History

• 1  Lachapelle JM. Giant Steps in Patch Testing: A Historical Memoir. Phoenix, AZ: Smart Practice, 2010.
• 2  Adams RM. Diagnostic patch testing. In: Occupational Skin Disease. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1983:136.
• 3  Ayto J. Dictionary of Word Origins. London: Bloomsbury, 1990:18.
• 4  Dakin R. Remarks on a cutaneous affection produced by certain poisonous vegetables. Am J Med Sci 1829;4:98–100. Cross Ref link
• 5  Fuchs CH. Die Krankhaften Veränderungen der Haut – und ihre Anhänge. Göttingen: Dieterichs'sche Buch‐handlung, 1840.
• 6  Neisser A. Ueber Iodoform‐Exantheme. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1884;10:467–8. Cross Ref link
• 7  Bloch B, Steiner‐Woerlich A. Die willkürliche Erzeugung der Primelüberempfindlichkeit bein Menschen und ihre Bedeutung für das Idiosynkrasieproblem. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1926;152:283–303. Cross Ref link
• 8  Landsteiner K, Jacobs J. Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J Exp Med 1936;64:629–39.
• 9  Landsteiner K, Chase MW. Experiments on transfer of cutaneous sensitivity to simple compounds. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1942;49:688–90. Cross Ref link
• 10  Haxthausen H. The pathogenesis of allergic eczema elucidated by transplantation experiments on identical twins. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1942;23:438–57.
• 11  Jadassohn J. Zur Kenntnis der medikamentosen Dermatosen. In: Verhandlungen der Deutsch Dermatoligischen Gesellschaft, V Congress, Graz (1895). Vienna: Braumuller, 1896:103–29.
• 12  Foussereau J. History of epicutaneous testing: the blotting‐paper and other methods. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11:219–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 13  Stadeler J. Uber die eigenthumthumlichen Bestandteile der Anacardium Fruchte. Ann Chemie Pharmacie 1847;63:117–65.
• 14  Bloch B. Experimentelle Studien über das Wesen der Iodoformidiosynkrasie. Z Exp Pathol Ther 1911;9:509–38. Cross Ref link
• 15  Bloch B. The role of idiosyncrasy and allergy in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Syphilis 1929;19:175–97. Cross Ref link

Introduction and general description

• 16  Cronin E. Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1980.
• 17  Calnan CC. The use and abuse of patch tests. In: Maibach HI, ed. Occupational and Industrial Dermatology 2nd edn. Chicago: Year Book Medical Pubhshers, 1987:28–31.
• 18  Fisher AA. The use and abuse of patch testing. Cutis 1985:36:451. Pubmed link
• 19  Kligman AM. Lanolin allergy: crisis or comedy. Contact Dermatitis 1983:9;99–107. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 20  Aberer W, Andersen KE, White IR. Should patch testing be restricted to dermatologists only. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:1–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  European Parliament and Council Directive 94/27/EC (1994). Off J Eur Union L 1994;188:1–2.
• 22  European Parliament and Council Directive 2003/53/EC (2003). Off J Eur Union L 2003;178:24–7.
• 23  European Parliament and Council Directive 648/2004/EC (2004). Off J Eur Union L 2004;104:1–35.
• 24  Schnuch A, Uter W. Decrease in nickel allergy in Germany and regulatory interventions. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49(2):107–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Lindberg M, Edman B, Fischer T, Stenberg B. Time trends in Swedish patch test data from 1992 to 2000. A multi‐centre study based on age‐ and sex‐adjusted results of the Swedish standard series. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56(4):205–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Jensen CS, Lisby S, Baadsgaard O, Vølund A, Menné T. Decrease in nickel sensitization in a Danish schoolgirl population with ears pierced after implementation of a nickel‐exposure regulation. Br J Dermatol 2002;146(4):636–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 27  Irvine C, Pugh CE, Hansen EJ, Rycroft RJG. Cement dermatitis in underground workers during construction of the Channel Tunnel. Occup Med 1994;44(1):17–23. Cross Ref link
• 28  European Parliament and Council Directive 2003/53/EC (2003). Off J Eur Union L 2003;178:24–7.
• 29  Geier J, Krautheim A, Uter W, Lessmann H, Schnuch A. Occupational contact allergy in the building trade in Germany: influence of preventive measures and changing exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2011;84(4):403–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 30  Geier J, Schnuch A, Frosch PJ. Contact allergy to dichromate in women. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 2000;48(1):4–10.
• 31  Jadassohn J. Zur Kenntnis der medikamentösen Dermatosen. In: Braunmüller W, ed. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft, Fünfter Kongreß, Graz, 1895. Wien and Leipzig: Wilhelm Braunmüller, 1896:103–29.

Epidemiology

Incidence and prevalence

• 32  Coenraads P‐J, Diepgen T, Uter W, et al. Epidemiology. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:135–63. Cross Ref link
• 33  Rea JN, Newhouse ML, Halil T. Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care. Br J Prev Soc Med 1976;30:107–14. Pubmed link
• 34  Agrup G. Hand eczema and other hand dermatoses in South Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1969;61.
• 35  Cherry N, Meyer JD, Adisesh A, et al. Surveillance of occupational skin disease: EPIDERM and OPRA. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1128–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 36  Schnuch A, Geier J, Uter W, et al. National rates and regional differences in sensitization to allergens of the standard series. Population‐adjusted frequencies of sensitization (PAFS) in 40,000 patients from a multicenter study (IVDK). Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:200–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 37  Uter W, Schnuch A, Gefeller O. Guidelines for the descriptive presentation and statistical analysis of contact allergy data. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51:47–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Meding B, Jarvholm B. Hand eczema in Swedish adults: changes in prevalence between 1983 and 1996. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:719–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 39  Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev‐Jensen C, Andersen KE. Prevalence of atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:523–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 40  Nielsen NM, Linneberg A, Menné T, et al. Incidence of allergic contact sensitization in Danish adults between 1990 and 1998; the Copenhagen Allergy Study, Denmark. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:487–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 41  Dotterud LK, Smith‐Sivertsen T. Allergic contact sensitization in the general adult population: a population‐based study from Northern Norway. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:10–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Lindberg M, Edman B, Fischer T, Stenberg B. Time trends in Swedish patch test data from 1992 to 2000. A multi‐centre study based on age‐ and sex‐adjusted results of the Swedish standard series. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:205–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  Pratt M, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, et al. North American contact dermatitis group patch‐test results, 2001–2002 study period. Dermatitis 2004;15:176–83. Pubmed link
• 44  Uter W, Hegewald J, Aberer W, et al. The European standard series in 9 European countries, 2002/3—first results of the European surveillance system on contact allergies. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:136–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 45  Britton JER, Wilkinson SM, English JSC, et al. The British standard series of contact allergens: validation in clinical practice and value for clinical governance. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:259–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Lim JTE, Goh CL, Ng SK, et al. Changing trends in the epidemiology of contact dermatitis in Singapore. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:321–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Thomson KF, Wilkinson SM, Powell S, Beck MH. The prevalence of corticosteroid allergy in two UK centres: prescribing implications. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:863–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Ayala F, Balato N, Lembo G, et al. Statistical evaluation of the persistence of acquired hypersensitivity by standardized patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 1996; 34:354–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Wilkinson JD, Shaw S, Andersen KE, et al. Monitoring levels of preservative sensitivity in Europe. A 10‐year overview (1991–2000). Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 50  Meyer JD, Chen Y, Holt DL, et al. Occupational contact dermatitis in the UK: a surveillance report from EPIDERM and OPRA. Occup Med 2000;50:265–73. Cross Ref link
• 51  McCall BP, Horwitz IB, Feldman SR, Balkrishnan R. Incidence rates, costs, severity, and work‐related factors of occupational dermatitis: a workers' compensation analysis of Oregon, 1990–1997. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:713–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Dickel H, Bruckner TM, Schmidt A, Diepgen TL. Impact of atopic skin diathesis on occupational skin disease incidence in a working population. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:37–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Dickel H, Kuss O, Blesius CR, et al. Occupational skin diseases in Northern Bavaria between 1990 and 1999: a population‐based study. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:453–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Age

