Ontogeny of histiocytes

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  • 2  Ginhoux F, Tacke F, Angeli V, et al. Langerhans cells arise from monocytes in vivo. Nat Immunol. 2006 Mar;7(3):265–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Function of histiocytes

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Classification of histiocytoses

  • 5  Chu T, D'Angio GJ, Favara BE, Ladisch S, Nesbit M, Pritchard J. Histiocytosis syndromes in children. Lancet 1987;2(8549):41–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 6  Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M, et al. Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee on Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;29(3):157–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Egeler RM, Neglia JP, Arico M, et al. The relation of Langerhans cell histiocytosis to acute leukemia, lymphomas, and other solid tumors. The LCH‐Malignancy Study Group of the Histiocyte Society. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998;12(2):369–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 8  Weitzman S, Egeler RM. Histiocytic disorders of children and adults: introduction to the problem, overview, historical perspective and epidemiology. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:1–11. Cross Ref link

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

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  • 14  Chopin M, Nutt SL. Establishing and maintaining the Langerhans cell network. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014, (last accessed August 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.001
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  • 16  Merad M, Manz MG, Karsunky H, et al. Langerhans cells renew in the skin throughout life under steady‐state conditions. Nat Immunol 2002;3(12):1135–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Ginhoux F, Merad M. Ontogeny and homeostasis of Langerhans cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010;88(4):387–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  Hoeffel G, Wang Y, Greter M, et al. Adult Langerhans cells derive predominantly from embryonic fetal liver monocytes with a minor contribution of yolk sac‐derived macrophages. J Exp Med 2012;209(6):1167–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Jaffe R. The diagnostic histopathology of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:14–17.
  • 20  Ishii R, Morimoto A, Ikushima S, et al. High serum values of soluble CD154, IL‐2 receptor, RANKL and osteoprotegerin in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47(2):194–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Senechal B, Elain G, Jeziorski E, et al. Expansion of regulatory T cells in patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis. PLOS Med 2007;4(8):e253. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Coury F, Annels N, Rivollier A, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis reveals a new IL‐17A‐dependent pathway of dendritic cell fusion. Nat Med 2008;14(1):81–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Yu RC, Chu C, Buluwela L, Chu AC. Clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Lancet 1994;343(8900):767–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Chen W, Wang J, Wang E, et al. Detection of clonal lymphoid receptor gene rearrangements in langerhans cell histiocytosis. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34(7):1049–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Badalian‐Very G, Vergilio JA, Degar BA, et al. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2010;116(11):1919–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Badalian‐Very G, Vergilio JA, Fleming M, Rollins BJ. Pathogenesis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2013;8:1–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Donadieu J, Egeler RM, Pritchard J, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a clinical update. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:95–124.
  • 28  Holme SA, Mills CM. Adult primary cutaneous Langerhans' cell histiocytosis mimicking nodular prurigo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(3):250–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Chang SE, Koh GJ, Choi JH, et al. Widespread skin‐limited adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis: long‐term follow‐up with good response to interferon alpha. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(2):135–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Krafchik B, Pope E, Walsh S, et al. Histiocytosis of skin in children and adults. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:130–47.
  • 31  Lau L, Krafchik B, Trebo MM, Weitzman S. Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children under one year. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46(1):66–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Battistella M, Fraitag S, Teillac DH, Brousse N, de Prost Y, Bodemer C. Neonatal and early infantile cutaneous langerhans cell histiocytosis: comparison of self‐regressive and non‐self‐regressive forms. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(2):149–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Minkov M, Prosch H, Steiner M, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in neonates. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45(6):802–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Stein SL, Paller AS, Haut PR, Mancini AJ. Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting in the neonatal period: a retrospective case series. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(7):778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Gadner H, Minkov M, Grois N, et al. Therapy prolongation improves outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2013;121(25):5006–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Kolde G, Schulze P, Sterry W. Mixed response to thalidomide therapy in adults: two cases of multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82(5):384–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Haupt R, Minkov M, Astigarraga I, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work‐up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60(2):175–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Titgemeyer C, Grois N, Minkov M, Flucher‐Wolfram B, Gatterer‐Menz I, Gadner H. Pattern and course of single‐system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis data from the DAL‐HX 83‐ and 90‐study. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37(2):108–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Weitzman S, Egeler RM. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:153–70. Cross Ref link
  • 40  Gadner H, Ladisch S. The treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders of Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:227–49.
  • 41  Minkov M. Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children: current treatment and future directions. Paediatr Drugs 2011;13(2):75–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Gadner H, Grois N, Potschger U, et al. Improved outcome in multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis is associated with therapy intensification. Blood 2008;111(5):2556–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Gadner H, Grois N, Arico M, et al. A randomized trial of treatment for multisystem Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. J Pediatr 2001;138(5):728–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Moricke A, Reiter A, Zimmermann M, et al. Risk‐adjusted therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia can decrease treatment burden and improve survival: treatment results of 2169 unselected pediatric and adolescent patients enrolled in the trial ALL‐BFM 95. Blood 2008;111(9):4477–89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Morimoto A, Ikushima S, Kinugawa N, et al. Improved outcome in the treatment of pediatric multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis: results from the Japan Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Study Group‐96 protocol study. Cancer 2006;107(3):613–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Weitzman S, Braier J, Donadieu J, et al. 2'‐Chlorodeoxyadenosine (2‐CdA) as salvage therapy for Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Results of the LCH‐S‐98 protocol of the Histiocyte Society. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53(7):1271–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Steiner M, Matthes‐Martin S, Attarbaschi A, et al. Improved outcome of treatment‐resistant high‐risk Langerhans cell histiocytosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with reduced‐intensity conditioning. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;36(3):215–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Haroche J, Cohen‐Aubart F, Emile JF, et al. Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim–Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood 2013;121(9):1495–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Taverna JA, Stefanato CM, Wax FD, Demierre MF. Adult cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis responsive to topical imiquimod. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(5):911–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Singh A, Prieto VG, Czelusta A, McClain KL, Duvic M. Adult Langerhans cell histiocytosis limited to the skin. Dermatology 2003;207(2):157–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Vogel CA, Aughenbaugh W, Sharata H. Excimer laser as adjuvant therapy for adult cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Arch Dermatol 2008;144(10):1287–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Moravvej H, Yousefi M, Barikbin B. An unusual case of adult disseminated cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Dermatol Online J 2006;12(6):13. Pubmed link
  • 53  McClain K. Histiocyte Society 29th annual meeting abstracts, Washington, DC, USA. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;63, doi: 10.1002/pbc.25097.
  • 54  Girschikofsky M, Arico M, Castillo D, et al. Management of adult patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of Euro‐Histio‐Net. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013;8:72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Steen AE, Steen KH, Bauer R, Bieber T. Successful treatment of cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis with low‐dose methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(1):137–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Broekaert SM, Metzler G, Burgdorf W, Rocken M, Schaller M. Multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis: successful treatment with thalidomide. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007;8(5):311–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Montero AJ, Diaz‐Montero CM, Malpica A, Ramirez PT, Kavanagh JJ. Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the female genital tract: a literature review. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003;13(3):381–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

