Irritant contact dermatitis

  • 1  Meding B, Jarvholm B. Incidence of hand eczema – a population based retrospective study. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:873–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 2  Meyer JD, Chen Y, Holt DL, et al. Occupational contact dermatitis in the UK: a surveillance report from EPIDERM and OPRA. Occup Med 2000;50:265–73. Cross Ref link
  • 3  Eiermann HJ, Larsen W, Maibach HI, et al. Prospective study of cosmetic reactions: 1977–80. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:909–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Schwensen JF, Friis UF, Menné T, et al. One thousand cases of occupational contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2013;68:259‐68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Jourdain R, De Lacharrière O, Bastien P, Maibach HI. Ethnic variations in self‐perceived sensitive skin: epidemiological survey. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:162–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 6  Peters L, Marriott M, Mukerji B, et al. The effect of population diversity on skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 2006:55:357–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Madison KC. Barrier function of the skin: ‘La raison d’être' of the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:231–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 8  Furuse M, Hata M, Furuse K, et al. Claudin‐based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian permeability barrier: a lesson from claudin‐1 deficient mice. J Cell Biol 2002;156:1099–111. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 9  Van der Valk PGM, Maibach HI. A functional study of the skin barrier to evaporative water loss by means of repeated cellophane‐tape stripping. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:180–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Visser MJ, Landeck L, Campbell LE, et al. Impact of atopic dermatitis and loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene on the development of occupational irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:326–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 11  Lisby S, Baadsgaard O. Mechanisms of irritant contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:69–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Barratt MD. Quantitative structure–activity relationships for skin irritation and corrosivity of neutral and electrophilic organic chemicals. Toxicol Vitro 1996;10:247–56. Cross Ref link
  • 13  Nangia A, Andersen PH, Berner B, Maibach HI. High dissociation constants (pKa) of basic permeants are associated with in vivo skin irritation in man. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:237–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 14  Aramaki J, Loffler C, Kawana S, et al. Irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulphate: interrelation between concentration and exposure time. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:704–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 15  Grangsjo A, Leijon‐Kuligowski A, Torma H, et al. Different pathways in irritant contact eczema? Early differences in the epidermal elemental content and expression of cytokines after application of 2 different irritants. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:355–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Wood LC, Elias PM, Calhoun C, et al. Barrier disruption stimulates interleukin‐1 alpha expression and release from a preformed pool in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:397–403. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Elias PM, LaDonna C, Feingold KR. Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1999;10:119–26. Pubmed link
  • 18  Willis CM, Reiche L, Wilkinson JD. Immunocytochemical demonstration of reduced Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase levels following topical application of dithranol and sodium lauryl sulphate: an indication of the role of oxidative stress in acute irritant dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 1998;8:8–12. Pubmed link
  • 19  Prottey C, Oliver D, Coxon AC. Prediction and measurement of surfactant action upon human skin under realistic conditions. Int J Cosmet Sci 1984;6:263–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Fulmer AW, Kramer GJ. Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in surfactant induced dry scaly skin. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:598–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Frosch P, Czarnetzki BM. Surfactants cause in vitro chemotaxis and chemokinesis of human neutrophils. J Invest Dermatol 1987;88:52s–5s. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Steele RH, Wilhelm DL. The inflammatory reaction in chemical injury, 3: leucocytosis and other histological changes induced by superficial injury. Br J Exp Pathol 1970;51:265–79. Pubmed link
  • 23  Sjogren F, Anderson C. The spectrum of inflammatory cell response to dimethyl sulfoxide. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:216–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Kondo S, Beissert S, Wang B, et al. Hyporesponsiveness in contact hypersensitivity and irritant contact dermatitis in CD4 gene targeted mouse. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:811–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Lisby S, Baadsgaard O. Mechanisms of irritant contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P,eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:69–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Barratt MD. Quantitative structure–activity relationships for skin irritation and corrosivity of neutral and electrophilic organic chemicals. Toxicol Vitro 1996;10:247–56. Cross Ref link
  • 27  Nangia A, Andersen PH, Berner B, Maibach HI. High dissociation constants (pKa) of basic permeants are associated with in vivo skin irritation in man. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:237–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Aramaki J, Loffler C, Kawana S, et al. Irritant patch testing with sodium lauryl sulphate: interrelation between concentration and exposure time. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:704–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Grangsjo A, Leijon‐Kuligowski A, Torma H, et al. Different pathways in irritant contact eczema? Early differences in the epidermal elemental content and expression of cytokines after application of 2 different irritants. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:355–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Wood LC, Elias PM, Calhoun C, et al. Barrier disruption stimulates interleukin‐1 alpha expression and release from a preformed pool in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:397–403. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Elias PM, LaDonna C, Feingold KR. Epidermal pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1999;10:119–26. Pubmed link