• 54  Kwangsukstith C, Maibach HI. Effects of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:289–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 55  Epstein E. Contact dermatitis in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 1971;18:839–52. Pubmed link
• 56  Schwartz M. Eczematous sensitization in various age groups. J Allergy 1953;24:143–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 57  Berit CC, Menné T, Johansen JD. 20 years of standard patch testing in an eczema population with focus on patients with multiple contact allergies. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:76–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 58  Green CM, Holden CR, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy to topical medicaments becomes more common with advancing age: an age‐stratified study. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:229–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 59  Christopherson J, Menné T, Tanghof P, et al. Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:291–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 60  Goossens A, Morren M. Contact allergy in children. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:811–30. Cross Ref link
• 61  Larsson‐Stymne B, Widström L. Ear piercing: a cause of nickel allergy in schoolgirls? Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:289–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Möller H. All these positive tests to thiomersal. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:209–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Osawa J, Kitamura K, Izekawa Z, et al. A probable role for vaccines containing thiomersal in thiomersal sensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 1991;24:183–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Sosted H, Johansen JD, Andersen KE, et al. Severe allergic hair dye reactions in 8 children. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54: 87–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Mallory SB. The pediatric patient. In: Guin JD, ed. Practical Contact Dermatitis. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 1995:603–16.
• 66  Marcussen PV. Primary irritant patch test reactions in children. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:378–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Clayton TH, Wilkinson SM, Rawcliffe C, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one UK centre. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:114–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis‐Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:6–11. Pubmed link
• 69  Vigan M, Sauvage C, Adessi B, et al. Pourquoi et comment réaliser une batterie standard chez les enfants? Nouv Dermatol 1994;13:12–15.

Sex

• 70  Modjtahedi BS, Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI. The sex of the individual as a factor in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:53–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Ansar Ahmed S, Penhale WJ, Talat N. Sex hormones, immune responses and autoimmune diseases. Am J Pathol 1985;121:531–51. Pubmed link
• 72  Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. Allergic contact dermatitis. Sex differences. Contact Dermatitis 1977;3:333–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 73  Jordan WP, King SE. Delayed hypersensitivity in females. The development of allergic contact dermatitis in females during the comparison of two predictive patch tests. Contact Dermatitis 1977;3:19–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Rees JL, Friedmann PS, Matthews JNS. Sex difference in susceptibility to development of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Br J Dermatol 1989;120:371–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Walker FB, Smitt PD, Maibach HI. Genetic factors in human allergic contact dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1987;32:453–62. Cross Ref link
• 76  Peltonen L, Terho P. Nickel sensitivity in schoolchildren in Finland. In: Frosch P, Dooms‐Goossens A, LaChapelle J‐M, et al., eds. Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. Heidelberg: Springer, 1989:184–7. Cross Ref link
• 77  Carlsen BC, Menné T, Johansen JD. 20 years of standard patch testing in an eczema population with focus on patients with multiple contact allergies. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:76–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Meijer C, Bredberg M, Fischer T, et al. Ear piercing, and nickel and cobalt sensitization, in 520 young Swedish men doing compulsory military service. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:147–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Fabris N. Hormones and ageing. In: Makinodan T, Yunis EJ, eds. Immunology and Ageing. New York: Plenum Press, 1977:73–89. Cross Ref link
• 80  Rea TH. Quantitative enhancement of dinitrochlorobenzene responsivity in women receiving oral contraceptives. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:361–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 81  Denman AM. Pregnancy and immunological disorders. BMJ 1982;284:999–1000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Hawes CS, Kemp AS, Jones WR, et al. A longitudinal study of cell‐mediated immunity in human pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 1981;3:165–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 83  Alexander S. Patch testing and menstruation. Lancet 1988;ii:751. Cross Ref link
• 84  Bonamonte D, Foti C, Antelmi AR, Biscozzi AM, et al. Nickel contact allergy and menstrual cycle. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:309–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  McLelland J, Lawrence CM. Premenstrual exacerbation of nickel allergy. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Ethnicity

• 86  Anderson KE, Maibach HI. Black and white human skin differences. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:276–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Goh CL. Prevalence of contact allergy by sex, race and age. Contact Dermatitis 1986;14:237–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Deleo VA, Taylor SC, Belsito DV, et al. The effect of race and ethnicity on patch test results. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:S107–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Associated diseases

• 89  Grossman J, Baum J, Gluckman J, et al. The effect of aging and acute illness on delayed hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1975;55:262–75.
• 90  Johnson MW, Maibach HI, Salmon SE. Quantitative impairment of primary inflammatory response in patients with cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;51:1075–6. Pubmed link
• 91  Van der Harst‐Oostven CJGR, van Vloten WA. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity in patients with mycosis fungoides. Dermatologica 1978;157:129–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Drugs

• 92  Schopf E. Drug influences upon skin test reactivity. In: Ring J, Burg G, eds. New Trends in Allergy. Berlin: Springer, 1981:108–14. Cross Ref link
• 93  Feuerman E, Levy A. A study of the effect of prednisolone and an antihistamine on patch test reactions. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:68–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 94  Moed H, Stoof TJ, Boorsma DM, et al. Identification of anti‐inflammatory drugs according to their capacity to suppress type‐1 and type‐2 T cell profiles. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:1868–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 95  Sukanto H, Nater JP, Bleumink E. Influence of topically applied corticosteroids on patch test reactions. Contact Dermatitis 1981;7:180–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 96  Thorvaldsen J, Volden G. PUVA‐induced diminution of contact allergic and irritant skin reactions. Clin Exp Dermatol 1980;5:43–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 97  Skov L, Hansen H, Barker JN, et al. Contrasting effects of ultraviolet‐A and ultraviolet‐B exposure on induction of contact sensitivity in human skin. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;107:585–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 98  Elliott JC, Picker MJ, Nelson CJ, et al. Sex differences in opioid induced enhancement of contact hypersensitivity. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:1053–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Pathophysiology

Sensitization and elicitation

• 99  Posadas SJ, Pichler WJ. Delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions – new concepts. Clin Exp Allergy 2007;37:989–99. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 100  Tomura M, Honda T, Tanizaki H, et al. Activated regulatory T cells are the major T cell type emigrating from the skin during a cutaneous immune response in mice. J Clin Invest 2010;120(3):883‐93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 101  Lepoittevin J‐P. Molecular aspects of allergic contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:45–68. Cross Ref link
• 102  Becker D, Valk E, Zahn S, et al. Coupling of contact sensitizers to thiol groups is a key event for the activation of monocytes and monocyte‐derived dendritic cells. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:233–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 103  Cumberbatch M, Dearman R, Kimber I. Langerhans cells require signals from both tumour necrosis factor‐alpha and interleukin‐1 beta for migration. Immunology 1997;92:388–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 104  Smith HR, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:138–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 105  Rustemeyer T, van Hoogstraten IMW, von Blomberg BME, Scheper R. Mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:45–68.
• 106  Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Allergic contact dermatitis: the cellular effects. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:1–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 107  Gruchalla RS. Drug metabolism, danger signals, and drug‐induced hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:475–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 108  Homey B, Alenius H, Müller A, et al. CCL27–CCR10 interactions regulate T cell‐mediated skin inflammation. Nat Med 2002;8:157–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 109  Trautmann A, Akdis M, Kleemann D, et al. T cell‐mediated Fas‐induced keratinocyte apoptosis plays a key pathogenetic role in eczematous dermatitis. J Clin Invest 2000;106:25–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Predisposing factors