  • 58  Favara BE, Feller AC, Pauli M, et al. Contemporary classification of histiocytic disorders. The WHO Committee on Histiocytic/Reticulum Cell Proliferations. Reclassification Working Group of the Histiocyte Society. Med Pediatr Oncol 1997;29(3):157–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Henter JI, Elinder G, Soder O, Ost A. Incidence in Sweden and clinical features of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991;80(4):428–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Henter JI, Samuelsson‐Horne A, Arico M, et al. Treatment of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with HLH‐94 immunochemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Blood 2002;100(7):2367–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Henter JI, Arico M, Elinder G, Imashuku S, Janka G. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998;12(2):417–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Janka G, Imashuku S, Elinder G, Schneider M, Henter JI. Infection‐ and malignancy‐associated hemophagocytic syndromes. Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998;12(2):435–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Takahashi N, Chubachi A, Kume M, et al. A clinical analysis of 52 adult patients with hemophagocytic syndrome: the prognostic significance of the underlying diseases. Int J Hematol 2001;74(2):209–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Jaffe R. The histopathology of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders in Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:321–33.
  • 65  Sullivan KE, Delaat CA, Douglas SD, Filipovich AH. Defective natural killer cell function in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and in first degree relatives. Pediatr Res 1998;44(4):465–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Kogawa K, Lee SM, Villanueva J, Marmer D, Sumegi J, Filipovich AH. Perforin expression in cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and their family members. Blood 2002;99(1):61–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Gupta S, Weitzman S. Primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical features, pathogenesis and therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010;6(1):137–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Ishii E, Ueda I, Shirakawa R, et al. Genetic subtypes of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: correlations with clinical features and cytotoxic T lymphocyte/natural killer cell functions. Blood 2005;105(9):3442–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Stepp SE, Dufourcq‐Lagelouse R, Le Deist F, et al. Perforin gene defects in familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Science 1999;286(5446):1957–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Feldmann J, Callebaut I, Raposo G, et al. Munc13‐4 is essential for cytolytic granules fusion and is mutated in a form of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL3). Cell 2003;115(4):461–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Wood SM, Ljunggren HG, Bryceson YT. Insights into NK cell biology from human genetics and disease associations. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011;68(21):3479–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Janka G, Henter J‐I, Imashuku S, et al. Clinical aspects and therapy of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders in Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:353–73.
  • 73  Ambruso DR, Hays T, Zwartjes WJ, Tubergen DG, Favara BE. Successful treatment of lymphohistiocytic reticulosis with phagocytosis with epipodophyllotoxin VP 16‐213. Cancer 1980;45(10):2516–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Stephan JL, Donadieu J, Ledeist F, Blanche S, Griscelli C, Fischer A. Treatment of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with antithymocyte globulins, steroids, and cyclosporin A. Blood 1993;82(8):2319–23. Pubmed link
  • 75  Mahlaoui N, Ouachee‐Chardin M, de Saint Basile G, et al. Immunotherapy of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with antithymocyte globulins: a single‐center retrospective report of 38 patients. Pediatrics 2007;120(3):e622–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Marsh RA, Allen CE, McClain KL, et al. Salvage therapy of refractory hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with alemtuzumab. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60(1):101–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Khandelwal P, Lawrence J, Filipovich AH, et al. The successful use of alemtuzumab for treatment of steroid‐refractory acute graft‐versus‐host disease in pediatric patients. Pediatr Transplant 2014;18(1):94–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Weitzman S. Approach to Hemophagocytic Syndromes. Washington, DC: American Society of Hematology Education Program, 2011,178–83.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma

  • 79  Dehner LP. Juvenile xanthogranulomas in the first two decades of life: a clinicopathologic study of 174 cases with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27(5):579–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Janssen D, Harms D. Juvenile xanthogranuloma in childhood and adolescence: a clinicopathologic study of 129 patients from the Kiel Pediatric Tumor Registry. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29(1):21–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Isaacs H, Jr. Fetal and neonatal histiocytoses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;47(2):123–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Zelger BW, Cerio R. Xanthogranuloma is the archetype of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(2):369–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 83  Weitzman S, Jaffe R. Uncommon histiocytic disorders: the non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45(3):256–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Newman B, Hu W, Nigro K, Gilliam AC. Aggressive histiocytic disorders that can involve the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):302–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Chu AC. The confusing state of the histiocytoses. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(3):475–6. Pubmed link
  • 86  Badalian‐Very G, Vergilio JA, Degar BA, et al. Recurrent BRAF mutations in Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Blood 2010;116(11):1919–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Emile JF, Charlotte F, Amoura Z, Haroche J. BRAF mutations in Erdheim–Chester disease. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(3):398. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Haroche J, Charlotte F, Arnaud L, et al. High prevalence of BRAF V600E mutations in Erdheim–Chester disease but not in other non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Blood 2012;120(13):2700–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 89  Hoeger PH, Diaz C, Malone M, Pritchard J, Harper JI. Juvenile xanthogranuloma as a sequel to Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a report of three cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26(5):391–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Tran DT, Wolgamot GM, Olerud J, Hurst S, Argenyi Z. An ‘eruptive’ variant of juvenile xanthogranuloma associated with langerhans cell histiocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(Suppl. 1):50–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Bains A, Parham DM. Langerhans cell histiocytosis preceding the development of juvenile xanthogranuloma: a case and review of recent developments. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011;14(6):480–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  Chang MW. Update on juvenile xanthogranuloma: unusual cutaneous and systemic variants. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1999;18(3):195–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Chang MW, Frieden IJ, Good W. The risk intraocular juvenile xanthogranuloma: survey of current practices and assessment of risk. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(3):445–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Krafchik B, Pope E, Walsh S, et al. Histiocytosis of the skin in children and adults In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders in Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:130–47.
  • 95  Freyer DR, Kennedy R, Bostrom BC, Kohut G, Dehner LP. Juvenile xanthogranuloma: forms of systemic disease and their clinical implications. J Pediatr 1996;129(2):227–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Orsey A, Paessler M, Lange BJ, Nichols KE. Central nervous system juvenile xanthogranuloma with malignant transformation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50(4):927–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Hu WK, Gilliam AC, Wiersma SR, Dahms BB. Fatal congenital systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma with liver failure. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2004;7(1):71–6. Pubmed link
  • 98  Weitzman S, Whitlock J. Uncommon histiocytic disorder: the non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. In: Weitzman S, Egeler RM, eds. Histiocytic Disorders in Children and Adults. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:153–170. Cross Ref link
  • 99  Stover DG, Alapati S, Regueira O, Turner C, Whitlock JA. Treatment of juvenile xanthogranuloma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;51(1):130–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Nakatani T, Morimoto A, Kato R, et al. Successful treatment of congenital systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma with Langerhans cell histiocytosis‐based chemotherapy. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2004;26(6):371–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Rajendra B, Duncan A, Parslew R, Pizer BL. Successful treatment of central nervous system juvenile xanthogranulomatosis with cladribine. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52(3):413–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  Bailey KM, Castle VP, Hummel JM, Piert M, Moyer J, McAllister‐Lucas LM. Thalidomide therapy for aggressive histiocytic lesions in the pediatric population. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012;34(6):480–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Simko SJ, Tran HD, Jones J, et al. Clofarabine salvage therapy in refractory multifocal histiocytic disorders, including Langerhans cell histiocytosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma and Rosai–Dorfman disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61(3):479–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Benign cephalic histiocytosis

  • 104  Zelger BW, Cerio R. Xanthogranuloma is the archetype of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(2):369–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Sidwell RU, Francis N, Slater DN, Mayou SC. Is disseminated juvenile xanthogranulomatosis benign cephalic histiocytosis? Pediatr Dermatol 2005;22(1):40–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Jih DM, Salcedo SL, Jaworsky C. Benign cephalic histiocytosis: a case report and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47(6):908–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Generalized eruptive histiocytosis

  • 107  Jang KA, Ahn SJ, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Histiocytic disorders with spontaneous regression in infancy. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17(5):364–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Wee SH, Kim HS, Chang SN, Kim DK, Park WH. Generalized eruptive histiocytoma: a pediatric case. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17(6):453–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Misery L, Kanitakis J, Hermier C, Cambazard F. Generalized eruptive histiocytoma in an infant with healing in summer: long‐term follow‐up. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(2):435–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Lan Ma H, Metze D, Luger TA, Steinhoff M. Successful treatment of generalized eruptive histiocytoma with PUVA. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5(2):131–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Deng YJ, Hao F, Zhou CL, et al. Generalized eruptive histiocytosis: a possible therapeutic cure? Br J Dermatol 2004;150(1):171–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Papular xanthoma