  • 32  Willis CM, Reiche L, Wilkinson JD. Immunocytochemical demonstration of reduced Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase levels following topical application of dithranol and sodium lauryl sulphate: an indication of the role of oxidative stress in acute irritant dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol 1998;8:8–12. Pubmed link
  • 33  Prottey C, Oliver D, Coxon AC. Prediction and measurement of surfactant action upon human skin under realistic conditions. Int J Cosmet Sci 1984;6:263–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Fulmer AW, Kramer GJ. Stratum corneum lipid abnormalities in surfactant induced dry scaly skin. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:598–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Frosch P, Czarnetzki BM. Surfactants cause in vitro chemotaxis and chemokinesis of human neutrophils. J Invest Dermatol 1987;88:52s–5s. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Steele RH, Wilhelm DL. The inflammatory reaction in chemical injury, 3: leucocytosis and other histological changes induced by superficial injury. Br J Exp Pathol 1970;51:265–79. Pubmed link
  • 37  Sjogren F, Anderson C. The spectrum of inflammatory cell response to dimethyl sulfoxide. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:216–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Kondo S, Beissert S, Wang B, et al. Hyporesponsiveness in contact hypersensitivity and irritant contact dermatitis in CD4 gene targeted mouse. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:811–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Lantinga H, Nater JP, Coenraads PJ. Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema on the hand and forearm in a sample of the general population. Contact Dermatitis 1984;18:135–9. Cross Ref link
  • 40  Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D. Irritant reactivity in males and females. Contact Dermatitis 1987;17:276–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Foley P, Nixon R, Marks R, et al. The frequency of reactions to sunscreens: results of a longitudinal population based study on the regular use of sunscreen in Australia. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:512–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Valsecchi R, Imberti G, Martino D, et al. Eyelid dermatitis: an evaluation of 150 patients. Contact Dermatitis 1992;27:143–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Dooms Gossens A, Debusschere KM, Gevers DM, et al. Contact dermatitis caused by airborne agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:1–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Freeman S, Stephens R. Cheilitis: an analysis of 75 cases referred to a contact dermatitis clinic. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1999;10:198–200. Pubmed link
  • 45  Scardillo J, Aronovitch SA. Successfully managing incontinence‐related irritant dermatitis across the lifespan. Ostomy Wound Manage 1999;45:36–40. Pubmed link
  • 46  Akin F, Spraker M, Aly R, et al. Effects of breathable disposable diapers: reduced prevalence of Candida and common diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:282–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Concannon P, Gisoldi E, Phillips S, Grossman R. Diaper dermatitis – a therapeutic dilemma: results of a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial of miconazole nitrate 0.25%.Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:149–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Lyon CC, Smith AJ, Griffiths CE, Beck MH. Peristomal dermatoses: a novel indication for topical steroid lotions. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:679–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Lyon CC, Stapleton M, Smith AJ, et al. Topical sucralfate in the management of peristomal skin disease: an open study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:584–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Fluhr JW, Kuss O, Diepgen T, et al. Testing for irritation with a multifactorial approach: comparison of eight non‐invasive measuring techniques on five different irritation types. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:696–703. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Willis CM, Stephens CJM, Wilkinson JD. Assessment of erythema in irritant contact dermatitis: comparison between visual scoring and laser Doppler flowmetry. Contact Dermatitis 1988;18:138–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Babulak SW, Rhein LD, Scala DD, et al. Quantification of erythema in a soap chamber test using the Minolta Chroma (reflectance) meter: comparison of instrumental results with visual assessments. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1986;37:475–7.
  • 53  Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J. Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement: a report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:164–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Agner T, Serup J. Comparison of two electrical methods for measurement of skin hydration: an experimental study on irritant patch test reactions. Bioeng Skin 1988;4:263–9.
  • 55  Seidenari S, Di Nardo A. B scanning evaluation of irritant reactions with binary transformation and image analysis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1992;175:3–7. Pubmed link
  • 56  Saary J, Qureshi R, Palda V, et al. A systematic review of contact dermatitis treatment and prevention. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:845–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Berardinelli SP. Prevention of occupational skin disease through use of chemical protective gloves. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:115–19. Pubmed link
  • 58  Le TK, de Mon P, Schalkwijk J, van der Valk PG. Effect of a topical steroid, a retinoid, and a vitamin D3 derivative on sodium dodecyl sulphate induced skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 1997;37:19–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Levin C, Zhai H, Bashir S, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroids in acute experimental irritant contact dermatitis? Skin Res Technol 2001;7:214–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Ramsing DW, Agner T. Efficacy of topical corticosteroids on irritant skin reactions. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:293–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Yokota M, Maibach HI. Moisturizer effect on irritant dermatitis: an overview. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:65–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Elias PM, Feingold KR. Does the tail wag the dog? Role of the barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory dermatoses and therapeutic implications. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:1079–81. Pubmed link
  • 63  Nicholson PJ, Llewellyn D and English JS. Evidence‐based guidelines for the prevention, identification and management of occupational contact dermatitis and urticaria. Contact Dermatitis 2010;63:177–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Holness DL, Nethercott JR. Is a worker's understanding of their diagnosis an important determinant of outcome in occupational contact dermatitis? Contact Dermatitis 1991;25:296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Non‐immune contact urticaria

