Part 11, Reference for Chapter 126: Burns and Heat Injury
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- 1 WHO (World Health Organization). A Graphical Overview of the Global Burden of Injuries. The Injury Chart Book. Geneva: WHO Press, 2002.
- 2 Total Burn Care, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2007. .
- 3 Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet 2004;363(9424):1895–902. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 4 Handbook of Burns, Vol. 1. Wien, New York: Springer, 2012. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 5 Burn size and survival probability in paediatric patients in modern burn care: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet 2012;379(9820):1013–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 6 American Burn Association consensus conference to define sepsis and infection in burns. J Burn Care Res 2007;28(6):776–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 7 Pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. Ann Surg 2008;248(3):387–401. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 8 Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors. Burns 2011;37(7):1087–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 9 Epidemiology of burns throughout the World. Part II: intentional burns in adults. Burns 2012;38(5):630–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 10 The leading causes of death after burn injury in a single pediatric burn center. Crit Care 2009;13(6):R183. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 11 The Baux score is dead. Long live the Baux score: a 27‐year retrospective cohort study of mortality at a regional burns service. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;72(1):251–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 12 Burn resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2007;28(4):555–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 13 Burn resuscitation: the results of the ISBI/ABA survey. Burns 2010;36(2):176–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 14 Optimized fluid management improves outcomes of pediatric burn patients. J Surg Res 2012. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 15 Mortality determinants in massive pediatric burns. An analysis of 103 children with > or ? 80% TBSA burns (> or ? 70% full‐thickness). Ann Surg 1997;225(5):554–65;discussion 65–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 16 Critical care of the burn patient: the first 48 h. Critical Care Med 2009;37(10):2819–26. Cross Ref link .
- 17 American Burn Association practice guidelines burn shock resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2008;29(1):257–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 18 Early goal‐directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 19 The association between fluid administration and outcome following major burn: a multicenter study. Ann Surg 2007;245(4):622–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 20 Transpulmonary thermodilution for hemodynamic measurements in severely burned children. Crit Care 2011;15(2):R118. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 21 Computerized decision support system improves fluid resuscitation following severe burns: an original study. Crit Care Med 2011;39(9):2031–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 22 Closed‐loop and decision‐assist resuscitation of burn patients. J Trauma 2008;64(4 Suppl.):S321–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 23 Colloid normalizes resuscitation ratio in pediatric burns. J Burn Care Res 2011;32(1):91–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 24 Comparison of hypertonic vs isotonic fluids during resuscitation of severely burned patients. Am J Emerg Med 2009;27(9):1091–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 25 Out‐of‐hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304(13):1455–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 26 Inhalation injury in children: a 10 year experience at Shriners Hospitals for Children. J Burn Care Res 2009;30(1):206–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 27 Inhaled nitric oxide in inhalation injury. J Burn Care Res 2009;30(1):162–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 28 Inhalation injury, pulmonary perturbations, and fluid resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2007;28(1):80–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 29 Is hydroxocobalamin safe and effective for smoke inhalation? Searching for guidance in the haze. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(6):814–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 30 Early surgical treatment of the burned surface. Panminerva Med 1972;14(7–8):228–32. Pubmed link .
- 31 Early burn wound excision significantly reduces blood loss. Ann Surg 1990;211(6):753–9; discussion 9–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 32 A comparison of conservative versus early excision. Therapies in severely burned patients. Ann Surg 1989;209(5):547–52; discussion 52–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 33 Comparison of serial debridement and autografting and early massive excision with cadaver skin overlay in the treatment of large burns in children. J Trauma 1986;26(2):149–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 34 A clinical evaluation of Biobrane((R)) and Suprathel((R)) in acute burns and reconstructive surgery. Burns 2011;37(8):1343–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 35 Biobrane versus 1% silver sulfadiazine in second‐degree pediatric burns. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105(1):62–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 36 Effectiveness of Biobrane for treatment of partial‐thickness burns in children. J Pediatr Surg 2011;46(9):1759–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 37 Bioengineered skin substitutes for the management of burns: a systematic review. Burns 2007;33(8):946–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 38 Amnion in the treatment of pediatric partial‐thickness facial burns. Burns 2008;34(3):393–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 39 A randomized trial comparing ReCell system of epidermal cells delivery versus classic skin grafts for the treatment of deep partial thickness burns. Burns 2007;33(8):966–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 40 Characterisation of the cell suspension harvested from the dermal epidermal junction using a ReCell(R) kit. Burns 2012;38(1):44–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 41 Successful use of a physiologically acceptable artificial skin in the treatment of extensive burn injury. Ann Surg 1981;194(4):413–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , Jr, , .