  • 112  Caputo R, Gianni E, Imondi D, Carminati G, Gianotti R. Papular xanthoma in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22(6 Pt 1):1052–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Fonseca E, Contreras F, Cuevas J. Papular xanthoma in children: report and immunohistochemical study. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10(2):139–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Chen CG, Chen CL, Liu HN. Primary papular xanthoma of children: a clinicopathologic, immunohistopathologic and ultrastructural study. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19(6):596–601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 115  Breier F, Zelger B, Reiter H, Gschnait F, Zelger BW. Papular xanthoma: a clinicopathological study of 10 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2002;29(4):200–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Progressive nodular histiocytosis

  • 116  Zelger BW, Cerio R. Xanthogranuloma is the archetype of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(2):369–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Beswick SJ, Kirk JM, Bradshaw K, Sanders DS, Moss C. Progressive nodular histiocytosis in a child with a hypothalamic tumor. Br J Dermatol 2002;146(1):138–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Kunimoto K, Uede K, Furukawa F. Progressive nodular histiocytosis. J Dermatol 2010;37(12):1071–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 119  Zelger BW, Staudacher C, Orchard G, Wilson‐Jones E, Burgdorf WH. Solitary and generalized variants of spindle cell xanthogranuloma (progressive nodular histiocytosis). Histopathology 1995;27(1):11–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 120  Luftl M, Seybold H, Simon M, Jr, Burgdorf W. [Progressive nodular histiocytosis – rare variant of cutaneous non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis.] J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2006;4(3):236–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Nofal A, Assaf M, Tawfik A, et al. Progressive nodular histiocytosis: a case report and literature review. Int J Dermatol 2011;50(12):1546–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Chu AC. The confusing state of the histiocytoses. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(3):475–6. Pubmed link

Xanthoma disseminatum

  • 123  Calverly DC, Wismer J, Rosenthal D, deSa D, Barr RD. Xanthoma disseminatum in an infant with skeletal and marrow involvement. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1995;17(1):61–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 126  Weitzman S, Jaffe R. Uncommon histiocytic disorders: the non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;45(3):256–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 129  Chepuri NB, Challa VR. Xanthoma disseminatum: a rare intracranial mass. Am J Neuroradiol 2003;24(1):105–8. Pubmed link
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  • 132  Seaton ED, Pillai GJ, Chu AC. Treatment of xanthoma disseminatum with cyclophosphamide. Br J Dermatol 2004;150(2):346–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 134  Lee EH, Kang TW, Kim SC. Successful treatment of xanthoma disseminatum with simvastatin. J Dermatol 2011;38(10):1015–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Diffuse plane xanthomatosis

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  • 139  Bragg J. Diffuse plane xanthomata. Dermatol Online J 2005;11(4):4. Pubmed link
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Erdheim–Chester disease

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  • 144  Emile JF, Charlotte F, Amoura Z, Haroche J. BRAF mutations in Erdheim–Chester disease. J Clin Oncol 2013;31(3):398. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 148  Haroche J, Amoura Z, Dion E, et al. Cardiovascular involvement, an overlooked feature of Erdheim–Chester disease: report of 6 new cases and a literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2004;83(6):371–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 151  Devouassoux G, Lantuejoul S, Chatelain P, Brambilla E, Brambilla C. Erdheim–Chester disease: a primary macrophage cell disorder. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157(2):650–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 152  Gupta A, Kelly B, McGuigan JE. Erdheim–Chester disease with prominent pericardial involvement: clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings. Am J Med Sci 2002;324(2):96–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 154  Haroche J, Amoura Z, Trad SG, et al. Variability in the efficacy of interferon‐alpha in Erdheim–Chester disease by patient and site of involvement: results in eight patients. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(10):3330–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 155  Haroche J, Amoura Z, Charlotte F, et al. Imatinib mesylate for platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐beta‐positive Erdheim–Chester histiocytosis. Blood 2008;111(11):5413–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 156  Janku F, Amin HM, Yang D, Garrido‐Laguna I, Trent JC, Kurzrock R. Response of histiocytoses to imatinib mesylate: fire to ashes. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(31):e633–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 157  Haroche J, Cohen‐Aubart F, Emile JF, et al. Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim–Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood 2013;121(9):1495–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Reticulohistiocytoma