  • 65  Wakelin SH. Contact urticaria. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;26:132–6. Cross Ref link
  • 66  Lahti A, Basketter D. Immediate contact reactions. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn Berlin: Springer, 2006:83–96. Cross Ref link
  • 67  Basketter DA, Wilhelm KP. Studies on non‐immune immediate contact reactions in an unselected population. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:237–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Lahti A, Maibach HI. Immediate contact reactions: contact urticarial syndrome. Semin Dermatol 1987;6:313–20.
  • 69  Johansson J, Lahti A. Topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibit non‐immunologic immediate contact reactions. Contact Dermatitis 1988;19:161–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Larmi E, Lahti A, Hannuksela M. Ultraviolet light inhibits non‐immunologic contact reactions to benzoic acid. Arch Dermatol Res 1988;280:420–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Lahti A, Vaaneucu A, Kokkoneu EL, Hannuksela M. Effects of capsaicin and topical anesthesia on non‐immunologic immediate contact reactions to benzoic acid and methyl nicotinate. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms‐Goossens A, La Chapelle JM et al., eds. Current Topics in Contact Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer, 1989:441–7. Cross Ref link

Phototoxic contact dermatitis

  • 72  Cooper K, Marriott M, Peters L, Basketter DA. Stinging and irritating substances: their identification and assessment. In: Lóden M, Maibach HI, eds. Dry Skin and Moisturisers, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Taylor & Francis, 2005:501–14.
  • 73  Kligman AM, Wooding WM. A method for the measurement and evaluation of irritants on human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1967;49:78–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Basketter DA, Griffiths HA, Wang XM, et al. Individual, ethnic and seasonal variability in irritant susceptibility of skin: the implications for a predictive human patch test. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:208–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Subjective sensory irritation

  • 75  Farage M, Katsarou A, Maibach HI. Sensory, clinical and physiological factors in sensitive skin: a review. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:1–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Marriott M, Whittle E, Basketter DA. Facial variations in sensory responses. Contact Dermatitis 2003;49:227–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Simion FA, Rhein LD, Morrison BM, et al. Self‐perceived sensory responses to soap and synthetic detergent bars correlate with clinical signs of irritation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:205–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Misery L, Myon E, Martin N, et al. Sensitive skin: psychological effects and seasonal changes. J Eur Acad Dermatol 2007;21:620–8.
  • 79  Hatch KL, Maibach HI. Textile dermatitis: an update, 1: resins, additives and fibers. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:319–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Frosch PJ, John SM. Clinical aspects of irritant contact dermatitis. In: Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin J‐P, eds. Contact Dermatitis, 4th edn. Berlin: Springer, 2006:255–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Willis CM, Shaw S, De Lacharrière O, et al. Sensitive skin: an epidemiological study. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:258–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Zhai H, Hannon W, Hahn GS, et al. Strontium nitrate suppresses chemically‐induced sensory irritation in humans. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:98–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Chemical burns

  • 83  Hardwicke J, Hunter T, Staruch R, Moiemen N. Chemical burns. An historical comparison and review of the literature. Burns 2012;38:383–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Pruitt VM. Work‐related burns. Clin Occup Environ Med 2006;5:423–33. Pubmed link
  • 85  Kirkpatrick JJ, Enion DS, Burd DA. Hydrofluoric acid burns: a review. Burns 1995;21:483–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Spoo J, Elsner P. Cement burns: a review 1960–2000. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:68–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Horch R, Spilker G, Stark GB. Phenol burns and intoxications. Burns 1994;20:45–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Bruze M, Fregert S, Gruvberger B. Chemical skin burns. In: Kanerva L, Elsner P, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI, eds. Handbook of Occupational Dermatology. Berlin: Springer, 2000:325–32. Cross Ref link
  • 89  Pruitt VM. Work‐related burns. Clin Occup Environ Med 2006;5:423–33. Pubmed link
  • 90  Flamminger A, Maibach HI. Sulfuric acid burns (corrosion and acute irritation): evidence based overview to management. Cutan Ocular Toxicol 2006;25:55–61. Cross Ref link
  • 91  Matsuno K. The treatment of hydrofluoric acid burns. Occup Med 1996;46:313–17. Cross Ref link
  • 92  Matey P, Allison KP, Sheehan TMT, et al. Chromic acid burns: early aggressive excision is the best method to prevent systemic toxicity. J Burn Care Rehabil 2000;21:241–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Grubauer G, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Transepidermal water loss: the signal for recovery of barrier structure and function. J Lipid Res 1989;30:323–33. Pubmed link
  • 94  Chan TC, Williams SR, Clark RF. Formic acid skin burns resulting in systemic toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1995;26:383–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  McFadden JP, Basketter DA. Contact allergy, irritancy and danger. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:123–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link