• 110  Menné T, Borgan O, Green A. Nickel allergy and hand dermatitis in a stratified sample of the Danish female population. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:35–41.
• 111  Wilkinson DS, Bandmann H‐J, Calnan CD, et al. The role of contact allergy in hand eczema. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1970;56:15–19.
• 112  Pedersen LK, Johansen JD, Held E, Agner T. Augmentation of skin response by exposure to a combination of allergens and irritants – a review. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:265–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 113  Matzinger P. An innate sense of danger. Semin Immunol 1998;10:399–415. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 114  McFadden JP, Basketter DA. Contact allergy, irritancy and ‘danger’. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:123–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 115  Smith HR, Basketter DA, McFadden JP. Irritant dermatitis, irritancy and its role in allergic contact dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:138–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 116  Hunziker N. Experimental Studies on Guinea‐pig's Eczema. Berlin: Springer, 1969. Cross Ref link
• 117  Meneghini CL. Sensitization in traumatised skin. Am J Ind Med 1985;8:319–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 118  Sajjachareonpong P, Cahill J, Cahill T, et al. Persistent post‐occupational dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51:278–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 119  Basketter D, Dooms‐Goossens A, Karlberg AT, LePoittevin J‐P. The chemistry of contact allergy: why is a molecule allergenic? Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:65–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 120  Lepoittevin JP. Molecular aspects of allergic contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:45–68. Cross Ref link
• 121  Matura M, Sköld M, Börje A, et al. Selected oxidized fragrance terpenes are common contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52(6):320–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 122  Gruchalla RS. Drug metabolism, danger signals, and drug‐induced hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:475–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Klecak G. Test methods for allergic contact dermatitis in animals. In: Marzulli FN, Maibach HI, eds. Dermatotoxicology, 5th edn. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1996:437–59.
• 124  Kligman AM, Basketter DA. A critical commentary and updating of the guinea pig maximisation test. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:129–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 125  Basketter DA, Gerberick F, Kimber I. The local lymph node assay and the assessment of relative potency: status of validation. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:70–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 126  Gad SC, Dunn BJ, Dobbs DW, et al. Development and validation of an alternative dermal sensitisation test: the mouse ear swelling test (MEST). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986;84:93–114. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 127  Barratt MD, Basketter DA, Chamberlain M, et al. Development of an expert system rulebase for identifying contact allergens. Toxicol In Vitro 1994;8:1053–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 128  Schaefer H, Redelmeier TE. Skin penetration. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:167–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Friedmann PS. The relationships between exposure dose and response in induction and elicitation of contact hypersensitivity in humans. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:1093–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 130  Basketter DA, Jefferies D, Safford BJ, et al. The impact of exposure variables on the induction of skin sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:178–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Gerberick GF, Robinson MK. A skin sensitization risk assessment for evaluation of new ingredients and products. Am J Contact Dermatitis 2000;11:65–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Lidén C. Legislative and preventive measures related to contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:65–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 133  Rustemeyer T, van Hoogstraten IMW, von Blomberg BME, Scheper R. Mechanisms in allergic contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:45–68.
• 134  White JML, Goon A, Jowsey IR, et al. Oral tolerance to contact allergens: a common occurrence? A review. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:247–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Pathology

• 135  Meller S, Lauerma AI, Kopp FM, et al. Chemokine responses distinguish chemical‐induced allergic from irritant skin inflammation: memory T cells make the difference. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:1470–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Causative organisms

• 136  Pathmanaban ON, Porter JS, White IR. Dogger Bank itch in the eastern English Channel: a newly described geographical distribution of an old problem. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:622–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 137  Carle JS, Christophersen C. Dogger bank itch. 4. An eczema‐causing sulfoxonium ion from the marine animal, Alcyonidium gelatinosum [Bryozoa]. Toxicon 1982;20:307–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Genetics

• 138  Schnuch A, Westphal G, Mossner R, Uter W, Reich K. Genetic factors in contact allergy – review and future goals. Contact Dermatitis. 2011;64(1):2–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 139  Schnuch A, Westphal GA, Müller MM, et al. Genotype and phenotype of N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38(4):209–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 140  Blömeke B, Brans R, Coenraads PJ, et al. para‐Phenylenediamine and allergic sensitization: risk modification by N‐acetyltransferase 1 and 2 genotypes. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(5):1130–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 141  Westphal GA, Schnuch A, Moessner R, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(2):93–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 142  Nacak M, Erbagci Z, Buyukafsar K, Yurtsever AS, Tiftik RN. Association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with allergic contact dermatitis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007;101(2):101–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 143  Menné T, Holm V. Genetic susceptibility in human allergic sensitization. Semin Dermatol 1986;5:301–6.
• 144  Moss C, Friedmann PS, Shuster S, et al. Susceptibility and amplification of sensitivity in contact dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985;61:232–41. Pubmed link
• 145  Lowney ED. Attenuation of contact sensitization in man. J Invest Dermatol 1968;50:241–9. Cross Ref link
• 146  White JML, Goon A, Jowsey IR, et al. Oral tolerance to contact allergens: a common occurrence? A review. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:247–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 147  Menné T, Holm NV. Nickel allergy in a female twin population. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:22–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 148  Parker D, Sommer G, Turk JL. Variations in guinea pig responsiveness. Cell Immunol 1975;18:233–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 149  Polak L, Barnes JM, Turk JL. The genetic control of contact sensitization to inorganic metal compounds in guinea‐pigs. Immunology 1968;14:707–11. Pubmed link
• 150  Walker FB, Smith PD, Maibach HI. Genetic factors in human allergic contact dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1967;32:453–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 151  Fleming CJ, Burden AD, Forsyth A. The genetics of allergic contact hypersensitivity to nickel. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41:251–3 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 152  Bryld LE, Hindsberger C, Kyvik KO, et al. Genetic factors in nickel allergy evaluated in a population‐based female twin sample. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:1025–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 153  Forsbeck M, Skog E, Ytterborn KH. Delayed type of allergy and atopic disease among twins. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1968;48:192–7.
• 154  Lidén S, Beckman C, Groth O, et al. Lack of association between allergic contact dermatitis and HLA antigens of the A and B series. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980;61:155–7.
• 155  Valsecchi R, Bontempelli M, Vicari O, et al. HLA antigens and contact sensitivities. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:533–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 156  Schnuch A, Westphal GA, Muller MM, et al. Genotype and phenotype of N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) polymorphism in patients with contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38:209–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 157  Reich K, Westphal G, König IR, et al. Association of allergic contact dermatitis with a promoter polymorphism in the IL16 gene. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;112:1191–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 158  Westphal GA, Schnuch A, Mössner R, et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:93–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 159  Clark RAF. Cell‐mediated and IgE‐mediated responses in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:413–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 160  Bos JO, Wierenga EA, Smitt JHS, et al. Immune dysregulation in atopic eczema. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:1509–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 161  Uehara M, Sawai T. A longitudinal study of contact sensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:366–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 162  Bandmann H‐J, Breit R, Leutgeb C. Kontakallergie und Dermatitis atopica. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1972;244:332–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 163  Cronin E, Bandmann H‐J, Calnan CD, et al. Contact dermatitis in the atopic. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1970;50:183–7.
• 164  De Groot AC. The frequency of contact allergy in atopic patients with dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:273–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 165  Hanifin JH. Atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:1–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 166  Diepgen TL, Fartasch M, Hornstein OP. Evaluation and relevance of atopic basic and minor features in patients with atopic dermatitis and in the general population. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1989;144:50–4. Pubmed link
• 167  McDonagh AJ, Wright AL, Cork MJ, et al. Nickel sensitivity: the influence of ear piercing and atopy. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:16–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Environmental factors