- 42 Wound tissue can utilize a polymeric template to synthesize a functional extension of skin. Science 1982;215(4529):174–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 43 Longitudinal assessment of Integra in primary burn management: a randomized pediatric clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2007;35(11):2615–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Multicenter postapproval clinical trial of Integra dermal regeneration template for burn treatment. J Burn Care Rehabil 2003;24(1):42–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 45 Acellular dermal matrix in the management of the burn patient. Aesthet Surg J 2011;31(7 Suppl.):13S–23S. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 46 Effects of oxandrolone on outcome measures in the severely burned: a multicenter prospective randomized double‐blind trial. J Burn Care Res 2006;27(2):131–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 47 Skin substitutes from cultured cells and collagen‐GAG polymers. Med Biol Eng Comput 1998;36(6):791–800. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 48 Cultured skin substitutes reduce requirements for harvesting of skin autograft for closure of excised, full‐thickness burns. J Trauma 2006;60(4):821–9. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 49 The 1999 clinical research award. Cultured skin substitutes combined with Integra Artificial Skin to replace native skin autograft and allograft for the closure of excised full‐thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1999;20(6):453–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 50 Cultured skin substitutes reduce donor skin harvesting for closure of excised, full‐thickness burns. Ann Surg 2002;235(2):269–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 51 Assessment of replication rates of human keratinocytes in engineered skin substitutes grafted to athymic mice. Wound Repair Regen 2012;20(4):544–51. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 52 Morphogenesis of chimeric hair follicles in engineered skin substitutes with human keratinocytes and murine dermal papilla cells. Exp Dermatol 2012;21(10):783–5. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 53 The next generation of burns treatment: intelligent films and matrix, controlled enzymatic debridement, and adult stem cells. Transplant Proc 2010;42(1):345–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 54 The viability change of pigskin in vitro. Burns 2010;36(4):533–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 55 A review of gene and stem cell therapy in cutaneous wound healing. Burns 2009;35(2):171–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 56 Concise review: bone marrow‐derived stem/progenitor cells in cutaneous repair and regeneration. Stem Cells 2010;28(5):905–15. Pubmed link , , .
- 57 Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from the sub‐amniotic human umbilical cord lining membrane. Stem Cells Dev 2010;19(4):491–502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 58 Importance of mesenchymal stem cells in autologous fat grafting: a systematic review of existing studies. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2012;46(2):59–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 59 Human embryonic stem‐cell derivatives for full reconstruction of the pluristratified epidermis: a preclinical study. Lancet 2009;374(9703):1745–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 60 Emerging infections in burns. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2009;10(5):389–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 61 Novel predictors of sepsis outperform the American Burn Association sepsis criteria in the burn intensive care unit patient. J Burn Care Res 2013;34(1):31–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 62 Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013;41(2):580–637. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 63 Long‐term persistance of the pathophysiologic response to severe burn injury. PLOS One 2011;6(7):e21245. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 64 Stress‐induced hyperglycemia. Crit Care Clin 2001;17(1):107–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 65 Determinants of skeletal muscle catabolism after severe burn. Ann Surg 2000;232(4):455–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 66 The influence of age and gender on resting energy expenditure in severely burned children. Ann Surg 2006;244(1):121–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 67 Body composition changes with time in pediatric burn patients. J Trauma 2006;60(5):968–71; discussion 71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 68 Beneficial effects of extended growth hormone treatment after hospital discharge in pediatric burn patients. Ann Surg 2006;243(6):796–801; discussion 3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 69 Insulin treatment improves the systemic inflammatory reaction to severe trauma. Ann Surg 2004;239(4):553–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 70 Urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline in severe thermal burns. Ann Surg 1957;145(4):479–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 71 Urine cortisol levels after burn injury. Burns Incl Therm Inj 1982;8(5):333–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 72 Modulation of the hypermetabolic response after burn injury. In: Herndon DN, ed. Total Burn Care, 3rd edn. New York: Saunders Elsevier, 2007:420–33. Cross Ref link , .
- 73 A great constitutional disturbance. N Engl J Med 2001;345(17):1271–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 74 Review: acute versus chronic response to burn injury. Circ Shock 1981;8(1):105–15. Pubmed link .
- 75 Post‐shock metabolic response. 1942. Nutr Hosp 2001;16(5):176–82; discussion 5–6. Pubmed link , , .
- 76 Glucose metabolism in children during the first day after burn injury. Arch Emerg Med 1990;7(3):135–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 77 Role of fat metabolism in burn trauma‐induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Crit Care Med 2007;35(9 Suppl.):S476–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 78 Plasma palmitate turnover in subjects with thermal injury. J Trauma 1984;24(11):938–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 79 Postburn trauma insulin resistance and fat metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;294(1):E1–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 80 Abnormal insulin sensitivity persists up to three years in pediatric patients post‐burn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94(5):1656–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , 3rd, .