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  • 159  Zelger B, Cerio R, Soyer HP, Misch K, Orchard G, Wilson‐Jones E. Reticulohistiocytoma and multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Histopathologic and immunophenotypic distinct entities. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16(6):577–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Familial sea‐blue histiocytosis

  • 160  Newman B, Hu W, Nigro K, Gilliam AC. Aggressive histiocytic disorders that can involve the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):302–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 161  Bigorgne C, Le Tourneau A, Vahedi K, et al. Sea‐blue histiocyte syndrome in bone marrow secondary to total parenteral nutrition. Leuk Lymphoma 1998;28(5–6):523–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis

  • 162  Antoni‐Bach N, Pfister R, Grosshans E, et al. [Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2000;127(4):400–4. Pubmed link
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  • 164  Wong D, Killingsworth M, Crosland G, Kossard S. Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis. Br J Dermatol 1999;141(6):1101–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 165  Young A, Olivere J, Yoo S, Martins C, Barrett T. Two sporadic cases of adult‐onset progressive mucinous histiocytosis. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33(2):166–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Malakoplakia

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  • 169  Yousef GM, Naghibi B, Hamodat MM. Malakoplakia outside the urinary tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131(2):297–300. Pubmed link
  • 170  Kohl SK, Hans CP. Cutaneous malakoplakia. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132(1):113–17. Pubmed link
  • 171  Afonso JP, Ando PN, Padilha MH, Michalany NS, Porro AM. Cutaneous malakoplakia: case report and review. An Bras Dermatol 2013;88(3):432–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 172  Van der Voort HJ, ten Velden JA, Wassenaar RP, Silberbusch J. Malacoplakia. Two case reports and a comparison of treatment modalities based on a literature review. Arch Intern Med 1996;156(5):577–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma

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  • 174  Hallermann C, Tittelbach J, Norgauer J, Ziemer M. Successful treatment of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with intravenous immunoglobulin. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(9):957–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 175  Balagula Y, Straus DJ, Pulitzer MP, Lacouture ME. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with immunoglobulin M paraproteinemia in a patient with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(11):e305–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 176  Zelger B, Eisendle K, Mensing C. Detection of spirochetal micro‐organisms by focus‐floating microscopy in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57(6):1026–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 177  Inthasotti S, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Manonukul J. A 7‐year history of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma following asymptomatic multiple myeloma: a case report. Dermatol Res Pract 2011;2011:1–5. Cross Ref link
  • 178  Szalat R, Arnulf B, Karlin L, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of xanthomatosis associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Blood 2011;118(14):3777–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 179  Spicknall KE, Mehregan DA. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. Int J Dermatol 2009;48(1):1–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 180  Wood AJ, Wagner MV, Abbott JJ, Gibson LE. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: a review of 17 cases with emphasis on clinical and pathologic correlation. Arch Dermatol 2009;145(3):279–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 181  Efebera Y, Blanchard E, Allam C, Han A, Lee S, Munshi N. Complete response to thalidomide and dexamethasone in a patient with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with monoclonal gammopathy: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2011;11(3):298–302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 182  Kossard S, Winkelmann RK. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3(3):257–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 183  Shah KC, Poonnoose SI, George R, Jacob M, Rajshekhar V. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with cutaneous and cerebral manifestations. Case report and review of the literature. J Neurosurg 2004;100(6):1111–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 184  Stork J, Kodetova D, Vosmik F, Krejca M. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma presenting as a solitary tumor. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22(5):453–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 185  Ryan E, Warren LJ, Szabo F. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma: response to chlorambucil. Australas J Dermatol 2012;53(2):e23–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 186  Vieira V, Del Pozo, Martínez W, et al. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Palliative treatment with carbon dioxide laser. Eur J Dermatol 2005;15(3):182–5. Pubmed link

