Physiological reactions to cold

  • 1  Fyhrquist F, Saijonmaa O, Metsarinne K, et al. Raised plasma endothelin‐1 concentration following cold pressor test. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990;169:21721. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 2  Lewis T. Observations upon the reactions of the vessels of the human skin to cold. Heart 1930;15:177208.
  • 3  Kattlove HE, Alexander B. The effect of cold on platelets: cold‐induced platelet aggregation. Blood 1971;38:3948. Pubmed link

Diseases caused or aggravated by cold

    Frostbite

    • 4  Golant A, Nord RM, Paksima N, Posner MA. Cold exposure injuries to the extremities. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008;16:70415. Pubmed link
    • 5  Meryman HT. Tissue freezing and local cold injury. Physiol Rev 1957;37:23351. Pubmed link
    • 6  Granberg PO. Freezing cold injury. Arctic Med Res 1991;50(Suppl. 6):769. Pubmed link
    • 7  Zook N, Hussmann J, Brown R, et al. Microcirculatory studies of frostbite injury. Ann Plast Surg 1998;40:24653. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 8  Ward M. Frostbite. BMJ 1974;i:6770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9  Cauchy E, Chetaille E, Marchand V, Marsigny B. Retrospective study of 70 cases of severe frostbite lesions: a proposed new classification scheme. Wilderness Environ Med 2001;12:24855. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10  Killian H. Cold and Frost Injuries. Berlin: Springer, 1981.
    • 11  Cauchy E, Marsigny B, Allamel G, et al. The value of technetium 99 scintigraphy in the prognosis of amputation in severe frostbite injuries of the extremeties: a retrospective study of 92 severe frostbite injuries. J Hand Surg Am 2000;25:96978. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12  McIntosh, SE, Hamonko M, Freer L, et al. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of frostbite. Wilderness Environ Med 2011;22(2):15666 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 13  Bruen KJ, Ballard JR, Morris SE, et al. Reduction of the incidence of amputation in frostbite injury with thrombolytic therapy. Arch Surg 2007;142:54651. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 14  Murphy J, Banwell P, Roberts A, McGrouther D. Frostbite: pathogenesis and treatment. J Trauma 2000;48:1718. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 15  Cauchy E, Cheguillaume B, Chetaille E. A controlled trial of a prostacyclin and rt‐PA in the treatment of severe frostbite. N Engl J Med 2011;364:18990. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Trench foot

    • 16  Atenstaedt R. Trench foot: the medical response in the first world war 1914–18. Wilderness Environ Med 2006;17:2829. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 17  Wrenn K. Immersion foot. A problem of the homeless in the 1990s. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:7858. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 18  Irwin MS, Sanders R, Green CJ, Terenghi G. Neuropathy in non‐freezing cold injury (trench foot). J Roy Soc Med 1997;90:4338. Pubmed link

    Perniosis

    • 19  Goette DK. Chilblains (perniosis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:25762. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 20  Cappel JA, Wetter DA. Clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, laboratory findings, treatment, and proposal of diagnostic criteria of pernio (chilblains) in a series of 104 patients at Mayo Clinic, 2000 to 2011. Mayo Clin Proc 2014;89(2):20715. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 21  White KP, Rothe MJ, Milanese A, Grant‐Kels JM. Perniosis in association with anorexia nervosa. Paediatr Dermatol 1994;11:15. Cross Ref link
    • 22  Millard LG, Rowell NR. Chilblain lupus erythematosus (Hurtchinson). Br J Dermatol 1978;98:497506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 23  Kelly JW, Dowling JP. Pernio: a possible association with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:104852. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 24  Goldsmith PC, Leslie TA, Polak JM, Dowd PM. Acrocyanosis and perniosis: an investigation of cutaneous neuronal and endothelial peptides in digital skin. Skin Pharmacol 1994;7:156.
    • 25  Wall LM, Smith NP. Perniosis: a histopathological review. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981;6:26371. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 26  Cribier B, Djeridi N, Peltre B, Grosshans E. A histologic and immunohistochemical study of chilblains. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:9249. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 27  Beacham BE, Cooper PH, Buchanan CS, Weary PE. Equestrian cold panniculitis in women. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:10257. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 28  Hedrich CM, Fiebig B, Hauck FH, et al. Chilblain lupus erythematosus – a review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:94954. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 29  Kelly JW, Dowling JP. Pernio: a possible association with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:104852. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 30  Yazawa H, Saga K, Omori F, et al. The chilblain‐like eruption as a diagnostic clue to the blast crisis of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:S424. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 31  Wessagowit P, Asawanonda P, Noppakun N. Papular perniosis mimicking erythema multiforme. Int J Dermatol 2000;39:5279. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 32  Rustin MH, Newton JA, Smith NP, et al. The treatment of chilblains with nifedipine. Br J Dermatol 1989;120:26775. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 33  Boehm I, Bieber T. Chilblain lupus erythematosus Hutchinson: successful treatment with mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:2356. Pubmed link