- 81 Association of hyperglycemia with increased mortality after severe burn injury. J Trauma 2001;51(3):540–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 82 Hyperglycemia exacerbates muscle protein catabolism in burn‐injured patients. Crit Care Med 2002;30(11):2438–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 83 Intensive insulin therapy is associated with reduced infectious complications in burn patients. Surgery 2008;144(4):629–35; discussion 35–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 84 Intensive insulin therapy in severely burned pediatric patients: a prospective randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182(3):351–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 85 The use of beta‐adrenergic blockade in preventing trauma‐induced hepatomegaly. Ann Surg 2006;243(1):115–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 86 Alteration of hepatic fatty acid metabolism after burn injury in pigs. JPEN 2001;25(6):310–16. Cross Ref link , , , , , .
- 87 Propranolol decreases splanchnic triacylglycerol storage in burn patients receiving a high‐carbohydrate diet. Ann Surg 2002;236(2):218–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 88 Fatty infiltration of the liver in severely burned pediatric patients: autopsy findings and clinical implications. J Trauma 2001;51(4):736–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 89 Mechanism of prevention of postburn hypermetabolism and catabolism by early enteral feeding. Ann Surg 1984;200(3):297–310. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 90 Nutritional support of the burned patient. In: Herndon DN, ed. Total Burn Care, 3rd edn. London: Saunders Elsevier, 2007:398–419. Cross Ref link , .
- 91 Resting energy expenditure in severely burned children: analysis of agreement between indirect calorimetry and prediction equations using the Bland–Altman method. Burns 2006;32(3):335–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 92 Comparison of resting energy expenditures and caloric intake in children with severe burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 1990;11(5):400–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 93 Continuous measurement of energy expenditure in ventilated burn patients: an analysis. Crit Care Med 1994;22(3):399–406. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 94 Influence of fever on the hypermetabolic response in burn‐injured children. Arch Surg 2003;138(2):169–74; discussion 74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 95 The glutamine story: where are we now? Curr Opin Crit Care 2006;12(2):142–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 96 Glutamine administration reduces Gram‐negative bacteremia in severely burned patients: a prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial versus isonitrogenous control. Critical Care Med 2001;29(11):2075–80. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 97 Essential microminerals and their response to burn injury. J Burn Care Rehabil 1996;17(3):264–72. Pubmed link , , .
- 98 Trace element requirements in critically ill burned patients. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2007;21 (Suppl. 1):44–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 99 Trace element supplementation after major burns increases burned skin trace element concentrations and modulates local protein metabolism but not whole‐body substrate metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(5):1301–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 100 Trace element supplementation after major burns modulates antioxidant status and clinical course by way of increased tissue trace element concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(5):1293–300. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Reduction of nosocomial pneumonia after major burns by trace element supplementation: aggregation of two randomised trials. Crit Care 2006;10(6):R153. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 102 Antioxidant micronutrients in major trauma and burns: evidence and practice. Nutr Clin Pract 2006;21(5):438–49. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 103 Vitamins and trace elements: practical aspects of supplementation. Nutrition 2006;22(9):952–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 104 Can oxidative damage be treated nutritionally? Clin Nutr (Edinb) 2005;24(2):172–83. Cross Ref link .
- 105 Early surgical excision and grafting of burns including tangential excision. Prog Pediatr Surg 1981;14:133–49. Pubmed link .
- 106 Effect of ambient temperature on heat production and heat loss in burn patients. J Appl Physiol 1975;38(4):593–7. Pubmed link , , , .