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

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  • 188  Trotta F, Colina M. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and fibroblastic rheumatism. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26(4):543–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 189  Outland JD, Keiran SJ, Schikler KN, Callen JP. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a 14‐year‐old girl. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(6):527–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 191  Havill S, Duffill M, Rademaker M. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a child. Australas J Dermatol 1999;40(1):44–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 193  Fortier‐Beaulieu M, Thomine E, Boullie MC, Le Loet X, Lauret P, Hemet J. New electron microscopic findings in a case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Long spacing collagen inclusions. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15(6):587–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 194  Luz FB, Gaspar AP, Ramos‐e‐Silva M, et al. Immunohistochemical profile of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Skinmed 2005;4(2):71–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 195  Gomez‐Mateo Mdel C, Monteagudo C. Nonepithelial skin tumors with multinucleated giant cells. Semin Diagn Pathol 2013;30(1):58–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 196  Campbell DA, Edwards NL. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: systemic macrophage disorder. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1991;5(2):301–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 197  Kishikawa T, Miyashita T, Fujiwara E, et al. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis associated with ovarian cancer. Mod Rheumatol 2007;17(5):422–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 198  Malik MK, Regan L, Robinson‐Bostom L, Pan TD, McDonald CJ. Proliferating multicentric reticulohistiocytosis associated with papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(6):1075–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 199  Snow JL, Muller SA. Malignancy‐associated multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a clinical, histological and immunophenotypic study. Br J Dermatol 1995;133(1):71–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 200  Yee KC, Bowker CM, Tan CY, Palmer RG. Cardiac and systemic complications in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(6):555–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 201  Lovelace K, Loyd A, Adelson D, Crowson N, Taylor JR, Cornelison R. Etanercept and the treatment of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Arch Dermatol 2005;141(9):1167–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 202  Luz FB, Gaspar TAP, Kalil‐Gaspar N, Ramos‐e‐Silva M. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(6):524–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 203  Liang GC, Granston AS. Complete remission of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with combination therapy of steroid, cyclophosphamide, and low‐dose pulse methotrexate. Case report, review of the literature, and proposal for treatment. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39(1):171–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 204  Lonsdale‐Eccles AA, Haworth AE, McCrae FC, Young‐Min SA. Successful treatment of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with leflunomide. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(2):470–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 206  Satoh M, Oyama N, Yamada H, Nakamura K, Kaneko F. Treatment trial of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with a combination of predonisolone, methotrexate and alendronate. J Dermatol 2008;35(3):168–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 207  Mavragani CP, Batziou K, Aroni K, Pikazis D, Manoussakis MN. Alleviation of polyarticular syndrome in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with intravenous zoledronate. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64(10):1521–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 208  Codriansky K, Rünger TM, Bhawan J, et al. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis: a systemic osteoclastic disease? Arthritis Rheum 2008;59 (3):444–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy

  • 209  Juskevicius R, Finley JL. Rosai–Dorfman disease of the parotid gland: cytologic and histopathologic findings with immunohistochemical correlation. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125(10):1348–50. Pubmed link
  • 210  Deodhare SS, Ang LC, Bilbao JM. Isolated intracranial involvement in Rosai–Dorfman disease: a report of two cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122(2):161–5. Pubmed link
  • 211  Lauwers GY, Perez‐Atayde A, Dorfman RF, Rosai J. The digestive system manifestations of Rosai–Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy): review of 11 cases. Hum Pathol 2000;31(3):380–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 212  Grabczynska SA, Toh CT, Francis N, Costello C, Bunker CB. Rosai–Dorfman disease complicated by autoimmune haemolytic anaemia: case report and review of a multisystem disease with cutaneous infiltrates. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(2):323–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 213  Foss HD, Herbst H, Araujo I, et al. Monokine expression in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease). J Pathol 1996;179(1):60–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 214  Newman B, Hu W, Nigro K, Gilliam AC. Aggressive histiocytic disorders that can involve the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):302–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 215  Foucar E, Rosai J, Dorfman R. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease): review of the entity. Semin Diagn Pathol 1990;7(1):19–73. Pubmed link
  • 216  Perez A, Rodriguez M, Febrer I, Aliaga A. Sinus histiocytosis confined to the skin. Case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17(4):384–8. Pubmed link
  • 217  Andriko JA, Morrison A, Colegial CH, Davis BJ, Jones RV. Rosai–Dorfman disease isolated to the central nervous system: a report of 11 cases. Mod Pathol 2001;14(3):172–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 218  Goodnight JW, Wang MB, Sercarz JA, Fu YS. Extranodal Rosai–Dorfman disease of the head and neck. Laryngoscope 1996;106(3 Pt 1):253–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 219  Pulsoni A, Anghel G, Falcucci P, et al. Treatment of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease): report of a case and literature review. Am J Hematol 2002;69(1):67–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 220  Lohr HF, Godderz W, Wolfe T, et al. Long‐term survival in a patient with Rosai–Dorfman disease treated with interferon‐alpha. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A(13–14):2427–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 222  Baildam EM, Ewing CI, D'Souza SW, Stevens RF. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai–Dorfman disease): response to acyclovir. J R Soc Med 1992;85(3):179–80. Pubmed link

Malignant histiocytosis

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  • 225  Ornvold K, Nielsen MH, Clausen N. Malignant histiocytosis in childhood. Clinicopathological study of 4 cases. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A 1986;94(4):291–6. Pubmed link
  • 226  Warnke RA, Kim H, Dorfman RF. Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis). I. Clinicopatholigic study of 29 cases. Cancer 1975;35(1):215–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 227  Amsel S, Bijlsma F. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. Clinical and pathological studies in Uganda. Trop Geogr Med 1974;26(1):31–8. Pubmed link
  • 228  Molyneux ME, Tozer RA, Hutt MS. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis in Africa. Lancet 1978;2(8101):1202–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 229  Jain S, Kanarek N, Arceci RJ. Analysis of histiocytosis deaths in the US and recommendations for incidence tracking. J Registry Manag 2010;37(4):156–62. Pubmed link
  • 230  Carbone A, Micheau C, Caillaud JM, Carlu C. A cytochemical and immunohistochemical approach to malignant histiocytosis. Cancer 1981;47(12):2862–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 231  Van Heerde P, Feltkamp CA, Hart AA, Somers R, van Unnik JA, Vroom TM. Malignant histiocytosis and related tumors. A clinicopathologic study of 42 cases using cytological, histochemical and ultrastructural parameters. Hematol Oncol 1984;2(1):13–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 232  Nemes Z, Thomazy V. Diagnostic significance of histiocyte‐related markers in malignant histiocytosis and true histiocytic lymphoma. Cancer 1988;62(9):1970–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 233  Kamesaki H, Koya M, Miwa H, et al. Malignant histiocytosis with rearrangement of the heavy chain gene and evidence of monocyte–macrophage lineage. Cancer 1988;62(7):1306–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 234  Morgan R, Smith SD, Hecht BK, et al. Lack of involvement of the c‐fms and N‐myc genes by chromosomal translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35) common to malignancies with features of so‐called malignant histiocytosis. Blood 1989;73(8):2155–64. Pubmed link
  • 235  Newman B, Hu W, Nigro K, Gilliam AC. Aggressive histiocytic disorders that can involve the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):302–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 236  Ducatman BS, Wick MR, Morgan TW, Banks PM, Pierre RV. Malignant histiocytosis: a clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Hum Pathol 1984;15(4):368–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 237  Bucsky P, Egeler RM. Malignant histiocytic disorders in children. Clinical and therapeutic approaches with a nosologic discussion. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1998;12(2):465–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 238  Brugieres L, Caillaud JM, Patte C, et al. Malignant histiocytosis: therapeutic results in 27 children treated with a single polychemotherapy regimen. Med Pediatr Oncol 1989;17(3):193–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

True histiocytic lymphoma

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  • 241  Soria C, Orradre JL, Garcia‐Almagro D, Martinez B, Algara P, Piris MA. True histiocytic lymphoma (monocytic sarcoma). Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14(6):511–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 244  Esteve J, Rozman M, Campo E, Munoz F, Urbano‐Ispizua A, Rozman C. Leukemia after true histiocytic lymphoma: another type of acute monocytic leukemia with histiocytic differentiation (AML‐M5c)? Leukemia 1995;9(8):1389–91. Pubmed link

Histiocytic sarcoma

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