Hubbell C, Steward KR, Nesbitt LT. Verruca vulgaris inoculated during tattoo placement. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:7967. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 489  Kennedy C. Sarcoidosis presenting in tattoos. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:3959. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 490  Sowden JM, Cartwright PH, Smith AG, et al. Sarcoidosis presenting with a granulomatous reaction confined to red tattoos. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:4468. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 491  McElvanney AM, Sherriff SMM. Uveitis and skin tattoos. Eye 1994;8:6023. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 492  Landers MC, Skokan M, Law S, Storrs FJ. Cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in association with tattoos. Cutis 2005;75:448. Pubmed link
      • 493  Sowden JM, Byrne JPH, Smith AG, et al. Red tattoo reactions: X‐ray microanalysis and patch test studies. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:57680. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 494  Mortimer NJ, Chave TA, Johnson GA. Red tattoo reactions. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:50810. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 495  Nguyen LQ, Allen HB. Reactions to manganese and cadmium in tattoos. Cutis 1979;23:712. Pubmed link
      • 496  McFadden N, Lyberg T, Hensten‐Pettersen A. Aluminium‐induced granulomas in a tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:9038. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 497  Clarke J, Black MM. Lichenoid tattoo reactions. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:4514. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 498  Winkelman RK, Harris RB. Lichenoid delayed hypersensitivity reactions in tattoos. J Cutan Pathol 1979;6:5965.
      • 499  Blumenthal G, Okun MD, Poritch JA. Pseudolymphomatous reactions to tattoos. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:4858. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 500  Rijlarsdam JU, Bruynzeel DP, Vos W, et al. Immunohistochemical studies of lymphadenosis benigna cutis occurring in a tattoo. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;6:51823. Cross Ref link
      • 501  Sangueza OP, Yadav S, White CR, Braziel RM. Evolution of B‐cell lymphoma from pseudolymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:40813. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 502  Bjornberg A. Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulphide. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:26771. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 503  Golstein N. Mercury‐cadmium sensitivity in tattoos. A photoallergic reaction in red pigment. Ann Inten Med 1967;67:9849. Cross Ref link
      • 504  Gradwell E, Evans S. Perforating granuloma annulare complicating tattoos. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:9267. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 505  Kunzi‐Rapp K, Krahn GM, Wortmann S, Peter RU. Early treatment of traumatic tattoo by erbium‐YAG laser. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:21921. Cross Ref link

      Hair as a foreign body

      • 506  Price SM, Popkin GL. Barbers' interdigital hair sinus. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:5234. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 507  Donahue JR, Donahue JK, Jr, Surmay JN, et al. Interdigital sinuses of barber's hands. J Med Soc N Jersey 1978;75:598600.
      • 508  Adams CI, Petrie PWR, Hooper G. Interdigital pilonidal sinus in the hand. J Hand Surg 2001;26B:535. Cross Ref link
      • 509  Grant I, Mahaffey PJ. Pilonidal sinus of the finger pulp. J Hand Surg 2001;26:4901. Cross Ref link
      • 510  Hogan DJ. Subungual trichogranuloma in a hairdresser. Cutis 1988;42:1056. Pubmed link
      • 511  De Berker D, Dawber R, Wojnarowska F. Subungual hair implantation in hairdressers. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:4001. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 512  Schroder CM, Merk HF, Frank J. Barber's hair sinus in a female hairdresser: uncommon manifestion of an occupational dermatosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:20911. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 513  Sakai R, Higashi K, Ohta M, et al. Creeping hair: an isolated hair burrowing in the uppermost dermis resembling larva migrans. Dermatology 2006;213:2424. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 514  Lehmuskallio EA. Hair fragments in the skin resembling larva migrans. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:34951. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 515  Meneghini CL, Gianotti F. Granulomatosis fistulosa of milkers' hands. Dermatologica 1964;128:3850. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 516  Stolp A. Interdigitale pilonidale Sinus an beiden Händen. Dermatol Monat 1970;156:1622.
      • 517  Jones D. Pilonidal sinus. BMJ 1992;305:40912.