    Acrocyanosis

    • 34  Poszepczynska‐Guigne E, Viguier M, Chosidow O, et al. Paraneoplastic acral vascular syndrome: epidemiologic features, clinical manifestations and disease sequelae. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:4752. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 35  Kurklinsky AK, Miller VM, Rooke TW. Acrocyanosis: the Flying Dutchman. Vasc Med 2011;16(4):288301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 36  Sivula A. Vascular reactions in acrocyanosis. Angiology 1966;17:26974. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 37  Goldsmith PC, Leslie TA, Polak JM, Dowd PM. Acrocyanosis and perniosis: an investigation of cutaneous neural and endothelial peptides in digital skin. Skin Pharmacol 1994;7:56373.
    • 38  Tiranti V, D'Adamo P, Briem E, et al. Ethylmalonic encephalopathy is caused by mutations in ETHE1, a gene encoding a mitochondrial matrix protein. Am J Hum Genet 2004;74:23952. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Erythrocyanosis

    Livedo reticularis

    • 40  Unna PG. The Histopathology of the Diseases of the Skin (Walker N, transl.). Edinburgh: Clay, 1896.
    • 41  In SI, Han JH, Kang HY, Lee ES, Kim YC. The histopathological characteristics of livedo reticularis. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36(12):12758. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 42  Kurczynski TW. Hereditary cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. Pediatrics 1982;70:323. Pubmed link
    • 43  Piscascia DD, Esterly NB. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita: report of 22 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:1098104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 44  Rogers M, Poyzer KG. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:8959. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 45  Tiretjen GE, Al Qasmi MM, Shukairy MS. Livedo reticularis and migraine: a marker for stroke risk? Headache 2002;42:3525. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 46  Falanga V, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN. The cutaneous manifestations of cholesterol crystal embolization. Arch Dermatol 1986;112:11948. Cross Ref link
    • 47  Pennington M, Yeager J, Skelton H, Smith KJ. Cholesterol embolization syndrome: cutaneous histopathological features and the variable onset of symptoms in patients with different risk factors. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:51117. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 48  Greer KE, Cooper PH, Campbell F, et al. Primary oxalosis with livedo reticularis. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:21314. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 49  Shih HA, Kao DM, Elenitsas R, Deyden JJ. Livedo reticularis, ulcers and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:12724. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 50  Mann RJ, Gostelow BE, Meacock DJ, et al. Pentazocine ulcers. J R Soc Med 1982;75:9039. Pubmed link
    • 51  Champion RH, Rook A. Idiopathic thrombocythemia. Cutaneous manifestations. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:3025. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 52  Singh AK, Wetherley‐Mein G. Microvascular occlusive lesions in primary thrombocythaemia. Br J Haematol 1977;36:55364. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 53  Winkelmann RK, Keating FR. Cutaneous vascular calcification, gangrene and hyperparathyroidism. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:2638. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 54  Howe SC, Murray JD, Reeves RT, et al. Calciphylaxis, a poorly understood clinical syndrome: more case reports and a review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg 2001;15:4703. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Raynaud phenomenon