• 168  Skov L, Hansen H, Barker JN, et al. Contrasting effects of ultraviolet‐A and ultraviolet‐B exposure on induction of contact sensitivity in human skin. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;107:585–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 169  Damian DL, Barnetson RS, Halliday GM. Low‐dose UVA and UVB have different time courses for suppression of contact hypersensitivity to a recall antigen in humans. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:939–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 170  Dooms‐Goossens A, Lesaffre E, Heidbuchel M, et al. UV sunlight and patch test reactions in humans. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:36–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 171  Uter W, Geier J, Land M, et al. Another look at seasonal variation in patch test results. A multifactorial analysis of surveillance data of the IVDK. Information Network of Departments of Dermatology. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:146–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 172  Hannuksela M, Pirilä V, Salo OP. Skin reactions to propylene glycol. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:112–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 173  Hjorth N. Seasonal variations in contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1967;47:409–18.
• 174  Mohan JE, Ziska LH, Schlesinger WH, et al. Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) to elevated atmospheric CO₂. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:9086–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 175  Salo H, Hannuksela M, Hausen B. Lichen picker's dermatitis (Cladonia alpestris (L.) Rab.). Contact Dermatitis 1981;7:9–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 176  Paulsen E, Andersen KE. Compositae dermatitis in a Danish dermatology department in 1 year (II). Clinical features in patients with Compositae contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:195–201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 177  Malten KE. Chicory dermatitis from September to April. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:232. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 178  Li LF. A clinical and patch test study of contact dermatitis from traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:392–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 179  Goh CL. The need for epidemiological studies. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1997;8:135–6. Pubmed link
• 180  Park SD, Lee SW, Chun JH, et al. Clinical features of 31 patients with systemic contact dermatitis due to the ingestion of Rhus (lacquer). Br J Dermatol 2000;142:937–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 181  Hsu TS, Davis MD, el‐Azhary R, et al. Beard dermatitis due to para‐phenylenediamine use in Arabic men. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:867–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 182  Dwyer CM, Forsyth A. Allergic contact dermatitis from bindi. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:174. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Clinical features

History

• 183  Kanerva L, Tarvainen K, Pinola A, et al. A single accidental exposure may result in a chemical burn, primary sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:229–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 184  Wong CS, Beck MH. Occupational contact allergy to methyldibromoglutaronitrile in abrasive cleansers and work creams. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:311–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Presentation

Primary patterns

• 185  Wilkinson DS, Bandmann H‐J, Calnan CD, et al. The role of contact allergy in hand eczema. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1970;56:19–25.
• 186  Agrup G. Hand eczema and other hand dermatoses in South Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1969;61:54.
• 187  Hjorth N, Roed‐Petersen J. Occupational protein contact in food handlers dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:28–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 188  Kanerva L, Toikkanen J, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Statistical data on occupational contact urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:299–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 189  Bruynzeel DP, De Boer EM, Brouwer EJ, et al. Dermatitis in bulb growers. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:11–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 190  Burks JW. Classic aspects of onion and garlic dermatitis in housewives. Ann Allergy 1954;12:592–6. Pubmed link
• 191  Lidén C, Berg M, Farm G, et al. Nail varnish allergy with far‐reaching consequences. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:57–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 192  Calnan CD, Sarkany I. Studies in contact dermatitis. III. Nail varnish. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1958;40:1–11.
• 193  Tucker SC, Beck MH. A 15‐year study of patch testing to (meth)acrylates. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:278–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 194  Helbling I, Beck MH. Rubber sponge applicator responsible for ‘cosmetic’ facial dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39:43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 195  Dooms‐Goossens AE, Debusschere KM, Cevers DM, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:1–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 196  Valsecchi R, Imberti G, Martino D, et al. Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 150 patients. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27:143–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 197  Guin JD. Eyelid dermatitis: a report of 215 patients. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:87–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 198  Brandrup F. Nickel eyelid dermatitis from an eyelash curler. Contact Dermatitis 1991;25:77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 199  Vestey JP, Buxton PK, Savin JA. Eyelash curler dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:274–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 200  Ekeowa‐Anderson AL, Shergill B, Goldsmith P. Allergic contact cheilitis to garlic. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:174–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 201  Orton DI, Salim A, Shaw S. Allergic contact cheilitis due to shellac. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:250. Pubmed link
• 202  Calnan CD, Sarkany I. Studies in contact dermatitis. II. Lipstick cheilitis. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1957;39:28–36.
• 203  Magnusson B, Wilkinson DS. Cinnamic aldehyde in a toothpaste. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:70–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 204  Andersen KE. Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4:195–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 205  Gupta G, Forsyth A. Allergic contact reactions to colophony presenting as oral disease. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:332–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 206  Veysey EC, Orton DI. Photoallergic contact cheilitis due to oxybenzone in a lip cosmetic. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 207  Fisher AA. Perlèche (angular cheilitis) due to contactants. Cutis 1974;14:499–501.
• 208  J Millard TP, Orton DI. Changing patterns of contact allergy in chronic inflammatory ear disease. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:83–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 209  Lear JT, Sandhu G, English JS. Hearing aid dermatitis: a study in 20 consecutive patients. Contact Dermatitis 1998;38:212. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 210  Glas B, Egelrud T. Nickel in ‘nickel‐free’ spectacle frames. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 211  Bircher AJ, Stern WB. Allergic contact dermatitis from ‘titanium’ spectacle frames. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:244–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 212  Casper C, Groth W, Hunzelmann N. Sarcoidal‐type allergic contact granuloma: a rare complication of ear piercing. Am J Dermatopathol 2004;26:59–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 213  Friedman ES, Friedman PM, Cohen DE, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to topical minoxidil solution: etiology and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:309–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 214  Shehade SA, Beck MH. Contact dermatitis from disperse dyes in synthetic wigs. Contact Dermatitis 1990;23:124–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 215  Corea NV, Basketter DA, Clapp C, et al. Fragrance allergy: assessing the risk from washed fabrics. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:48–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 216  Kazandjieva J, Gergovska M, Darlenski R. Contact dermatitis in a child from methlychloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone in moist wipes. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31:225–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 217  Lazarov A. Perianal contact dermatitis caused by nail lacquer allergy. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1999;10:43–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 218  Rosen T, Fordice DB. Cashew nut dermatitis. South Med J 1994;87:543–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 219  Goldsmith PC, Rycroft RJ, White IR, et al. Contact sensitivity in women with anogenital dermatoses. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:174–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 220  Nardelli A, Degreef H, Goossens A. Contact allergic reactions of the vulva: a 14‐year review. Contact Dermatitis 2004;15:131–6. Cross Ref link
• 221  Batchelor RJ, Young HS, Beck MH. The role of patch testing in perineal disorders affecting women. Exog Dermatol 2003;2:178–83. Cross Ref link
• 222  Lewis FM, Shah M, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact sensitivity in pruritus vulvae: patch test results and clinical outcome. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1997;8:137–40. Pubmed link
• 223  Nunns D, Ferguson J, Beck M, et al. Is patch testing necessary in vulval vestibulitis? Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:87–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 224  Guillet G, Dagregorio G, Guillet MH. Vulvar contact dermatitis due to seminal allergy: 3 cases. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2005;132:123–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 225  Wilson CL, Cameron J, Powell SM, et al. High incidence of contact dermatitis in leg‐ulcer patients: implications for management. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:250–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Exposed sites