      • 518  Akinci OF, Coskun A, Ozgonul A, Terzi A. Surgical treatment of complicated pilonidal disease: limited separate elliptical excision with primary closure. Colorectal Dis 2006;8:7049. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 519  Khawaja HT, Bryan S, Weaver PC. Treatment of natal cleft sinus: a prospective clinical and economic evaluation. BMJ 1992;304:12823. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 520  Aydede H, Erhan Y, Sakarya A, Kumkumoglu Y. Comparison of three methods in surgical treatment of pilonidal disease. J Surg 2001;71:3624.
      • 521  Kronberg U, Christensen KI, Zimmermann‐Nielson O. Chronic pilonidal disease: a randomised trial with complete 3‐year follow‐up. Br J Surg 1986;72:3034. Cross Ref link
      • 522  Akinci F. Simple and effective surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:7017. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 523  Bark T. Squamous‐cell carcinoma in a pilonidal sinus. Acta Chir Scand 1986;152:7034. Pubmed link
      • 524  Borges VF, Keating JT, Nasser IA, et al. Clinicopathologic characterization of squamous‐cell carcinoma arising from pilonidal disease in association with condylomata acuminatum in HIV‐infected patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:18737. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 525  De Bree E, Zoctmulder FA, Christodoulakis M, et al. Treatment of malignancy arising in pilonidal disease. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:604. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 526  Matsushita S, Ohtake N, Mochitomi Y, et al. A case of squamous cell carcinoma arising in a pilonidal sinus. J Dermatol 2002;29:7578. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 527  Lingam MK, Hayes M, Mackay C. Pilonidal sinus of the penis. Br Urol 1996;78:64258. Cross Ref link
      • 528  Botelho RJ. Acute umbilical sepsis. J Fam Pract 1989;29:2059. Pubmed link
      • 529  Mitchell DA. A bizarre facial sinus. Dent Update 1994;21:3034. Pubmed link
      • 530  O'Sullivan MJ, Kirwan WO. Post‐traumatic pilonidal sinus of the face. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:131959. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 531  Ferdinand RD, Sciott DJ, McLean NR. Pilonidal cyst of the breast. Br J Surg 1996;84:7814.
      • 532  Barton DJ, Sloan GM, Nichter LS, Reinisch JF. Hair‐thread tourniquet syndrome. Pediatrics 1988;83:10078.
      • 533  Collins AG. Hair‐thread syndrome. Australas J Dermatol 1990;31:11718. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 534  Liow RYL, Budny P, Regan PJ. Hair thread touniquet syndrome. J Accid Emerg 1996;13:1389. Cross Ref link
      • 535  Alexander AM, Delph WI. Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the miltary: a medical, administrative and social problem. J Natl Med Assoc 1974;66:45964. Pubmed link
      • 536  Perry PK, Cook‐Bolden FE, Rahman Z, et al. Defining pseudofolliculitis barbae in 2001: a review of the literature and current trends. Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:11319. Cross Ref link
      • 537  Dilaimy M. Pseudofolliculitis of the legs. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:5078. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 538  White SW, Rodman OG. Pseudofolliculitis vibrissa. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:3689. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 539  Weaver SM, Sagaral EC. Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae using the long‐pulse Nd:Yag laser on skin types V and VI. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:18791.
      • 540  Ross EV, Cooke LM, Timko AL, et al. Treatment of pseudofollicultis barbae in skin types IV, V, VI with long‐pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:26370. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 541  Hanke GW, Bergfeld WF. Fiber implantation for pattern baldness. JAMA 1979;241:1468. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 542  Lepaw I. Therapy and histopathology of complications from synthetic fiber implants for hair replacement. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3:195204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 543  Hanke CW, Bergfeld WF. Fiber implantation for pattern baldness: a review of complications in 41 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:27883. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 544  Taniguchi S. A histopathological study of the percutaneous implantation of polyester fibers. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1984;8:6774. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 545  Sheill RC, Kossard S. Problems associated with synthetic fibre implants for hair replacement (‘NIDO’ process) [Letter]. Med J Aust 1990;152:560. Pubmed link
      • 546  Kelly RI, Marsden RA. Complications of artificial hair implantation. J R Soc Med 1994;87:2912. Pubmed link

      Other skin injuries

        Hand–arm vibration syndrome

        • 547  Gemne G, Pyykkö I, Taylor W, et al. The Stockholm Workshop Scale for the classification of cold‐induced Raynaud's phenomenon in the hand–arm vibration syndrome (revision of the Taylor–Pelmear Scale). Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:2758. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 548  Taylor W. The hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS): secondary Raynaud's phenomenon of occupational origin. Proc R Coll Phys Edin 1989;19:713.
        • 549  Chetter C, Kent PJ, Kester RC. The hand arm vibration syndrome: a review. Cardiovasc Surg 1998;6:19. Cross Ref link
        • 550  Hadler NM. Vibration white finger revisited. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40:9. Cross Ref link
        • 551  Toibana N, Ishikawa N, Sakakibasa H, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon of fingers and toes among vibration‐exposed patients. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):1218. Pubmed link
        • 552  Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall H, et al. Risk of hand–arm vibration syndrome according to occupation and sources of exposure to hand‐transmitted vibration: a national survey. Am J Ind Med 2001;39:38996. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 553  Cleary AG, McKendrick H, Sills JA. Hand–arm vibration syndrome may be associated with prolonged use of vibrating computer games. BMJ 2002;324:301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 554  Dart EE. Effects of high‐speed vibrating tools on operators engaged in the aeroplane industry. Occup Med 1946;1:51550. Pubmed link
        • 555  Ryan TJ. Vibration: good or bad. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981;6:17989. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 556  Griffin MJ. Handbook of Human Vibration. London: Academic Press, 1990.
        • 557  Pelmear PL, Taylor W, Waiserman DE. Hand–Arm Vibration: a comprehensive guide for occupational health professionals. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992.
        • 558  Barregard L, Ehrenstrom L, Marcus K. Hand‐arm vibration syndrome in Swedish car mechanics. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:28794. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 559  Behrens VJ, Pelmear PL. Epidemiology of hand–arm vibration syndrome. In: Pelmear PL, Taylor W, Wasserman DE, eds. Hand–Arm Vibration: a comprehensive guide for occupational health professionals. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992:10521.
        • 560  Griffin MJ. Foundations of hand‐transmitted vibration standards. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):14764. Pubmed link
        • 561  Gemne G. Pathophysiology of white fingers in workers using hand‐held vibrating tools. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):8797. Pubmed link
        • 562  Ekenvall L, Lindblad LE. Effect of tobacco use on vibration white finger disease. J Occup Med 1989;30:1316.
        • 563  Virokannas H, Anttonen H, Pramila S. Combined effect of hand–arm vibration and smoking on white finger in different age groups. Arch Complex Environ Stud 1991;3:712.
        • 564  Bovenzi M, Lindsell CJ, Griffin MJ. Acute vascular response to the frequency of vibration transmitted to the hand. Occup Environ Med 2000;54:42230. Cross Ref link
        • 565  Dong RG, Schopper AW, McDowell TW, et al. Vibration energy absorption (VEA) in human fingers‐hand‐arm system. Med Eng Phys 2004;26:48392. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 566  Bovenzi M, Welsh AJ, Griffin MJ. Acute effects of continuous and intermittent vibration on finger circulation. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004;77:25563. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 567  Guignard JC. Evaluation of exposure to vibration. In: Cralley LV, Cralley LJ, eds. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. III. Theory and Rationale of Industrial Hygiene Practice. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1979:465524.
        • 568  Futatsuka M, Shono M, Sakakibara H, Quoc Quan P. Hand arm vibration syndrome among quarry workers in Vietnam. J Occup Health 2005;47:16570. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 569  Su AT, Darus A, Bulgiba A, et al. The clinical features of hand‐arm vibration syndrome in a warm environment – a review of the literature. J Occup Health 2012;54(5):34960. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 570  Gemne G. Disorders in workers using hand‐held vibrating tools. In: Pelmear PL, Taylor W, Wasserman DE, eds. Hand–Arm Vibration: a comprehensive guide for occupational health professionals. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992:4176.