    • 55  Raynaud M. On local asphyxia and symmetrical gangrene of the extremities. In:Barlow T (transl.). Selected Monographs, Vol. 121. London: New Sydenham Society, 1888.
    • 56  Hutchinson J. Raynaud's phenomenon. Med Press Circ 1901;72:4035.
    • 57  Allen EV, Brown GE. Raynaud's disease: a critical review of the minimum requisites for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci 1932;183:187200. Cross Ref link
    • 58  Fraenkel L. Raynaud's phenomenon: epidemiology and risk factors. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002;4:1238. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 59  Freedman RR, Mayes MD. Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:118991. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 60  Susol E, MacGregor AJ, Barrett JH, et al. A two‐stage, genome‐wide screen for susceptibility loci in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:16416. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 61  Maricq HR, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, LeRoy EC. Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in the general population: a preliminary study by questionnaire. J Chronic Dis 1986;39:118991. Cross Ref link
    • 62  Vajda K, Kadar A, Kali A, Urai L. Ultrastructural investigations of finger pulp biopsies: a study of 31 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Ultrastruct Pathol 1982;3:17586. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 63  Bakst R, Merola JF, Franks AG, Sanchez M. Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59:63353. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 64  Rajagopalan S, Pfenninger D, Kehrer C, et al. Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine and endothelin 1 levels in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: implications for vascular dysfunction and progression of disease. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:19922000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 65  Zamora MR, O'Brien RF, Rutherford RB, Weil JV. Serum endothelin‐1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 1990;336:11447. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 66  Chotani MA, Flavahan S, Nitra S, et al. Silent alpha (2c)‐adrenergic receptors enable cold‐induced vasoconstriction in cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000;278:H107583. Pubmed link
    • 67  Furspan PB, Chatterjee S, Maynes MD, Freedman RR. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the cooling‐induced contraction and increased vascular reactivity of Raynaud's disease. Arhtritis Rheum 2004;50:157885. Cross Ref link
    • 68  Giunta JL. Raynaud's phenomenon with oral manifestations. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:7880. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 69  Boin F, Wigley FM. Understanding, assessing and treating Raynaud's phenomenon. Curr Opin Rheum 2005;17:75260.
    • 70  Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta‐analysis. Rheumatology 2005;44:14550. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 71  Fredrick MW, Wise R, Haythornthwaite J, et al. Comparison of sustained‐release nifedipine and temperature biofeedback for treatment of primary Raynaud phenomenon. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:11018. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 72  Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H, Bohm M. Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy. Circulation 2005;112:29805. Pubmed link
    • 73  Wigley FM, Wise RA, Seibold JR, et al. Intravenous iloprost infusion in patients with Raynaud phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:199206. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 74  Scorza R, Caronni M, Mascagni B, et al. Effects of long‐term cyclic iloprost therapy in systemic sclerosis with Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001;19:5038. Pubmed link
    • 75  Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M, et al. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50:398593. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Dziadzio M, Denton CP, Smith R, et al. Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen‐week, randomised, parallel‐group, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:264655. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 77  Teh LS, Manning J, Moore T, et al. Sustained‐release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:63641. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 78  Jenkins SN, Neyman KM, Veledar E, Chen SC. A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69(5):8345. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cryoglobulinaemia

    • 79  Levo Y. Nature of cryoglobulinaemia. Lancet 1980;i:2856. Cross Ref link
    • 80  Monti G, Francesco S, Laura C, et al. Prevalence of mixed cryoglobulinaemia syndrome and circulating cryoglobulins in a population‐based survey: the Origgio study. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13(6):60914. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 81  Ferri C, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, et al. Mixed cryoglobulinemia: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 231 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2004;33(6):35574. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 82  Vigano M, Lampertico P, Rumi MG, et al. Natural history and clinical impact of cryoglobulins in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2007;133:83542. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Tedeschi A, Barate C, Minola E, Morra E. Cryoglobulinaemia. Blood Rev 2007;21:182200.
    • 84  Cohen SJ, Pettelkow MR, Su WP. Cutaneous manifestations of cryoglobulinaemia. Clinical and histopathologic study of seventy‐two patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 85  Zaja F, De Vita S, Mazzaro C, et al. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Blood 2003;101:382734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cold agglutinins