• 226  Huygens S, Goossens A. An update on airborne contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:1–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 227  Mitchell JC, Calnan CD. Scourge of India: Parthenium dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1978;17:303–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 228  Sadhra S, Foulds IS, Gray CN, et al. Colophony: uses, health effects, airborne measurement and analysis. Ann Occup Hyg 1994;38:385–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 229  Karlberg AT, Gäfvert E, Meding B, et al. Airborne contact dermatitis from unexpected exposure to rosin (colophony). Rosin sources revealed with chemical analyses. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:272–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 230  De Groot AC, Young E. The role of contact allergy to aeroallergens in atopic dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:209–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Mucous membranes

• 231  Lowney ED. Immunologic unresponsiveness to a contact sensitizer in man. J Invest Dermatol 1968;51:411–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 232  Van Hoogstraten MW, Andersen KE, Von Blomberg BME, et al. Preliminary results of a multicenter study on the incidence of nickel allergy in relationship to previous oral and cutaneous contacts. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms‐Goossens A, LaChapelle JM, et al., eds. Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 1989:178–83.
• 233  Vreeburg KJJ, De Groot K, Von Blomberg BME, et al. Induction of immunological tolerance by oral administration of nickel and chromium. J Dent Res 1984;63:124–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 234  Ahlfors EE, Lyberg T. Contact sensitivity reactions in the oral mucosa. Acta Odontol Scand 2001;59:248–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 235  Nadiminti H, Ehrlich A, Udey MC. Oral erosions as a manifestation of allergic contact sensitivity to cinnamon mints. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:46–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 236  Shah M, Lewis F, Gawkrodger DJ. Contact allergy in patients with oral symptoms: a study of 47 patients. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1996;7:146–51. Pubmed link
• 237  Helton J, Storrs F. The burning mouth syndrome: lack of a role for contact urticaria and contact dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:201–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 238  Armstrong DK, Biagioni P, Lamey PJ, et al. Contact hypersensitivity in patients with orofacial granulomatosis. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1997;8:35–8. Pubmed link
• 239  Koutis D, Freeman S. Allergic contact stomatitis caused by acrylic monomer in a denture. Australas J Dermatol 2001;42:203–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 240  Renner RP, Lee M, Andors L, et al. The role of C. albicans in denture stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1979;47:323–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 241  Alanko K, Kanerva L, Jolanki R, et al. Oral mucosal diseases investigated by patch testing with a dental screening series. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:263–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 242  Jolly M, Moule AJ, Freeman S. Amalgam related chronic ulceration of oral mucosa. Br Dent J 1986;160:434–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 243  Koch P, Bahmer FA. Oral lichenoid lesions, mercury sensitivity and combined hypersensitivity to mercury and other metals: histologically‐proven reproduction of the reaction by patch testing with metal salts. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:323–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 244  Scalf LA, Fowler JF, Jr, Morgan KW, et al. Dental metal allergy in patients with oral, cutaneous, and genital lichenoid reactions. Am J Contact Dermatitis 2001;12:146–50. Pubmed link
• 245  Nakayama H, Niki F, Shono M, et al. Mercury exanthem. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:411–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 246  Van Loon Heidelberg LAJ, van Elzas PW, van Joost Th, et al. Contact stomatitis and dermatitis to nickel and palladium. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11:294–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 247  Laeijendecker R, van Joost Th. Oral manifestations of gold allergy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:205–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 248  Silvestre JF, Albares MP, Blanes M, et al. Allergic contact gingivitis due to eugenol present in a restorative dental material. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:341. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 249  Sainio E‐L, Kanerva L. Contact allergens in toothpastes and a review of their hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:100–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 250  Isaksson M, Bruze M, Wihl JA. Contact allergy to budesonide and perforation of the nasal septum. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:133. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 251  Herbst RA, Maibach HI. Contact dermatitis caused by allergy to ophthalmic drugs and contact lens solutions. Contact Dermatitis 1991;25:305–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 252  Goldsmith PC, Rycroft RJ, White IR, et al. Contact sensitivity in women with anogenital dermatoses. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:174–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Specific allergens

Nickel

• 253  Andersen KE, White IR, Goossens A. Allergens from the standard series. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:455–9.
• 254  Maibach HI, Menné T, eds. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989.
• 255  Menné T. Nickel Allergy. Copenhagen: Marselis tryk a‐s, 1983. Pubmed link
• 256  Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1980:344–5, 353–7.
• 257  Marcussen PV. The rise in prevalence of nickel sensitivity. Br J Dermatol 1959;71:97–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 258  Nielsen NH, Menné T. Nickel sensitisation and ear piercing in an unselected Danish population. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:16–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 259  Kåre Dotterud L, Smith‐Sivertsen T. Allergic contact sensitization in the general adult population: a population‐based study from northern Norway. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:10–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 260  Kanan MW. Contact dermatitis in Kuwait. J Kuwait Med Assoc 1968;3:129–44.
• 261  Olumide YM. Contact dermatitis in Nigeria. Contact Dermatitis 1985;12:241–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 262  Sugai T, Takagi T, Yamamoto S, et al. Age distribution of the prevalence of contact sensitivity to standard allergens. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5:383–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 263  Van der Burg CKH, Brunyzeel DP, Vreeburg KHH, et al. Hand eczema in hairdressers and nurses: a prospective study. I. Evaluation of atopy and nickel hypersensitivity at the start of apprenticeship. Contact Dermatitis 1986;14:275–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 264  Van der Walle HB, Brunsveld VM. Dermatitis in hairdressers. (1). The experience of the last 4 years. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:217–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 265  Garg S, Thyssen JP, Uter W, et al. Nickel allergy following EU regulation in Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:854–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 266  Johansen J, Menné T, Christophersen J, et al. Changes in the pattern of sensitization to common contact allergens in Denmark between 1985–86 and 1997–98, with a special view to the effect of preventive strategies. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:490–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 267  Schnuch A, Uter W. Decrease in nickel allergy in Germany and regulatory interventions. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49:107–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 268  Basketter DA, Briatico‐Vangosa G, Kaestner W, et al. Nickel, cobalt and chromium in consumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:15–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 269  Menné T, Andersen KE, Kaaber K, et al. Evaluation of the dimethylglyoxime test for detection of nickel. Berufsdermatosen 1987;35:128–30.
• 270  Menné T, Christophersen J, Green A. Epidemiology of nickel dermatitis. In: Maibach HI, Menné T, eds. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989:109–15.
• 271  Jellesen MS, Hilbert LR, Menné T, Möller H. Nickel‐containing coins: a health risk for nickel‐sensitive individuals? Br J Dermatol 2006;155:1301–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 272  Trevisan G, Kokelj F. Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in an electrocautery plate. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:267. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 273  Wöhrl S, Jandl T, Stingl G, Kinaciyan T. Mobile telephone as new source for nickel dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:113.
• 274  Jensen P, Jellesen MS, Møller P, Johansen JD, Lidén C, Menné T, Thyssen JP. Nickel may be released from laptop computers. Contact Dermatitis. 2012;67(6):384–5 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 275  Baxter KF, Wilkinson SM. Contact dermatitis from a nickel‐containing bindi. Contact Dermatitis 2002;47:55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 276  Raison‐Peyron N, Guillard O, Khalil Z, et al Nickel‐elicited systemic contact dermatitis from a peripheral intravenous catheter. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:222–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 277  Morales‐Callaghan AM, Aguilar‐Bernier M, Martínez‐García G, Miranda‐Romero E. Sarcoid granuloma on black tattoo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:S71–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 278  Genelhu MC, Marigo M, Alves‐Oliveira LF, et al. Characterization of nickel‐induced allergic contact stomatitis associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005;128:378–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 279  Kokelj F, Daris F, Lutmann A, et al. Nickel, chromate and cobalt in toilet soaps analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:270. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 280  Van Ketel WG, Bruynzeel DP. Allergic contact dermatitis from nickel in eyeshadow [Letter]. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:355. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 281  Berne B, Boström Å, Grahnén AF, Tammela M. Adverse effects of cosmetics and toiletries reported to the Swedish Medical Protection Agency 1989–94. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:359–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 282  Lee AY, Lee YS. A case of allergic contact dermatitis due to nickel in underground water. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:141–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 283  Pecegueiro M. Contact dermatitis due to nickel in fertilizers. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:114–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 284  Flint GN, Packirisamy S. Systemic nickel: the contribution made by stainless‐steel cooking utensils. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:218–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 285  Marcussen PV. Spread of nickel dermatitis. Dermatologica 1957;115:596–607. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 286  Wilkinson DS, Wilkinson JD. Nickel allergy and hand eczema. In: Maibach HI, Menné T, eds. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989:133–63.
• 287  Christophersen J, Menné TM, Tanghof P, et al. Clinical patch test data evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:291–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 288  Edman B. Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:129–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 289  Meding B, Swanbeck G. Predictive factors for hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1990;23:154–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 290  Menné T, Borgan Ø, Green A. Nickel allergy and hand dermatitis in a stratified sample of the Danish female population. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:35–41.
• 291  Josefson A, Färm G, Stymne B, Meding B. Nickel allergy and hand eczema – a 20‐year follow up. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:286–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 292  Nilsson EJ, Bäck O. The importance of anamnestic information of atopy, metal dermatitis and earlier hand eczema for the development of hand dermatitis in women in wet hospital work. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1986;66:45–50.
• 293  Nilsson EJ, Knutson A. Atopic dermatitis, nickel sensitivity and xerosis as risk factors for hand eczema in women. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:401–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 294  Christensen OB, Möller H. Nickel allergy and hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:129–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 295  Burrows D. Mischievous metals: chromate, cobalt, nickel and mercury. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:266–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 296  Gawkrodger DJ, Cook SW, Fell GS, et al. Nickel dermatitis: the reaction to oral nickel challenge. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:33–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 297  Jordan WP, King SE. Nickel feeding in nickel‐sensitive patients with hand eczema. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:506–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 298  Roduner J, Haudenschilde‐Falb E, Kunz E, et al. Oral nickel challenge in non‐pompholyx and pompholyx‐type nickel eczema. Hautarzt 1987;38:262–6. Pubmed link
• 299  Jensen CS, Menné T, Lisby S, et al. Experimental systemic contact dermatitis from nickel: a dose–response study. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49:124–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 300  Jensen CS, Menné T, Johansen JD. Systemic contact dermatitis after oral exposure to nickel: a review with a modified meta‐analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54:79–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 301  Pigatto PD, Guzzi G. Systemic contact dermatitis from nickel associated with orthodontic appliances. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:100–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 302  Schultz JC, Connelly E, Glesne L, Warshaw EM. Cutaneous and oral eruption from oral exposure to nickel in dental braces. Dermatitis 2004;15:154–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 303  Van Hoogstraten IMW, Andersen KE, von Blomberg BME, et al. Preliminary results of a multicentre study on the prevalence of nickel allergy in relationship to previous oral and cutaneous contacts. In: Frosch P, Dooms‐Goossens A, LaChapelle J‐M, et al., eds. Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 1989:178–83.
• 304  White JM, Goon AT, Jowsey IR, et al. Oral tolerance to contact allergens: a common occurrence? A review. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:247–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 305  Wall LM. Nickel penetration through rubber gloves. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:461–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 306  Veien NK. Nickel dermatitis: its relationship to food and experimental oral challenge. In: Maibach HI, Menné T, eds. Nickel and the Skin: Immunology and Toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1989:165–97.
• 307  Gawkrodger DJ, Healy J, Howe AM. The prevention of nickel contact dermatitis. A review of the use of binding agents and barrier creams. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:257–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 308  Wohrl S, Kriechbaumer N, Hemmer W, et al. A cream containing the chelator DTPA (diethylenetriaminepenta‐acetic acid) can prevent contact allergic reactions to metals. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:224–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 309  Healy J, Johnson S, Little MC, et al. An in vitro study of the use of chelating agents in cleaning nickel‐contaminated human skin: an alternative approach to preventing nickel allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39:171–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 310  Memon AA, Molokhia MM, Friedmann PS. The inhibitory effects of topical chelating agents and antioxidants on nickel‐induced hypersensitivity reactions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:560–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 311  Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC. Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1978;98:197–201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 312  Sharma AD. Disulfiram and low nickel diet in the management of hand eczema: a clinical study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2006;72:113–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 313  Christensen OB, Kristensen M. Treatment with disulfiram in chronic nickel hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:59–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 314  Burrows D, Rogers S, Beck M, et al. Treatment of nickel dermatitis with trientine. Contact Dermatitis 1986;15:55–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 315  Cronin E. Patch testing with nickel. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:56–7. Cross Ref link
• 316  Fullerton A, Anderson JR, Hoelgaard A, et al. Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 1986;15:173–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Cobalt