- 107 Effects of a 12‐wk resistance exercise program on skeletal muscle strength in children with burn injuries. J Appl Physiol 2001;91(3):1168–75. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 108 Characterization of growth hormone enhanced donor site healing in patients with large cutaneous burns. Ann Surg 1995;221:649–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 109 Recombinant human growth hormone alters acute phase reactant proteins, cytokine expression, and liver morphology in burned rats. J Surg Res 1999;83(2):122–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 110 Insulin decreases hepatic acute phase protein levels in severely burned children. Surgery 2004;135(2):196–202. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 111 Increased expression of insulin‐like growth factor‐I in serum and liver after recombinant human growth hormone administration in thermally injured rats. J Surg Res 1999;85(1):171–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 112 Randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of long‐term growth hormone treatment in severely burned children. Ann Surg 2009. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 113 The effect of short‐term growth hormone treatment on growth and energy expenditure in burned children. Burns 2001;27(5):447–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 114 Determinants of blood loss during primary burn excision. Surgery 2001;130(2):396–402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 115 Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:785–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 116 Effect of exogenous growth hormone on whole‐body and isolated‐limb protein kinetics in burned patients. Arch Surg 1991;126:38–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 117 Growth hormone therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 1999;341(11):837–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 118 Growth hormone treatment in pediatric burns: a safe therapeutic approach. Ann Surg 1998;228(4):439–48. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 119 Muscle protein catabolism after severe burn, effects of IGF‐1/IGFBP3 treatment. Ann Surg 1999;229:713–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 120 Modulation of types I and II acute phase reactants with insulin‐like growth factor‐1/binding protein‐3 complex in severely burned children. Crit Care Med 2002;30(1):83–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 121 Insulin‐like growth factor I plus insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 attenuates the proinflammatory acute phase response in severely burned children. Ann Surg 2000;231(2):246–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 122 Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 lowers protein oxidation in patients with thermal injury. Ann Surg 1994;310–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 123 Anabolic effects of oxandrolone after severe burn. Ann Surg 2001;233:556–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 124 Metabolic management of patients with severe burns. World J Surg 2000;24(6):673–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 125 The effect of oxandrolone on the endocrinologic, inflammatory, and hypermetabolic responses during the acute phase postburn. Ann Surg 2007;246(3):351–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 126 Oxandrolone induced lean mass gain during recovery from severe burns is maintained after discontinuation of the anabolic steroid. Burns 2003;29(8):793–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 127 The rate of restoration of body weight after burn injury, using the anabolic agent oxandrolone, is not age dependent. Burns 2001;27(1):46–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 128 Impact of oxandrolone treatment on acute outcomes after severe burn injury. J Burn Care Res 2008;29(6):902–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 129 The effects of oxandrolone and exercise on muscle mass and function in children with severe burns. Pediatrics 2007;119(1):e109–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 130 Five‐year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. J Am Coll Surg 2012;214(4):489–502; discussion 4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 131 Burns: an update on current pharmacotherapy. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2012;13(17):2485–94. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 132 Propranolol does not increase inflammation, sepsis, or infectious episodes in severely burned children. J Trauma 2007;62(3):676–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 133 Propranolol diminishes extremity blood flow in burned patients. Ann Surg 1991;213(6):568–73; discussion 73–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 134 Reversal of catabolism by beta‐blockade after severe burns. N Engl J Med 2001;345(17):1223–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 135 Propranolol improves impaired hepatic phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/akt signaling after burn injury. Mol Med 2012;18:707–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 136 Long‐term propranolol use in severely burned pediatric patients: a randomized controlled study. Ann Surg 2012;256(3):402–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 137 A submaximal dose of insulin promotes net skeletal muscle protein synthesis in patients with severe burns. Ann Surg 1999;229(1):11–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 138 Effects of insulin on wound healing. J Trauma 1998;44(2):342–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 139 The effect of prolonged euglycemic hyperinsulinemia on lean body mass after severe burn. Surgery 2002;132:341–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 140 Insulin but not growth hormone stimulates protein anabolism in skin would and muscle. Am J Physiol 1999;276:E712–E20. Pubmed link , , , .
- 141 Insulin attenuates the systemic inflammatory response in endotoxemic rats. Endocrinology 2004;145(9):4084–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 142 Insulin prevents liver damage and preserves liver function in lipopolysaccharide‐induced endotoxemic rats. J Hepatol 2005;42(6):870–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 143 Insulin treatment improves hepatic morphology and function through modulation of hepatic signals after severe trauma. Ann Surg 2004;240(2):340–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 144 Impact of tight glycemic control in severely burned children. J Trauma 2005;59(5):1148–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 145 Glucose control in severely thermally injured pediatric patients: what glucose range should be the target? Ann Surg 2010;252(3):521–7; discussion 7–8. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 146 PPAR‐alpha agonism improves whole body and muscle mitochondrial fat oxidation, but does not alter intracellular fat concentrations in burn trauma children in a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2007;4:9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 147 Influence of metformin on glucose intolerance and muscle catabolism following severe burn injury. Ann Surg 2005;241(2):334–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 148 The addition of metformin in type 1 diabetes improves insulin sensitivity, diabetic control, body composition and patient well‐being. Diabetes Obesity Metabolism 2007;9(1):143–5. Cross Ref link , , .
- 149 Metformin blunts stress‐induced hyperglycemia after thermal injury. J Trauma 2003;54(3):555–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 150 Metformin, heart failure, and lactic acidosis: is metformin absolutely contraindicated? BMJ 2007;335(7618):508–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .