Introduction

  • 1   Stansfield AG , Diebold J , Kapanci Y , et al. Updated Kiel classification for lymphomas. Lancet 1988;1:2923.Cross Ref link
  • 2   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3   Edelson RL . Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: the Sézary syndrome, mycosis fungoides and other variants. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;2:89106.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4   Willemze R , Kerl H , Sterry W , et al. EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer. Blood 1997;90:35471.Pubmed link
  • 5   Jaffe E , Ralfkiaer E . Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. In: Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al., eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edn. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008.

Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas

    Introduction and general description

    • 6   Picker LJ , Michie SA , Rott LS , Butcher EC . A unique type of skin‐associated lymphocytes in humans: preferential expression of the HECA452 epitope by benign and malignant T cells at cutaneous sites. Am J Pathol 1990;136:105368.Pubmed link
    • 7   Pals S , Gorter D , Spaargaren M . Lymphoma dissemination: the other face of lymphocyte homing. Blood 2007;110:310211.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 8   Campbell J , Clark R , Watnabe R , Kupper T . Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides arise from distinct T‐cell subsets: a biologic rational for their distinct clinical behaviours. Blood 2010;116:76771.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9   Whittaker S. T‐cell receptor gene analysis in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:817.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10   Olsen E , Vonderheid E , Pimpinelli N , et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:171322.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 11   Kim Y , Willemze R , Pimpinelli N , et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:47984.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12   Whittaker S . Biological insights into the pathogenesis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL). Semin Oncol 2006;33:S36.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 13   Duvic M , Martin A , Kim Y , et al. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:58193.***Pubmed link
    • 14   Duvic M , Hymes K , Heald P , et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for treatment of refractory advanced‐stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: multinational phase II–III trial results. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:245671.***Pubmed link
    • 15   Olsen E , Duvic M , Frankel A , et al. Pivotal phase III trial of two dose levels of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:37688.Pubmed link
    • 16   Olsen E , Kim Y , Kuzel T , et al. Phase IIB multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive or treatment refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:19.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 17   Whittaker S , Demierre M‐F , Kim E , et al. Final results from a multicentre, international pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:448591.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 18   Whittaker S , Foss F . Efficacy and tolerability of currently available therapiesfor the mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome variants of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma variants. Cancer Treat Rev 2007;33:14660.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 19   Olsen E , Whittaker S , Kim Y , et al. International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas; United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium; Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(18):2598607.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Mycosis fungoides

      Definition

      • 20   Criscione V , Weinstock M . Incidence of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973–2002. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:8549.Pubmed link

      Pathophysiology

        Predisposing factors
        • 21   Pancake B , Zucker‐Franklin D , Coutavas E . The cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, is a human T cell lymphotropic virus‐associated disease. J Clin Invest 1995;95:547.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 22   Whittaker S , Luzatto L . HTLV‐1 and mycosis fungoides. Science 1993;259:14701.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 23   Lisby G , Reitz MR , Vejlsgaard GL . No detection of HTLV‐1 DNA in punch biopsies from patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma by the polymerase chain reaction. J Invest Dermatol 1992;98:41720.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 24   Boni R , Daneschfar A , Burg G , et al. No detection of HTLV‐1 proviral DNA in lesional skin biopsies from Swiss and German patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:282.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 25   Li G , Vowels B , Benoit B , et al. Failure to detect human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) proviral DNA in cell lines and tissues from patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 1996;107:30813.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 26   Tan RSH , Butterworth CM , McLaughlin H , et al. Mycosis fungoides: a disease of antigen persistence. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:60716.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 27   Cohen SR , Stenn KS , Bravermann IS , et al. Mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological relationships, survival and therapy in 59 patients with observations on occupation as a new prognostic factor. Cancer 1980;46:26546.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 28   Morales M , Varela R , Olsen J , et al. Occupational risk factors for mycosis fungoides: a European multicentre case–control study. J Occup Environ Med 2004;46:20511.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 29   Morales M , Varela R , Olsen J , et al. Occupational sun exposure and mycosis fungoides: a European mulitcentre case–control study. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:3903.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 30   Van Leeuwen M , Turner J , Falster M , et al. Latitude gradients for lymphoid neoplasm subtypes in Australia support an association with ultraviolet radiation exposure. Int J Cancer 2013;133(4):94451.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 31   Tuyp E , Burgoyne A , Mackie RM . A case–control study of possible causative factors in mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:196200.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 32   Fletcher C , Orchard G , Hubbard V , et al. CD30+ cutaneous lymphoma in association with atopic eczema. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:44954.Pubmed link
        • 33   Morales M , Olsen J , Johansen P , et al. Viral infection, atopy and mycosis fungoides: a European multicentre case–control study. Eur J Cancer 2003;39:51116.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 34   Whitmore AS , Holly EA , Lee IM , et al. Mycosis fungoides in relation to environmental exposure and immune response. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:15607.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 35   Huang K , Weinstock M , Clarke C , et al. Second lymphomas and other malignant neoplasms in patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:4550.Pubmed link
        • 36   Scarisbrick J , Child F , Evans A , et al. Secondary malignant neoplasms in 71 patients with Sézary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:13815.Pubmed link
        • 37   Vakeva L , Pukkala E , Ranki A . Increased risk of secondary cancers in patients with primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:625.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 38   Evans A , Scarisbrick J , Child F , et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in association with mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:7015.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 39   Deepak P , Sifuentes H , Sherid M , et al. T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas reported to the FDA AERS with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitors: results of the REFURBISH study. Am J Gastroeneterol 2013;108:99105. Cross Ref link
        Pathology
        • 40   Nickoloff B . Light microscopic assessment of 100 patients with patch/plaque stage mycosis fungoides. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:46977.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 41   Shapiro PE , Pinto FJ . The histologic spectrum of mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:64567.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 42   Smoller B , Bishop K , Glusac E , Warnke R . Reassessment of histologic parameters in the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:1423.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 43   Scarabello A , Leinweber B , Ardigo M , et al. Cutaneous lymphomas with prominent granulomatous reaction. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:125968.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 44   Kempf W , Ostheeren‐Michaelis S , Paulli M , et al. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides and granulomatous slack skin. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:160917.Pubmed link
        • 45   Li J , Pulitzer M , Myskowski P , et al. A case control study of of clinicopathologic features, prognosis and therapeutic responses in patients with granulomatous mycosis fungoides. J Am Assoc Dermatol 2013;69:36674.Cross Ref link
        • 46   Vergier B , Muret A , Beylot‐Barry M , et al. Transformation of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological and prognostic features. Blood 2000;95:221218.Pubmed link
        • 47   Agar N , Wedeworth E , Crichton S , et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal.. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:47309.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 48   Arulogan S , Prince M , Ng J , et al. Long term outcomes of patients with advanced stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and large cell transformation. Blood 2008;112:30827.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 49   Ralfkiaer E . Immunohistological markers for the diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1991;8:6272.Pubmed link
        • 50   Kallinch T , Muche M , Qin S , et al. Chemokine receptor expression in neoplastic and reactive T cells in the skin at different stages of of mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:104552.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 51   Capriotti E , Vonderheid E , Thoburn C , et al. Chemokine receptor expression by leukemic T‐cells of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: clinical and histopathological correlations. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:288292.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 52   Dummer R , Kamarashev J , Kempf W , et al. Junctional CD8 cutaneous lymphomas with non‐aggressive clinical behaviour. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:199203.Pubmed link
        • 53   Wain M , Orchard G , Whittaker S , et al. Outcome in 34 patients with juvenile‐onset mycosis fungoides. Cancer 2003;98:228290.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 54   Hoppe R , Medeiros L , Warnke R , et al. CD8‐positive tumour infiltrating lymphocytes influence the long‐term survival of patients with mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:44853.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 55   Vermeer M , Van Doorn R , Dukers D , et al. CD8 T cells in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: expression of cytotoxic proteins, fas ligand and killing inhibitory receptors and their relationship with clinical behaviour. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:43229.Pubmed link
        • 56   Vermeer M , Geelen F , Kummer J , et al. Expression of cytotoxic proteins by neoplastic T‐cells in mycosis fungoides increases with progression from plaque to tumor stage disease. Am J Pathol 1999;154:120310.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 57   Edinger J , Clark B , Pucevich B , et al. CD30 expression and proliferative fraction in non‐transformed mycosis fungoides. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:18608.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 58   Meyerson HJ , Awadallah A , Pavlidakey P , Cooper K , Honda K , Miedler J . Follicular center helper T‐cell (TFH) marker positive mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Mod Pathol 2013;26(1):3243.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 59   Klemke C , Fritzsching B , Franz B , et al. Paucity of FOXP3+ cells in skin and peripheral blood distinguishes Sezary syndrome from other cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2006;20:11239.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 60   Gjerdrum L , Woetmann A , Odum N , et al. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: association with disease stage and survival. Leukemia 2007;21:251218.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 61   Wong H , Wilson A , Gibson H , et al. Increased expression of CTLA‐4 in malignant T cells from patients with mycosis fungoides–cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:21219.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 62   Berger C , Tigelaar R , Cohen J , et al. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: malignant proliferation of T‐regulatory cells. Blood 2005;105:16407.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 63   Tiemessen M , Mitchell T , Hendry L , et al. Lack of suppressive CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T cells in advanced stages of primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:221723.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 64   Bagot M , Wechsler J , Lescs M , et al. Intra‐epidermal localization of the clone in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:2357.Cross Ref link
        • 65   Pimipinelli N , Olsen E , Santucci M , et al. Defining early mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:105363.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 66   Guitart J , Kennedy J , Ronan S , et al. Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of mycosis fungoides: proposal for a grading system to standardise pathology reporting. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:17483.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 67   Sausville E , Worsham G , Matthews M , et al. Histologic assessment of lymph nodes in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma). Hum Pathol 1985;16:1098109.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 68   Scheffer E , Meijer C , Van Vloten W . Dermatopathic lymphadenopathy and lymph node involvement in mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1980;45:13748.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 69   Vonderheid E , Diamond L , Van Vloten W , et al. Lymph node classification systems in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Cancer 1994;73:20718.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 70   Jaffe E , Ralfkiaer E . Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. In: Swerdlow SH , Campo E , Harris NL , et al., eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edn. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008.
        • 71   Olsen E , Vonderheid E , Pimpinelli N , et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:171322.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        T‐cell receptor gene analysis
        • 72   Whittaker S , Smith N , Russell Jones R , Luzatto L . Analysis of β, γ and δ T‐cell receptor genes in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Cancer 1991;68:157282.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 73   Zelickson B , Peters M , Muller S , et al. T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis: cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, peripheral T‐cell lymphoma and premalignant and benign cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:78796.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 74   Whittaker S. T‐cell receptor gene analysis in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:817.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 75   Wood G , Tung R , Haeffner A , et al. Detection of clonal T‐cell receptor γ gene rearrangements in early mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR/DGGE). J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:3441.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 76   Theodorou I , Delfau‐Larue M , Bigorgne C , et al. Cutaneous T‐cell infiltrates: analysis of T‐cell receptor γ gene rearrangement by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel elctrophoresis. Blood 1995;86:30510.Pubmed link
        • 77   Bottaro M , Berti E , Biondi A , et al. Heteroduplex analysis of T‐cell receptor γ gene rearrangements for diagnosis and monitoring of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Blood 1994;83:32718.Pubmed link
        • 78   Fraser Andrews E , Woolford A , Russell Jones R , et al. Detection of a peripheral blood T‐cell clone is an independent prognostic marker in mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:11721.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 79   Van Dongen J , Langerek A , Bruggemann M , et al. Design and standardisation of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T‐cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED‐2 Concerted Action BMH4‐CT98‐3936. Leukaemia 2003;17:2257317.Cross Ref link
        • 80   Wen W‐K , Armstrong R , Arai S , et al. Minimal residual disease monitoring with high throughput sequencing of T‐cell receptors in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:214.
        • 81   Delfau‐Larue M , Dalac S , Lepage E , et al. Prognostic significance of a polymerase chain reaction‐detectable dominant T‐lymphocyte clone in cutaneous lesions of patients with mycosis fungoides. Blood 1998;92:337680.Pubmed link
        • 82   Muche M , Lukowsky A , Asadullah K , et al. Demonstration of frequent occurrence of clonal T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 1997;4:163642.
        • 83   Agar N , Wedeworth E , Crichton S , et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:47309.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 84   Delfau‐Larue M , Laroche L , Wechsler J , et al. Diagnostic value of dominant T‐cell clones in the peripheral blood in 363 patients presenting consecutively with a clinical suspicion of cutaneous lymphoma. Blood 2000;96:298792.Pubmed link
        • 85   Whittaker S , Smith N , Russell Jones R , Luzzatto L . Analysis of β, γ and δ TCR genes in lymphomatoid papulosis: cellular basis of two distinct histologic subsets. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:78691.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 86   Assaf C , Hummel M , Steinhoff M , et al. Early TCR‐β and TCR‐γ PCR detection of T‐cell clonality indicates mimimal tumour disease in lymph nodes of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: diagnostic and prognostic implications. Blood 2005;105:50310.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 87   Juarez T , Isenhath S , Polissar N , et al. Analysis of T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement for predicting clinical outcome in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:110713.Pubmed link
        • 88   Fraser‐Andrews E , Mitchell T , Ferreira S , et al. Molecular staging of lymph nodes from 60 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: correlation with histopathology and outcome suggests prognostic relevance in mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:75662.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 89   Galindo L , Garcia F , Hanau C , et al. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of lymphadenopathy associated with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome). Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:86571.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 90   Dereure O , Levi E , Kadin M . T‐cell clonality in pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:14836.Pubmed link
        • 91   Haeffner A , Smoller B , Zepter K , Wood G . Differentiation and clonality of lesional lymphocytes in small plaque parapsoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:3214.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 92   Simon M , Flaig M , Kind P , et al. Large plaque parapsoriasis: clinical and genotypic correlations. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:5760.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 93   Shieh S , Mikkola D , Wood G . Differentiation and clonality of lesional lymphocytes in pityriasis lichenoides chronica. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:3058.Pubmed link
        • 94   Weinberg J , Kristal L , Chooback L , et al. The clonal nature of pityriasis lichenoides. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:10637.Pubmed link
        • 95   Magro C , Crowson A , Morrison C , Jingwei L . Pityriasis lichenoides chronica: stratification by molecular and phenotypic profile. Hum Pathol 2007;38:47990.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Clinical features