• 317  Andersen KE, White IR, Goossens A. Allergens from the standard series. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:461–2.
• 318  Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menné T, et al. Incidence of allergic contact sensitization in Danish adults between 1990 and 1998; the Copenhagen Allergy Study, Denmark. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:487–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 319  Dotterud LK, Smith‐Sivertsen T. Allergic contact sensitization in the general adult population: a population‐based study from northern Norway. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:10–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 320  Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Jr. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2001:605–62.
• 321  Basketter DA, Briatico‐Vangosa G, Kaestner W, et al. Nickel, cobalt and chromium in consumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:15–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Tandon R, Aarts B. Chromium, nickel and cobalt contents of some Australian cements. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:201–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  Tuomi M‐L, Räsänen L. Contact allergy to tylosin and cobalt in a pig‐farmer. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:285. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 324  Laing ME, Hackett CB, Murphy GM. Unusual allergen in nurse uniform trousers. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:293. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 325  Björnberg A. Allergic reaction to cobalt in light blue tattoo markings. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1961;41:259–63.
• 326  Kokelj F, Daris F, Lutmann A, et al. Nickel, chromate and cobalt in toilet soaps analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:270. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Allenby CF, Basketter DA. Minimum eliciting patch test concentrations of cobalt. Contact Dermatitis 1989;20:185–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 328  Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Jellesen MS, Møller P, Sloth JJ, Zachariae C, Menné T. Consumer leather exposure: an unrecognized cause of cobalt sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2013;69:276–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 329  Gawkrodger DJ, Lewis FM. Isolated cobalt sensitivity in an etcher. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 330  Foussereau J, Cavelier C. Allergic contact dermatitis from cobalt in the rubber industry. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 331  Tarvainen K, Jolanki R, Forsman‐Grönholm L, et al. Exposure, skin protection and occupational skin diseases in the glass‐fibre‐reinforced plastics industry. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:119–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 332  Price ML, MacDonald DM. Cheilitis and cobalt allergy related to ingestion of vitamin B₁₂. Contact Dermatitis 1981;7:352. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 333  Ratcliffe J, English JS. Allergic contact dermatitis from cobalt in animal feed. Contact Dermatitis 1998;39:201–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 334  Romaguera C, Lecha M, Grimalt F, et al. Photocontact dermatitis to cobalt salts. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:383–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 335  Fisher AA. Contact dermatitis at home and abroad. Cutis 1972;10:719–23.
• 336  Sockanathan S, Setterfield J, Wakelin S. Oral lichenoid reaction due to chromate/cobalt in dental prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:342–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 337  Veien N, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Placebo‐controlled oral challenge with cobalt in patients with positive patch tests to cobalt. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:54–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 338  Midander K, Julander A, Skare L, Thyssen JP, Lidén C. The cobalt spot test – further insights into its performance and use. Contact Dermatitis 2013;69:280–7. Pubmed link
• 339  Förström L, Pirilä V, Huju P. Rehabilitation of workers with cement eczema due to hypersensitivity to bichromate. Scand J Rehab Med 1969;1:95–100.

Chromium

• 340  Burrows D, ed. Chromium: Metabolism and Toxicity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1983.
• 341  Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:459–61, 548–54. Cross Ref link
• 342  Wahlberg JE, Lindstedt G, Einarsson Ö. Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils. Berufsdermatosen 1977;25:220–8. Pubmed link
• 343  Fregert S. Chromium valencies and cement dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1981;105(Suppl. 21):7–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 344  Fregert S, Rorsman H. Allergic reactions to trivalent chromium compounds. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:711–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 345  Hansen MB, Johansen JD, Menné T. Chromium allergy: significance of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Contact Dermatitis 2003;49:206–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 346  Geier J, Schnuck A. A comparison of contact allergens among construction and non‐construction workers attending contact dermatitis clinics in Germany: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology from November 1989 to July 1993. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1995;6:86–94. Cross Ref link
• 347  Wilkinson DS, Wilkinson JD. Comparison of patch test results in two adjacent areas of England. I. Industrial allergens. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1979;89:189–92.
• 348  Irvine C, Pugh CE, Hansen E, Rycroft RJ. Cement dermatitis in underground workers during construction of the Channel Tunnel. Occup Med 1994;44:17–23. Cross Ref link
• 349  Athavale P, Shum KW, Chen Y, et al. Occupational dermatitis related to chromium and cobalt: experience of dermatologists (EPIDERM) and occupational physicians (OPRA) in the UK over an 11‐year period (1993–2004). Br J Dermatol 2007;157:518–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 350  Zachariae COC, Agner T, Menné T. Chromium allergy in consecutive patients in a country where ferrous sulphate has been added to cement since 1981. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:83–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 351  Goh CL, Gan SL. Change in cement manufacturing process, a cause for decline in chromate allergy? Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:51–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 352  Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Menné T. Contact allergy epidemics and their controls. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:185–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 353  Stocks SJ, McNamee R, Turner S, Carder M, Agius RM. Has European Union legislation to reduce exposure to chromate in cement been effective in reducing the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis attributed to chromate in the UK? Occup Environ Med 2012;69(2):150–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 354  Fregert S, Gruvberger B. Chemical aspects on chromate in cement. Dermatosen 1982;30:76–8.
• 355  Tandon R, Aarts B. Chromium, nickel and cobalt contents of some Australian cements. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:201–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 356  Engel HO, Calnan CD. Chromate dermatitis from paint. Br J Ind Med 1963;20:192–8. Pubmed link
• 357  Calnan CD, Harman RRM. Studies in contact dermatitis XIII. Diesel coolant chromate dermatitis. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1961;46:13–21.
• 358  Handley J, Burrows D. Dermatitis from hexavalent chromate in the accelerator of an epoxy sealant (PR1422) used in the aircraft industry. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:193–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Fregert S. Chromate eczema and matches. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1961;41:433–42.
• 360  Fregert S, Övrum P. Chromate in welding fumes with special reference to contact dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1963;43:119–24.
• 361  Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Heijer A. Sensitization to chromium and cobalt in processing of sulphate pulp. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52:221–4.
• 362  Wilkinson SM, Heagerty AHM, English JSC. Hand dermatitis in the pottery industry. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:91–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 363  Buckley DA, Rogers S. ‘Fiddler's fingers’: violin‐string dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:46–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 364  Fregert S, Gruvberger B. Chromate dermatitis from oil emulsion contaminated from zinc‐galvanized sheet. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:121. Cross Ref link
• 365  Fregert S, Gruvberger B, Göransson K, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from chromate in military textiles. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4:223–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 366  Richter G, Heidelbach U. Chromatekzem nach Glasmattierung mit einem Korund. Berufsdermatosen 1969;17:8–12.
• 367  Heine A, Fox G. Bäckerekzem durch Chromverbindung in Mehlen. Dermatosen 1980;28:113–15.
• 368  Burrows D. Chromium dermatitis in a tyre fitter. Contact Dermatitis 1981;7:55–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 369  Stevenson CJ, Morgan PR. Investigation and prevention of chromate dermatitis in colour television manufacture. J Soc Occup Med 1983;33:19–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 370  Basketter DA, Briatico‐Vangosa G, Kaestner W, et al. Nickel, cobalt and chromium in consumer products: a role in allergic contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:15–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Veien NK, Borchorst E, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Stomatitis or systemically‐induced contact dermatitis from metal wire in orthodontic materials. Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:210–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 372  LaChapelle J‐M, Lauwerys R, Tennstedt D, et al. Eau de Javel and chromate allergy in France. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:107–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 373  Kaaber K, Veien NK. The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1977;57:321–3.
• 374  Patel TG, Kleyn E, King CM, Wilson NJ. Chromate allergy from contact with leather furnishings. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54:171–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 375  Sockanathan S, Setterfield J, Wakelin S. Oral lichenoid reaction due to chromate/cobalt in dental prosthesis. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:342–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 376  Thormann J, Jespersen NB, Joensen HD. Persistence of contact allergy to chromium. Contact Dermatitis 1979;5:261–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 377  Breit R, Türk RBM. The medical and social fate of the dichromate allergic patient. Br J Dermatol 1976;94:349–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 378  Burry JN, Kirk J. Environmental dermatitis: chrome cripples. Med J Aust 1975;2:720–1. Pubmed link
• 379  Czarnecki N. Die Persistenz der Chromatallergie beim Zementekze. Hautartz 1979;30:80–3.
• 380  Dooms‐Goossens A, Ceuterick A, Vanhaele N, et al. Follow‐up study of patients with contact dermatitis caused by chromates, nickel and cobalt. Dermatologica 1980;160:249–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 381  Fregert S. Occupational dermatitis in 10‐year material. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:96–107. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 382  Burrows D. Prognosis in industrial dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1972;87:145–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 383  Lips R, Rast H, Elsner P. Outcome of job change in patients with occupational chromate dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:268–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 384  Burrows D, Calnan CD. Cement dermatitis. II. Clinical aspects. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1965;51:27–39.
• 385  Kaaber K, Veien NK. The significance of chromate ingestion in patients allergic to chromate. Acta Derm Venereol 1977;57:321–3. Pubmed link
• 386  Valsecchi R, Caineti T. Chromium dermatitis and ascorbic acid. Contact Dermatitis 1984;10:252–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 387  Samitz NH, Katz S. A study of the chemical reactions between chromium and skin. J Invest Dermatol 1964;43:35–43. Cross Ref link
• 388  Schuppli R. Uber einen neuen Typus von Schutzalben gegen Chromatekzeme. Berufsdermatosen 1970;18:350–5. Pubmed link
• 389  Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Chromate‐allergic patients challenged orally with potassium dichromate. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:137–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 390  Miyachi Y, Uchida K, Komura J, et al. Auto‐oxidative damage in cement dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 1985;277:288–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 391  Burrows D, Andersen KE, Camarasa JG, et al. Trial of 0.5% versus 0.375% potassium dichromate. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:351. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Palladium

• 392  Lidén C. Metals. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:566–7.
• 393  Aberer W, Holub H, Strohal R, et al. Palladium in dental alloys: the dermatologists' responsibility to warn? Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:163–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 394  Larese Filon F, Uderzo D, Bagnato E. Sensitization to palladium chloride: a 10‐year evaluation. Am J Contact Dermatitis 2003;14:78–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 395  Wahlberg JE, Boman AS. Cross‐reactivity to palladium and nickel studied in the guinea pig. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992;72:95–7.
• 396  Hindsén M, Spirén A, Bruze M. Cross‐reactivity between nickel and palladium demonstrated by systemic administration of nickel. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:2–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 397  Kanerva L, Kerosuo H, Kullaa A, et al. Allergic patch test reactions to palladium chloride in schoolchildren. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:39–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 398  Kranke B, Aberer W. Multiple sensitivities to metals. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:225. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 399  Todd DJ, Burrows D. Patch testing with pure palladium metal in patients with sensitivity to palladium chloride. Contact Dermatitis 1992;26:327–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 400  Downey D. Contact mucositis due to palladium. Contact Dermatitis 1989;21:54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 401  Murao Y, Yamada S, Kameyoshi Y, Yamamoto S. A case of generalized lichen planus due to palladium in dental metals. Environ Dermatol 1995;2:197–203.
• 402  Goossens A, De Swerdt A, De Coninck K, et al. Allergic contact granuloma due to palladium following ear piercing. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:338–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Gold

• 403  Lidén C. Metals. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:563–5.
• 404  Björkner B, Bruze M, Möller H. High frequency of contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate: an indication of gold allergy? Contact Dermatitis 1994;30:144–51. Pubmed link
• 405  Bruze M, Edman B, Björkner B, et al. Clinical relevance of contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:579–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 406  Bruze M, Andersen KE. Gold: a controversial sensitizer. European Environmental and Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:295–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 407  Ahlgren C, Ahnlide I, Björkner B, et al. Contact allergy to gold is correlated to dental gold. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82:41–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 408  Svedman C, Tillman C, Gustavsson CG, et al. Contact allergy to gold in patients with gold‐plated intracoronary stents. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:192–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 409  McKenna KE, Dolan O, Walsh MY, et al. Contact allergy to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:143–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 410  Fleming C, Burden D, Fallowfield M, et al. Lymphomatoid contact reaction to gold earrings. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:298–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 411  Armstrong DK, Walsh MY, Dawson JF. Granulomatous contact dermatitis due to gold earrings. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:776–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 412  Laeijendecker R, van Joost T. Oral manifestations of gold allergy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:205–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 413  Alanko K, Kanerva L, Jolanki R, et al. Oral mucosal diseases investigated by patch testing with a dental screening series. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:263–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 414  Torgerson RR, Davis MD, Bruce AJ, et al. Contact allergy in oral disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:315–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 415  Lazarov A, Kidron D, Tulchinsky Z, Minkow B. Contact orofacial granulomatosis caused by delayed hypersensitivity to gold and mercury. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:1117–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 416  Möller H, Ohlsson K, Linder C, et al. The flare‐up reactions after systemic provocation in contact allergy to nickel and gold. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:200–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 417  Nava C, Briatico Vangosa G. Allergy to gold salts. Med Lavoro (Milano) 1971;62:572–5.
• 418  Bruze M, Hedman H, Björkner B, Möller H. The development and course of test reactions to gold sodium thiosulfate. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:386–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Mercury

• 419  Burrows D. Mischievous metals: chrome, cobalt, nickel and mercury. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:266–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 420  Handley J, Todd D, Burrows D. Mercury allergy in a contact dermatitis clinic in Northern Ireland. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:258–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 421  Zenarola P, Lomuto M, Bisceglia M. Hypertrophic amalgam dermatitis of the tongue simulating carcinoma. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:157–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 422  Koch P, Baumer FA. Oral lichenoid lesions, mercury hypersensitivity and combined hypersensitivity to mercury and other metals: histologically‐proven reproduction of the reaction by patch testing with metal salts. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:323–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 423  Thornhill MH, Pemberton MN, Simmons RK, Theaker ED. Amalgam‐contact hypersensitivity lesions and oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95:291–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 424  Khamaysi Z, Bergman R, Weltfriend S. Positive patch test reactions to allergens of the dental series and the relation to the clinical presentations. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:216–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 425  Hietanen J, Pihlman K, Forstrom L, et al. No evidence of hypersensitivity to dental restorative metals in oral lichen planus. Scand J Dent Res 1987;95:320–7. Pubmed link
• 426  Martin MD, Broughton S, Drangsholt M. Oral lichen planus and dental materials: a case–control study. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:331–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 427  Henriksson E, Mattsson U, Håkansson J. Healing of lichenoid reactions following removal of amalgam. A clinical follow‐up. J Clin Periodontol 1995;22:287–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 428  Pigatto PD, Guzzi G, Persichini P, Barbadillo S. Recovery from mercury‐induced burning mouth syndrome due to mercury allergy. Dermatitis 2004;15:75–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 429  Bergdahl BJ, Anneroth G, Anneroth I. Clinical study of patients with burning mouth. Scand J Dent Res 1994;102:299–305. Pubmed link
• 430  Skoglund A, Egelrud T, Guttman‐Yassky E, et al. Resolution of orofacial granulomatosis with amalgam removal. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:344–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 431  Vena GA, Foti C, Grandolfo M, Angelini G. Mercury exanthem. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:214–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 432  Lerch M, Bircher AJ. Systemically induced allergic exanthem from mercury. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:349–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 433  Johnson HH, Schonberg IL, Bach NF. Chronic atopic eczema with pronounced mercury sensitivity: partial clearing after extraction of teeth containing mercury amalgam. Arch Derm Syph 1951;63:279–80. Cross Ref link
• 434  Thomson J, Russell JA. Dermatitis due to mercury following amalgam dental restorations. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:292–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 435  Levy J, Sewell M, Goldstein N. A short history of tattooing. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1979;5:851–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link