    • 86  Berentsen S, Beiske K, Tjonnfjord GE. Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: an update on pathogenesis, clinical features and therapy. Haematology 2007;12:36170. Cross Ref link
    • 87  Berentsen S, Tjonnfjord GE, Bradevold R, et al. Favourable response to therapy with the anti‐CD 20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in primary cold agglutinin disease. Br J Haematol 2001;115:7983. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Physiological reactions to heat and infrared radiation

    • 88  Kligman LH, Kligman AM. Reflections on heat. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:36979. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 89  Dover JS, Phillips TJ, Arndt KA. Cutaneous effects and therapeutic uses of heat with emphasis on infrared radiation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:27886. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 90  Anderson RR, Parish JA. The optics of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1989;77:1319. Cross Ref link
    • 91  Pullman H, Mores E, Reinbach S. Effect of infrared and UVA rays in the human skin and their efficacy in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Z Hautkr 1985;60:1717. Pubmed link
    • 92  Schulze HG, Schmidt R, Marle G. Infrared erythema. Z Hautkr 1985;60:93844. Pubmed link
    • 93  Juhlin L, Civier A, Shroot S, et al. Effect of infrared radiation on the recoverable levels of free arachidonic acid and prostaglandins in human forearm skin. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:297300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 94  Schmidt R, Pullman H, Steigleder GK. Effect of infrared radiation on the kinetics of guinea pig's epidermis cells: comparison with UV radiation effect. Z Hautkr 1985;60:94756. Pubmed link
    • 95  Kaidbey E, Witkowski TA, Kligman AM. The influence of infrared radiation on short term ultraviolet radiation‐induced injuries. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:31518. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Hill L, Eidenow AA. Biological action of light: the influence of temperature. Proc R Soc Lond 1923;95:16380. Cross Ref link
    • 97  Park HJ, Youn JI, Lee YS. The influence of infrared radiation on ultraviolet‐induced skin injury. Korean J Dermatol 1984;22:17682.
    • 98  Kligman LH. Intensification of ultraviolet induced dermal damage by infrared radiation. Arch Dermatol Res 1982;272:22938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 99  Niggli HJ, Cerutti PA. Temperature dependence of induction of cyclobutane‐type pyrimidine photodimers in human fibroblasts by 313 nm light. Photochem Photobiol 1983;37:4679. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Corry PM, Robinson S, Getz S. Hyperthermic effects on DNA‐repair mechanisms. Radiology 1977;123:475. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 101  Bain JA, Rusch HP, Kline BE. The effects of temperature upon ultraviolet carcinogenesis with wavelengths of 2800–3400 Å. Cancer Res 1943;3:61012.
    • 102  Freeman RG, Knox JM. Influence of temperature on ultraviolet injury. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:85864. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 103  Owen DW, Knox JM. Influence of heat, wind and humidity on ultraviolet radiation injury. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1978;50:1617. Pubmed link

    Diseases caused by heat and infrared radiation

      Erythema ab igne

      • 104  Kligman LH, Kligman AM. Reflections on heat. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:36979. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 105  Meffert JJ, Davis BM. Furniture‐induced erythema ab igne. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:51617. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 106  Lin SJ, Hsu CJ, Chiu HC. Erythema ab igne caused by frequent hot bathing. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82:4789. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 107  Helm TN, Spigel GT, Helm KF. Erythema ab igne caused by a car heater. Cutis 1997;59:812. Pubmed link
      • 108  Jagtman BA. Erythema ab igne due to a laptop computer. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:105. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 109  Bilic M, Adams BB. Erythema ab igne induced by a laptop computer. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:9734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 110  Maalouf E, Simantov A, Rosenbaum F, Chosidow O. Erythema ab igne as an unexpected computer side‐effect. Dermatology 2006;212:3923. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 111  Mohr MR, Scott KA, Pariser RM, Hood AF. Laptop computer‐induced erythema ab igne: a case report. Cutis 2007;79:5960. Pubmed link
      • 112  Mok DWH, Blumgart LH. Erythema ab igne in chronic pancreatic pain: a diagnostic sign. J R Soc Med 1984;77:299301. Pubmed link
      • 113  Rudolph CM, Soyer HP, Wolf PM, Kerl H. Hot‐water‐bottle rash: not only a sign of chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 1998;351:667. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 114  MacHale J, Chambers F, O'Connell PR. Erythema ab igne: an unusual manifestation of cancer‐related pain. Pain 2000;87:1078. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 115  Kligman AM. Early destructive effect of sunlight in human skin. JAMA 1969;210:237780. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 116  Cavallari V, Cicciarello R, Torre V, et al. Chronic heat‐induced skin lesions (erythema ab igne): ultrastructural studies. Ultrastruct Pathol 2001;25:937. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 117  Yasuda K, Wada E, Kitagawa N, et al. Palmar erythema ab igne without detectable type IV collagen at the basement membrane zone. J Dermatol 1996;23:4848. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 118  Finlayson GR, Sams WM, Jr, Smith JG, Jr. Erythema ab igne: a histopathological study. J Invest Dermatol 1966;46:1048. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 119  Johnson WC, Butterworth T. Erythema ab igne elastosis. Arch Dermatol 1971;104:12831. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 120  Shahrad P, Marks R. The wages of warmth: changes in erythema ab igne. Br J Dermatol 1977;97:17986. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 121  Milligan A, Graham Brown RAC. Erythema ab igne affecting the palms. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:1689. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 122  Wilson NJE, Sharpe GR. Erythema ab igne in a child with atopic eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:3369. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 123  Flanagan N, Watson R, Sweeney E, Barnes L. Bullous erythema ab igne. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:115165. Cross Ref link
      • 124  Cox NH, Paterson WD, Popple AW. A reticulate vascular abnormality in patients with lymphoedema: observations in eight patients. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:927. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 125  Peterkin GA. Malignant change in erythema ab igne. BMJ 1955;2:1599602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 126  Laycock HT. The ‘Kang cancer’ of north‐west China. BMJ 1948;1:982. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 127  Akasaka T, Kon S. Two cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from erythema ab igne. Nippon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi 1989;99:73542. Pubmed link
      • 128  Neve EF. Kangri‐burn cancer. BMJ 1923;2:12556. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 129  Mulay DM. Skin cancer in India. In: Urbach F, ed. The Biology of Cutaneous Cancer. National Cancer Institute Monography No. 10. Washington: Public Health Service, 1963:21524.
      • 130  Cross F. On a turf (peat) fire cancer: malignant change superimposed on erythema ab igne. Proc R Soc Med 1967;60:13078. Pubmed link
      • 131  Jones SC, Tyring SK, Lee PC, et al. Development of neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma mixed with squamous cell carcinoma in erythema ab igne. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:11013. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 132  Hewitt HB, Sherif A, Kerr KM, et al. Merkel cell and squamous cell carcinomas arising in erythema ab igne. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:5912. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 133  Corson EF, Knoll GM, Luscombe HA, et al. Role of spectacle lenses in production of cutaneous changes, especially epithelioma. Arch Dermatol 1949;54:43548. Cross Ref link
      • 134  Kligman LH, Kligman AM. Reflections on heat [Quoting Koscard E]. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:36975. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 135  Sahl WJ, Jr, Taira JW. Erythema ab igne: treatment with 5‐fluorouracil cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:10910. Cross Ref link Pubmed link