          Presentation
          • 96   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 97   Willemze R , Beljaards RC , Meijer CJLM . Classification of primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Histopathology 1994;24:40515.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 98   Sausville E , Worsham G , Matthews M , et al. Histologic assessment of lymph nodes in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma): clinical correlation and prognostic import of a new classification system. Hum Pathol 1985;16:1098109.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          Clinical variants
          • 99   Price NM , Fuks ZY , Hoffman TE . Hyperkeratotic and verrucous features of mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:5760.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 100   Roenigk HH , Castrovina AJ . Mycosis fungoides bullosa. Arch Dermatol 1971;104:4026.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 101   Eisman S , O'Toole E , Jones A , Whittaker S . Granulomatous mycosis funogides presenting as an acquired icthyosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28:1746.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 102   Van Doorn R , Scheffer E , Willemze R . Follicular mycosis fungoides, a distinct disease entity with or without associated follicular mucinosis. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1918.Pubmed link
          • 103   Magro C , Schaefer J , Crowson A , et al. Pigmented purpuric dermatosis. Classification by phenotypic and molecular profiles. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;128:21829.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 104   Smith NP , Samman PD . Mycosis fungoides presenting with areas of cutaneous hypopigmentation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1978;3:21316.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 105   Lambroza E , Cohen SR , Phelps R , et al. Hypopigmented variant of mycosis fungoides: demography, histopathology and treatment of seven cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32 98793.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 106   Furlan FC , de Paula Pereira BA , da Silva LF , Sanches JA . Loss of melanocytes in hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a study of 18 patients. J Cutan Pathol 2014;41(2):1017.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 107   Ally M , Pawade J , Tanaka M , et al. Solitary mycosis fungoides; a distinct clinicopathologic entity with a good prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67;73644.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          Differential diagnosis
          • 108   Pimipinelli N , Olsen E , Santucci M , et al. Defining early mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:105363.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          Classification of severity
          • 109   Green S , Byar D , Lamberg S . Prognostic variables in mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1981;47:26717.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 110   Lamberg S , Green S , Byar D , et al. Clinical staging for cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:18792.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 111   Bunn P , Lamberg S . Report of the committeee on staging and classification of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Cancer Treat Rep 1979;63:7258.Pubmed link
          • 112   Olsen E , Vonderheid E , Pimpinelli N , et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:171322.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 113   Agar N , Wedeworth E , Crichton S , et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:47309.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          Disease course and prognosis
          • 114   Fuks ZY , Bagshaw MA , Farber EM . Prognostic signs and the management of mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1973;32:138595.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 115   Hamminga L , Hermans J , Noordijk EM , et al. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: clinicopathological relationship, therapy and survival in 92 patients. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:14556.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 116   Sausville E , Eddy J , Makuch R , et al. Histopathologic staging at initial diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome: definition of three distinctive prognostic groups. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:37282.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 117   Weinstock MA , Horne JW . Population‐based estimate of survival and determinants of prognosis in patients with mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1988;62:165861.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 118   Marti L , Estrach T , Reverter J , Mascaro J . Prognostic clinicopathologic factors in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:151116.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 119   Kim Y , Liu H , Mraz‐Gernhard S , et al. Long term outcome of 525 patients with mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:85766.***Pubmed link
          • 120   Doorn R , Van Haselan C , Voorst Vader P , et al. Mycosis fungoides: disease evolution and prognosis of 309 Dutch patients. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:50410.***Pubmed link
          • 121   Zackheim H , Amin S , Kashani‐Sabet M , McMillan A . Prognosis in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma by skin stage: long term survival in 489 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:41825.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 122   Agar N , Wedeworth E , Crichton S , et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:47309.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 123   Fraser‐Andrews E , Woolford A , Russell Jones R , et al. Detection of a peripheral blood clone is an independent prognostic marker in mycosis fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:11721.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 124   Sausville E , Worsham G , Matthews M , et al. Histologic assessment of lymph nodes in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome (cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma): clinical correlation and prognostic import of a new classification system. Hum Pathol 1985;16:1098109.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 125   Toro JR , Stoll HL , Stomper PC , et al. Prognostic factors and evaluation of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:5867.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 126   Scarisbrick J , Whittaker S , Evans A , et al. Prognostic significance of tumour burden in the blood of patients with erythrodermic primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 2001;97:62430.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 127   Benton EC , Crichton S , Talpur R , et al. A cutaneous lymphoma international prognostic index (CLIPi) for mycosis fundoides and Sezary syndrome. Eur J Cancer 2013;49(13):285968.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 128   Greene MH , Pinto HA , Kant JA , et al. Lymphomas and leukemias in the relatives of patients with mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1982;49:73741.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 129   Epstein EH, Jr , Levin DL , Craft JD, Jr , et al. Mycosis fungoides: survival, prognostic features, response to therapy, and autopsy findings. Medicine 1972;51:6172.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 130   Evans A , Scarisbrick J , Child F , et al. Cutaneous malignant melanoma in association with mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:7015.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 131   Harland C , Whittaker S , Ng Y , et al. Coexistent cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:51923.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          Investigations
          • 135   Delfau‐Larue M , Dalac S , Lepage E , et al. Prognostic significance of a polymerase chain reaction‐detectable dominant T‐lymphocyte clone in cutaneous lesions of patients with mycosis fungoides. Blood 1998;92:337680.Pubmed link
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          Follicular mucinosis