        • 571  Takeuchi T, Imanishi H. Histopathologic observations in finger biopsy from 30 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon of occupational origin. J Kumamoto Med Soc 1984;58:5670.
        • 572  Goldsmith PC, Abadia Molina F, Bunker CB, et al. Cutaneous nerve depletion and vibration white finger. J R Soc Med 1994;87:37781. Pubmed link
        • 573  Lindblad LE, Ekenvall L. Alpha‐adrenoceptors inhibition in patients with vibration white fingers. Kurume Med J 1990;37(Suppl.):5959. Cross Ref link
        • 574  Ekenvall L, Lindblad LE, Norbeck O, et al. Alpha‐adrenoreceptors and cold‐induced vasoconstriction in human finger skin. Am J Physiol 1988;255:10003.
        • 575  Goldsmith PC, Molina FA, Bunker CB, et al. Deficiency of immunoreactive calcitonin gene‐related peptide. J R Soc Med 1994;87:37781. Pubmed link
        • 576  Liang H‐W, Hsieh S‐T, Cheng T‐J, et al. Reduced epidermal nerve density among hand‐transmitted vibration‐exposed workers. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:54955. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 577  Hirata M, Sakakibara H, Abe M. Reduced sensory nerve conduction velocity of the distal part of the radial nerve among patients with vibration syndrome. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2002;42:11318. Pubmed link
        • 578  Stromberg T, Dahlin LB, Lundborg G. Structural nerve changes at wrist level in workers exposed to vibration. Occup Environ Med 1997;54:30711. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 579  Walton KW. The pathology of Raynaud's phenomenon of occupational origin. In: Taylor W, ed. The Vibration Syndrome. London: Academic Press, 1974:10928.
        • 580  Takeuchi T, Futatsuka M, Imanishi H, et al. Pathological changes observed in the finger biopsy of patients with vibration induced white finger. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986;12:2803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 581  Okada A, Inaba R, Furuno T. Occurrence of intimal thickening of the peripheral arteries in response to local vibration. Br J Ind Med 1987;44:4705. Pubmed link
        • 582  Hashimoto K, Craig RS. Acrosclerosis associated with vibration: an electron microscopic study. J Cutan Pathol 1980;7:37386. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 583  Noel B. Pathophysiology and classification of the vibration white finger. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000;73:1505. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 584  Ziegler S, Gschwandtner M, Zoch C, et al. Laser Doppler anemometry distinguishes primary Raynaud phenomenon from VWF syndrome. Microvasc Res 2004;68:2038. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 585  Dowd PM, Goldsmith PC, Chopra S, et al. Cutaneous responses to endothelin‐1 and histamine in patients with vibration white finger. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:12731. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 586  Kennedy G, Khan F, McLaren M, Belch JJF. Endothelial activation and response in patients with hand arm vibration syndrome. Eur J Clin Invest 1999;29:57781. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 587  Okada A, Inaba R, Furuno T, et al. Usefulness of blood parameters, especially viscosity, for the diagnosis and elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms of the hand–arm vibration syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:35872. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 588  Sakakibara H, Yamada S. Vibration syndrome and autonomic nervous system. Cent Eur J Public Health 1995;3:1114. Pubmed link
        • 589  Färkkilä M, Pykkö I, Heinonen E. Vibration stress and the autonomic nervous system. Kurume Med J 1990;37(Suppl.):55360.
        • 590  Sakakibara H. Sympathetic responses to hand–arm vibration and symptoms of the foot. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):99111. Pubmed link
        • 591  Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall HE, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon, vibration induced white finger, and difficulties in hearing. Occup Environ Med 2002;59:6402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 592  Pyykkö I, Färkkilä M, Inaba R, et al. Effect of hand–arm vibration on inner ear and cardiac functions in man. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):11319. Pubmed link
        • 593  Hirata M, Matsumoto T, Toibana N, et al. Involvement in the central nervous system of patients with vibration syndrome. In: Dupuis H, Christ E, Sandover DJ, et al., eds. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Hand–Arm Vibration, Bonn 1992. Essen, Germany: Schriftreihe des Hauptverbandes der Gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, 1992:31117.
        • 594  Pykkö I, Starck J, Färkkilä M, et al. Hand–arm vibration in the aetiology of hearing loss of lumberjacks. Br J Ind Med 1981;38:2819. Pubmed link
        • 595  Iki M, Kurumantani N, Satoh M, et al. Hearing loss of forest workers with vibration induced white finger: a 5 year follow‐up. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1989;61:43742. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 596  Friden J. Vibration damage to the hand: clinical presentation, prognosis and length and severity of vibration required. J Hand Surg 2001;5:4714. Cross Ref link
        • 597  Gemne G, Saraste H. Bone and joint pathology in workers using hand‐held vibratory tools: an overview. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:290300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 598  Pelmear PL, Taylor W. Hand–arm vibration syndrome. J Fam Prac 1994;33:1805.
        • 599  Wieslander G, Norback D, Gothe CJ, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and exposure to vibration, repetitive wrist movements and heavy manual work: a case‐referent study. Br J Ind Med 1989;46:437. Pubmed link
        • 600  Koskimies K, Färkkilä M, Pykkö I, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome in vibration disease. Br J Ind Med 1990;47:41116. Pubmed link
        • 601  Carragee EJ, Hentz VR. Repetitive trauma and nerve compression. Orthop Clin North Am 1988;19:15764. Pubmed link
        • 602  Brammer AJ, Taylor W, Lundborg G. Sensorineural stages of the hand–arm vibration syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health 1987;13:27983. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 603  Pelmear PL, Taylor W. Clinical evaluation. In: Pelmear PL, Taylor W, Wasserman DE, eds. Hand–Arm Vibration: a comprehensive guide for occupational health professionals. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992:4176.
        • 604  Pelmear PL, Taylor W. Hand–arm vibration syndrome: clinical evaluation and prevention. J Occup Med 1991;33:11449. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 605  Lawlor F, Black AK, Breathnach AS, et al. Vibratory angioedema: lesion induction, clinical features, laboratory and ultrastructural findings and response to therapy. Br J Dermatol 1989;120:939. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 606  Mathelier‐Fusade C, Vermeulen C, Leynadier F. Angio‐oedeme vibratoire. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2001;128:7503.
        • 607  Futatsuka M, Ueno T, Sakurai T. Follow up study of vibration‐induced white finger in chain saw operators. Br J Ind Med 1985;42:26771. Pubmed link
        • 608  Kurozawa Y, Nasu Y, Hosoda T, Nose T. Long‐term follow‐up study on patients with vibration‐induced white finger (VWF). J Occup Environ Med 2002;44:12036. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 609  Lawson IJ, McGeoch KL. How likely is it that Stockholm stage 1 of the hand arm vibration syndrome will progress to stages 2 and 3? Occup Med 1999;49:4012. Cross Ref link
        • 610  McGeoch KL, Taylor W, Gilmour WH. The use of objective tests as an aid to the assessment of hand–arm vibration syndrome by the Stockholm classification. In: Dupuis H, Christ E, Sandover DJ et al., eds. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Hand–Arm Vibration, Bonn 1992. Essen, Germany: Schriftreihe des Hauptverbandes der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften, 1992:78392.
        • 611  Bilgi C, Pelmear PL. Hand–arm vibration (HAVS): a guide to medical impairment assessment. J Occup Med 1993;35:93642. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 612  Harrington JM. Hand–Arm Vibration Syndrome (Vascular and Neurological Components Involving the Fingers and the Thumb). London: HMSO, Department of Social Security, 1995.
        • 613  Lawson IJ, Nevell DA. Review of objective tests for the hand–arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med 1997;47:1520. Cross Ref link
        • 614  Griffin MJ, Bovenzi M. The diagnosis of disorders caused by hand‐transmitted vibration: Southampton Workshop 2000. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002;75:15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 615  Terada K, Miyai N, Maejima Y, et al. Laser Doppler imaging of skin blood flow for assessing peripheral vascular impairment in hand‐arm vibration syndrome. Ind Health 2007;45:30917. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 616  Stromberg T, Dahlin LB, Rosen I, Lundborg G. Neurophysiological findings in vibration‐exposed male workers. J Hand Surg 1999;24:2039. Cross Ref link
        • 617  Starck J, Pykkö I, Koskimies K, et al. Vibration exposure and prevention in Finland. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):20310. Pubmed link
        • 618  Yonekawa Y. Technical preventive measures in Japan. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):21928. Pubmed link
        • 619  Wasserman DE. Vibration exposure and prevention in the United States. Nagoya J Med Sci 1994;57(Suppl.):21118. Pubmed link
        • 620  Sutinen P, Toppila E, Starck J, et al. Hand‐arm vibration syndrome with use of anti‐vibration chain saws: 19‐year follow‐up of forestry workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006;79:66571. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 621  Pelmear PL, Leong D. Review of occupational standards and guidelines for hand–arm (segmental) vibration syndrome (HAVS). Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2000;15:291302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 622  Meloni M, Torrazza M, Ledda R. Effect of therapy with iloprost in hand‐arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med 2004;54:2614. Cross Ref link

        Piezogenic pedal papules

        • 623  Cohen HJ, Gibbs RC, Minkin W, et al. Painful piezogenic pedal papules. Arch Dermatol 1970;101:11213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 624  Kohn SR, Blasi JM. Piezogenic pedal papules. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:5978. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 625  Schlappner OLA, Wood MG, Gerstein W, et al. Painful and non‐painful piezogenic pedal papules. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:72933. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 626  Woerdeman MJ, van Dijk E. Piezogenic papules of the feet. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52:41114.
        • 627  Van Straaten EA, van Langen IM, Oorthuys JWE, et al. Piezogenic papules of the feet in healthy children and their possible relation with connective tissue disorders. Pediatr Dermatol 1991;8:2779. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 628  Zaidi Z, Jafri N, Noori B, et al. Piezogenic papules: a study of 100 cases. J Pak Med Assoc 1995;45:934. Pubmed link
        • 629  Gibney MD, Glaser DA. Piezogenic pedal papules in two family members. Cutis 1996;57:2602. Pubmed link
        • 630  Kahana M, Feinstein A, Tabachnic E, et al. Painful piezogenic pedal papules in patients with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:2059. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 631  Schepis C, Greco D, Siragusa M, Romano C. Piezogenic pedal papules during Prader‐Willi syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:1367. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 632  Plewig G, Braun‐Falco O. Piezogene knötchen druckbedingte fersenund handkantenknötchen. Hautarzt 1973;24:11418. Pubmed link
        • 633  Laing VB, Fleischer AB. Piezogenic wrist papules: a common and asymptomatic finding. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:41517. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 634  Cox NH, Broome G. Piezogenic palmar papules: a novel physical sign of palmar lipoma. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:7578. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 635  Harman RRM, Matthews CNA. Painful piezogenic pedal papules. Br J Dermatol 1974;90:5734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 636  Shelley WB, Rawnsley HM. Painful feet due to herniation of fat. JAMA 1968;209:3089. Cross Ref link
        • 637  Boni R, Dummer R. Compression therapy in painful piezogenic pedal papules. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:1278. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 638  Woodrow SL, Brereton‐Smith G, Handfield‐Jones S. Painful piezogenic pedal papules: response to local electro‐acupuncture. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:62830. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 639  Doukas DJ, Holmes J, Leonard JA. A nonsurgical approach to painful piezogenic pedal papules. Cutis 2004;73:33940, 346. Pubmed link
        • 640  Ronnen M, Suster S, Huszar M, et al. Solitary painful piezogenic pedal papule in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Dermatol 1987; 6:2401. Cross Ref link