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          Pagetoid reticulosis

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          • 161   Mandojana RM , Helwig EB . Localized epidermotropic reticulosis (Woringer–Kolopp disease). J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:81329.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Granulomatous slack skin disease

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          • 164   Ikonomou I , Aamot V , Heim S , et al. Granulomatous slack skin with a translocation t(3;9)(q12;24). Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:8036.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          • 169   Le T , Pierard G . Granulomatous slack skin syndrome and Hodgkin's disease. Ital Gen Rev Dermatol 1986;23:489.
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          • 171   Schot JDL . Granulomatous slack skin. Br J Dermatol 1989;120:807.
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          • 173   Noto G , Pravata G , Arico M . Granulomatous slack skin: report of a case associated with Hodgkin's disease and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:2759.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 174   Wollina U , Greafe T , Fuller J . Granulomatous slack skin or granulomatous mycosis fungoides: a case report. Complete response to percutaneous radiation and interferon alpha. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2002;128:504.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          • 176   Benton E , Morris S , Robson A , Whittaker S . An unusual case of granulomatous slack skin with necrobiosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:4625.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Sézary syndrome

          • 177   Sézary A , Bouvrain Y . Erythrodermie avec presence de cellules monstreuses dans derme et sang circulant. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphilol 1938;45:25460.***
          • 178   Main R , Goodall H , Swanson W . Sézary's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1959;71:25460.Cross Ref link
          • 179   Lutzner M , Jordan H . The ultrastructure of an abnormal cell in Sézary's syndrome. Blood 1968;31:71926.Pubmed link
          • 180   Lutzner M , Emerit I , Durepaire R , et al. Cytogenetic, cytophotometric and ultrastructural study of large cerebriform cells of the Sézary syndrome and description of the small‐cell variant. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;50:114562.***Pubmed link
          • 181   Vonderheid E , Bernengo M , Burg G et al. Update on erythrodermic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: report of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:95106.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 182   Trotter M , Whittaker S , Orchard G , Smith N . Cutaneous histopathology of Sézary syndrome: a study of 41 cases with a proven circulating T‐cell clone. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:28691.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 183   Chu A , Robinson D , Hawk J , et al. Immunologic differentiation of the Sézary syndrome due to cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and chronic actinic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1986;86:1347.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 184   D'Incan M , Souteyrand P , Bignon Y , et al. Hydantoin‐induced cutaneous pseudolymphoma with clinical, pathologic and immunologic aspects of Sézary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:13714.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 185   Meijer C , Van Leeuwen A , Van der Loo E , et al. Cerebriform (Sézary‐like) mononuclear cells in healthy individuals: a morphologically distinct population of T‐cells. Arch B Cell Pathol 1977;25:95104.
          • 186   Matutes E , Robinson D , O'Brien M , et al. Candiate counterparts of Sézary cells and adult T‐cell lymphoma–leukaemia cells in normal peripheral blood: an ultrastructural study with immunogold method and monoclonal antibodies. Leuk Res 1983;7:787801.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 187   Lutzner M , Edelson R , Schein P , et al. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: the Sézary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, and related disorders. Ann Intern Med 1975;83:53452.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 188   Miller RA , Coleman CN , Fawcett HD , et al. Sézary syndrome: a model for migration of T lymphocytes to skin. N Engl J Med 1980;303:8992.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 189   Willemze R , Van Vloten W , Hermans J , et al. Diagnostic criteria in Sézary's syndrome: a multiparameter study of peripheral blood lymphocytes in 32 patients with erythroderma. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:3927.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 190   Bernengo M , Novelli M , Quaglino P , et al. Prognostic factors in Sézary syndrome: a multivariate analysis of clinical, haematological, and immunological features. Ann Oncol 1998;9 :85763.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 191   Bernengo M , Novelli M , Quaglino P , et al. The relevance of the CD4+ CD26 subset in the identication of circulating Sézary cells. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:25135.Cross Ref link
          • 192   Kelemen K , Guitart J , Kuzel T , et al. The usefulness of CD26 in flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood in Sezary syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;129:14656.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 193   Fraser‐Andrews E , Russell‐Jones R , Woolford A , et al. Diagnostic and prognostic importance of T‐cell receptor gene analysis in patients with Sézary syndrome. Cancer 2001;92:174552.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 194   Matutes E , Brito‐Babapulle V , Swansbury J , et al. Clinical and laboratory features of 78 cases of T‐prolymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1991;78:326974.Pubmed link
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          • 196   Lamberg SI , Bunn PA, Jr . Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: summary of the Mycosis Fungoides Cooperative Group – National Cancer Institute Workshop. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:11035.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 197   Sausville E , Eddy J , Makuch R , et al. Histopathologic staging at initial diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome: definition of three distinctive prognostic groups. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:37282.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 198   Schechter G , Sausville E , Fischmann A , et al. Evaluation of circulating malignant cells provides prognostic information in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 1987;69:8419.Pubmed link
          • 199   Vonderheid E , Sobel E , Nowell P , et al. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of Sézary cells in peripheral blood smears from patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Blood 1985;66:35866.Pubmed link
          • 200   Olsen E , Vonderheid E , Pimpinelli N , et al. Revisions to the staging and classification of mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the cutaneous lymphoma task force of the European Organisation of Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:171322.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 201  Russell Jones R , Whittaker S . T‐cell receptor gene analysis in the diagnosis of Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:2547.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 202   Agar N , Wedeworth E , Crichton S , et al. Survival outcomes and prognostic factors in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: validation of the revised International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer staging proposal. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:47309.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 203   Scarisbrick J , Whittaker S , Evans A , et al. Prognostic significance of tumour burden in the blood of patients with erythrodermic primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 2001;97:62430.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 204   Prince M , Duvic M , Martin A , et al. Incidence of spontaneous remission in patients with CD25 positive mycosis fungoides/sezary syndrome receiving placebo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:86775.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Molecular features of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

          • 205   Thangavelu M , Finn W , Yelavarthi K , et al. Recurring structural chromosomal abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Blood 1997;89:3371.Pubmed link
          • 206   Karenko L , Kahkonen M , Hyytinen E , et al. Notable losses at specific regions of chromosome 10q and 13q in the Sézary syndrome detected by comparative genomic hybridization. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:392.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 207   Mao X , Lillington D , Scarisbrick J , et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: identification of common genetic alterations in Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:46475.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          • 209   Scarisbrick JJ , Woolford AJ , Russell‐Jones R , Whittaker SJ . Allelotyping in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: common regions of allelic loss identified on 9p, 10q, and 17p. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:66370.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 210   Mao X , Lillington D , Czepulkowski B , et al. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of Sézary syndrome. Genes Chrom Cancer 2003;36:25060.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 211   Batista D , Vonderheid E , Hawkins A , et al. Multicolor fluoresecence in situ hybridization (SKY) in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: search for recurrent chromosome abnormalities. Genes Chrom Cancer 2006;45:38391.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 212   Padilla‐Nash H , Wu K , Just H , et al. Spectral karyotyping demonstrates genetically unstable skin homing T lymphocytes in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Exp Dermatol 2006;16:98103.Cross Ref link
          • 213   Prochazkova M , Chevret E , Mainhaguiet G , et al. Common chromosomal abnormalities in mycosis fungoides transformation. Genes Chrom Cancer 2007;46:82838.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          • 216   Scarisbrick J , Woolford A , Russell‐Jones R , et al. Loss of heterozygosity on 10q and microsatellite instability in advanced stages of primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and possible association with homozygous deletion of PTEN . Blood 2000;95:293742.Pubmed link
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          • 218   Utikal J , Poenitz N , Gratchev A , et al. Additional Her 2/neu gene copies in patients with Sezary syndrome. Leuk Res 2006;30:75560.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 219   Carbone A , Bernardini L , Valenzano F , et al. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization in early‐stage mycosis fungoides: recurrent deletion of tumour suppressor genes BCL7A, SMAC/DIABLO and RHOF . Genes Chrom Cancer 2008;47:106775.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 220   Karenko L , Hahtola S , Paivinen S , et al. Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas show a deletion or translocation affecting NAV3, the human UNC‐53 homologue. Cancer Res 2005;65:810110.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 221   Marty M , Prochazkova M , Lahranne E , et al. Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas do not show specific NAV3 gene deletion or translocation. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:245866.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 222   Barab G , Matteucci C , Girolomoni G , et al. Comparative genomic hybridization identifies 17q11.2‐q12 duplication as an early event in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Cancer Gen Cytogen 2008;184:4851.Cross Ref link
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          • 224   Wu K , Lund M , Bang K , Thestrup‐Pedersen K . Telomerase activity and telomere length in lymphocytes from patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Cancer 1999;86:105663.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 225   Lauritzen A , Vejlsgaard G , Hou‐Jensen K , et al. P53 protein expression in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:326.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 226   MacGregor J , Dublin E , Levison D , et al. P53 immunoreactivity is uncommon in primary cutaneous lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:353.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 227   MacGregor J , Crook T , Fraser‐Andrews E , et al. Spectrum of p53 gene mutations suggests a possible role for ultraviolet radiation in the pathogenesis of advanced cutaneous lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 1999;112:31721.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 228   Marrogi A , Khan M , Vonderheid E , et al. P53 tumour suppressor gene mutations in transformed cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: a study of 12 cases. J Cutan Pathol 1999;26:36978.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 229   Peris K , Stanta G , Fargnoli C , et al. Reduced expression of CDKN2a/p16 in mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol Res 1999;291:20711.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 230   Navas I , Oritz‐Romero P , Villuendas R , et al. P16 gene alterations are frequent in lesions of mycosis fungoides. Am J Pathol 2000;156:156572.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 231   Scarisbrick JJ , Woolford AJ , Calonje E , et al. Frequent abnormalities of the p15 and p16 genes in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:4939.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 232   Van Doorn R , Zoutman W , Dijkman R , et al. Epigenetic profiling of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: promoter hypermethylation of multiple tumour suppressor genes including BCL7a, PTPRG and p73 . J Clin Oncol 2005;23:388696.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 233   Dereure O , Levi E , Vonderhied E , Kadin M . Infrequent Fas mutations but no BAX or p53 mutations in early mycosis fungoides: a possible mechanism for the accumulation of malignant T lymphocytes in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:94956.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 234   Zoi‐Toli O , Vermmer M , De Vries E , et al. Expression of Fas and Fas‐ligand in primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL): association between lack of Fas expression and aggressive types of CTCL. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:31319.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 235   Jones CL , Wain EM , Chu CC , et al. Downregulation of Fas gene expression in Sézary syndrome is associated with promoter hypermethylation. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(4):111625.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 236   Contassot E , Kerl K , Roques S , et al. Resistance to FasL and tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand‐mediated apoptosis in Sézary syndrome T‐cells associated with impaired death receptor and FLICE‐inhibitory protein expression. Blood 2006;111:47807.Cross Ref link
          • 237   Zhang C‐L , Kamarashev J , Qin J‐Z , et al. Expression of apoptosis regulators in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells. J Pathol 2003;200:24954.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 238   Mao X , Orchard G , Lillington D , et al. Amplification and overexpression of JUNB is associated with primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Blood 2003;101:151319.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 239   Mao X , Orchard G , Mitchell T , et al. A genomic and expression study of AP‐1 in primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: evidence for dysregulated expression of JUNB and JUND in MF and SS. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35:899910.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 240   Hahtola S , Tuomela S , Elo L , et al. Th1 response and cytotoxicity genes are down‐regulated in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12 481221.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 241   Tracey L , Villuendas R , Dotor A , et al. Mycosis fungoides shows concurrent deregulation of multiple genes involved in the TNF signaling pathway: an expression profile study. Blood 2003;102:104250.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 242   Shin J , Monti S , Aires D , et al. Lesional gene expression profiling in cutaneous T cell lymphoma reveals natural clusters associated with disease outcome. Blood 2007;110:301527.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 243   Kari L , Loboda A , Nebozhyn M , et al. Classification and prediction of survival in patients with the leukemic phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Exp Med 2003;197:147788.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 244   Nebozhyn M , Loboda A , Kari L , et al. Quantitative PCR on 5 genes reliably identifies CTCL patients with 5% to 99% circulating tumour cells with 90% accuracy. Blood 2006;107:318996.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 245   Van Doorn R , Dijkman R , Vermeer M , et al. Aberrant expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor EphA4 and the transcription factor Twist in Sézary syndrome identified by gene expression analysis. Cancer Res 2004;64:557886.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 246   Su M , Dorocicz I , Dragowska W , et al. Aberrant expression of T‐plastin in Sézary cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:71227.Pubmed link
          • 247   Jones CL , Ferreira S , McKenzie RC , et al. Regulation of T‐plastin expression by promoter hypomethylation in primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(8):20429.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 248   Zhang Q , Nowak I , Vonderheid E , et al. Activation of Jak/STAT proteins involved in signal transduction pathway mediated by receptor for interleukin 2 in malignant T lymphocytes derived from cutaneous anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma and Sézary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:914853.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 249   Qin J‐Z , Kamarashev J , Zhang C‐L , et al. Constitutive and interleukin‐7 and interleukin‐15 stimulated DNA binding of STAT and novel factors in cutaneous T cell lymphoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:5839.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 250   Mitchell T , Whittaker S , John S . Dysregulated expression of COOH‐terminally truncated Stat5 and loss of IL2‐inducible Stat5‐dependent gene expression in Sezary syndrome. Cancer Res 2003;63:904854.Pubmed link
          • 251   Izban K , Ergin M , Qin J‐Z , et al. Constitutive expression of NF‐kB is a characteristic feature of mycosis fungoides: implications for apoptosis resistance and pathogenesis. Hum Pathol 2000;31:148290.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 252   Sors A , Jean‐Loius F , Pellet C , et al. Down‐regulating constitutive activation of the NFkB canonical pathway overcomes the resistance of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma to apoptosis. Blood 2006;107:235463.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 253   Van der Fits L , Qin Y , Out‐Luiting J , et al. Notch signaling as a therapeutic target in Sézary syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:281017.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Management of mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome

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          • 258   Schmid M , Bird P , Dummer R , et al. Tumour burden index as a prognostic tool for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:12048.Pubmed link
          • 259   Stevens S , Ke M , Parry E , et al. Quantifying skin disease burden in mycosis fungoides‐type cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:428. Pubmed link
          • 260   Olsen E , Whittaker S , Kim Y , et al. International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas; United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium; Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Clinical end points and response criteria in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a consensus statement of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphomas, the United States Cutaneous Lymphoma Consortium, and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(18):2598607.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Skin‐directed therapy

            Topical steroids

            • 261   Zackheim H , Kashani‐Sabet M , Amin S . Topical corticosteroids for mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:94954.Pubmed link

            Topical chemotherapy: nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine) and carmustine (BCNU)

            • 262   Van Scott EJ , Kalmanson JD . Complete remissions of mycosis fungoides lymphoma induced by topical nitrogen mustard (HN2): control of delayed hypersensitivity to HN2 by desensitization and by induction of specific immunologic tolerance. Cancer 1973;32:1830.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 263   Hoppe R , Abel E , Deneau D , Price N . Mycosis fungoides: management with topical nitrogen mustard. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1796803.Pubmed link
            • 264   Ramsay DL , Halperin PS , Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte A . Topical mechlorethamine therapy for early stage mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:68491.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 265   Vonderheid E , Tan E , Kantor AF , et al. Long‐term efficacy, curative potential and carcinogenicity of mechlorethamine chemotherapy in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:41628.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 266   Kim Y , Martinez G , Varghese A , et al. Topical nitrogen mustard in the management of mycosis fungoides: update of the Stanford experience. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:16573.Pubmed link
            • 267   Zackheim HS , Epstein EH Jr , Crain WR . Topical carmustine (BCNU) for cutaneous T cell lymphoma: a 15 year experience in 143 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:80210.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Topical rexinoids, Other topical therapies

            • 268   Breneman D , Duvic M , Kuzel T , et al. Phase I and II trial of bexarotene gel for skin‐directed treatment of patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:32532.Pubmed link
            • 269   Duvic M , Olsen E , Omura G , et al. A phase III, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of peldesine (BCX‐34) cream as topical therapy for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:9407.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 270   Coors EA , Schuler G , Driesch P . Topical imiquimod as treatment for different kinds of cutaneous lymphoma. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16:3913.Pubmed link
            • 271   Deeths MJ , Chapman JT , Dellavalle RP , Zeng C , Aeling JL . Treatment of patch and plaque stage mycosis fungoides with imiquimod 5% cream. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:27580. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 272   Kannangara AP , Levitan D , Fliescher AB . Six patients with early‐stage T‐cell lymphoma successfully treated with topical 5‐fluorouracil. J Drugs Derm 2010;9:101718.

            Phototherapy and photochemotherapy

            • 273   Vella Briffa D , Warin AP . Photochemotherapy in mycosis fungoides: a study of 73 patients. Lancet 1980;ii:4953.Cross Ref link
            • 274   Molin L , Thomsen K , Volden G , et al. Photochemotherapy (PUVA) in the pre‐tumour stage of mycosis fungoides. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980;61:4751.
            • 275   Gilchrest BA , Parrish JA , Tannenbaum L , et al. Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy of mycosis fungoides. Cancer 1976;38:6839.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 276   Abel EA , Sendagorta E , Hoppe RT , et al. PUVA treatment of erythrodermic and plaque‐type mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:897901.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 277   Honigsmann Brenner W , Rauschmeier W , Konrad K , Wolff K . Photochemotherapy for cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:23845.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 278   Hermann J , Roenigk H , Hurria A , et al. Treatment of mycosis fungoides with photochemotherapy (PUVA): long‐term follow‐up. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:23442.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 279   Querfeld C , Rosen S , Kuzel T , et al. Long term follow‐up of patients with early stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma who achieved complete remission with psoralen plus UV‐A monotherapy. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:30511.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 280   Whittaker S , Ortiz P , Dummer R , et al. Efficacy and safety of bexarotene combined with psoralen‐ultraviolet A (PUVA) compared with PUVA treatment alone in stage IB‐IIA mycosis fungoides: final results from the EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force phase III randomized clinical trial (NCT00056056). Br J Dermatol 2012;167(3):67887.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 281   Ramsey D , Lish K , Yalowitz C , Soter N . Ultraviolet‐B phototherapy for early stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:9313.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 282   Clark C , Dawe R , Evans A , et al. Narrow‐band TL‐01 phototherapy for patch stage mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:74852.Pubmed link
            • 283   Zane C , Leali C , Airo P , et al. ‘High dose’ UVA‐1 therapy of widespread plaque‐type, nodular and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:62933.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 284   Quereux G , Brocard A , Sain‐Jean M , et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl‐levulinic acid for paucilesional mycosis fungoides: a prosepctive open study and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:8907.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 285   Kim ST , Kang DY , Kang JS , Baek JW , Jeon YS , Suh KS . Photodynamic therapy with methyl‐aminolevulinic acid for mycosis fungoides. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:2648.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 286   Mori M , Campolmi P , Mavilia L , Rossi R , Cappugi P , Pimpinelli N . Monochromatic excimer light (308 nm) in patch stage mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:943.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Radiotherapy and electron beam therapy

            • 287   Cotter G , Baglan R , Wasserman T , Mill W . Palliative radiation treatment of cutaneous mycosis fungoides: a dose–response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:147780.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 288   Hoppe RT , Cox RS , Fuks ZY , et al. Electron‐beam therapy for mycosis fungoides: the Stanford University experience. Cancer Treat Rep 1979;63:691700.Pubmed link
            • 289   Spittle MF . Electron beam therapy in England. Cancer Treat Rep 1979;63:63941.Pubmed link
            • 290   Jones G , Hoppe R , Glatstein E . Electron beam treatment for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Haematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995;9:105776.
            • 291   Morrs S , McGovern M , Bayne S , et al. Results of a 5 week schedule of modern total skin electron beam radiation therapy. Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys 2013;86:93641.Cross Ref link
            • 292   Jones G , Rosenthal D , Wilson L . Total skin electron beam radiation for patients with erythrodermic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome). Cancer 1999;85:198595.Pubmed link
            • 293   Hamminga B , Noordijk EM , van Vloten WA . Treatment of mycosis fungoides: total‐skin electron‐beam irradiation versus topical mechlorethamine therapy. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:1503.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 294   Chinn D , Chow S , Kim Y , Hoppe R . Total skin electron beam therapy with or without adjuvant topical nitrogen mustard or nitrogen mustard alone as initial treatment of T2 and T3 mycosis fungoides. Int J Rad Onc Biol Phys 1999;43:9518.Cross Ref link
            • 295   Price NM . Radiation dermatitis following electron beam therapy: an evaluation of patients 10 years after total skin irradiation for mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:636.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 296   Becker M , Hoppe R , Knox S . Multiple courses of high dose total skin electron beam therapy in the management of mycosis fungoides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;30:14459.Cross Ref link
            • 297   Wilson L , Quiros P , Kolenik S , et al. Additional courses of total skin electron beam therapy in the treatment of patients with recurrent cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:6973.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 298   Jones G , Kacinski B , Wilson L , et al. Total skin electron beam radiation in the management of mycosis fungoides: consensus of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Cutaneous Lymphoma Project Group. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:36470.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 299   Kamstrup M , Lindahl L , Gniadecki R , et al. Low‐dose total skin electron beam therapy as a debulking agent for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: an open label prospective phase II study. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:399404.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 300   Harrison C , Young J , Navi D , et al. Revisiting low dose total skin electron beam radiotherapy in mycosis fungoides. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol 2011;81(4):e6517.Cross Ref link

            Systemic therapy

              Immunotherapy

              • 301   Bunn P , Ihde D , Foon K . The role of recombinant interferon‐α2a in the therapy of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Cancer 1986;57:168995.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 302   Olsen E , Rosen S , Vollmer R , et al. Interferon‐α2a in the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:395407.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 303   Papa G , Tura S , Mandelli F , et al. Is interferon‐α in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma a treatment of choice? Br J Haematol 1991;79:4851.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 304   Husken A , Tsianakas A , Hensen P , et al. Comparison of pegylated interferon alpha plus psoralen PUVA versus standard interferon alpha plus PUVA in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:718.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 305   Rook A , Wood G , Yoo E , et al. Interleukin‐12 therapy of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma induces lesion regression and cytotoxic T‐cell responses. Blood 1999;94:9028.Pubmed link
              • 306   Kaplan E , Rosen S , Norris D , et al. Phase II study of recombinant interferon‐γ for treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:20812.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 307   Cooper D , Braverman I , Sarris A , et al. Cyclosporine treatment of refractory T‐cell lymphomas. Cancer 1993;71:233541.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Retinoids and rexinoids

              • 308   Molin L , Thomsen K , Volden G , et al. Oral retinoids in mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a comparison of isotretinoin and etretinate. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1987;67:2326.
              • 309   Duvic M , Martin A , Kim Y , et al. Phase 2 and 3 clinical trial of oral bexarotene (targretin capsules) for the treatment of refractory or persistent early stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:58193.Pubmed link
              • 310   Duvic M , Hymes K , Heald P , et al. Bexarotene is effective and safe for treatment of refractory advanced‐stage cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: multinational phase II–III trial results. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:245671.Pubmed link
              • 311   Gniadecki R , Assaf C , Bagot M , et al. The optimal use of bexarotene in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:43340.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 312   Assaf C , Bagot M , Dummer R , et al. Minimizing adverse side‐effects of oral bexarotene in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: an expert opinion. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:2616.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Combination therapy

              • 313   Dreno B , Claudy A , Meynadier J , et al. The treatment of 45 patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with low doses of interferon‐α2a and etretinate. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:4569.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 314   Stadler R , Otte H , Luger T , et al. Prospective randomized multicentre clinical trial on the use of interferon‐α2a plus acitretin versus interferon‐α2a plus PUVA in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma stages I and II. Blood 1998;10:357881.
              • 315   Kuzel T , Roenigk H , Samuelson E , et al. Effectiveness of interferon‐α2a combined with phototherapy for mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome. J Clin Oncol 1995;13:25763.Pubmed link
              • 316   Thomson K , Hammar H , Holin L , et al. Retinoids plus PUVA (RePUVA) and PUVA in mycosis fungoides, plaque stage: a report from the Scandinavian Mycosis Fungoides Group. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1989;69:5368.
              • 317   Singh F , Lebwohl MG . Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma treatment using bexarotene and PUVA: a case series. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:5703.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 318   Talpur R , Ward S , Apisarnthanarax N , Breuer‐Mcham J , Duvic M . Optimizing bexarotene therapy for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:67284. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 319   Whittaker S , Ortiz P , Dummer R , Ranki A , et al. Efficacy and safety of bexarotene combined with psoralen ultraviolet A (PUVA) compared to PUVA treatment alone in patients with stage IB‐IIA mycosis fungoides: final results from the EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force phase III randomised clinical trial 21011 (NCT00056056). Br J Dermatol 2012;167: 67887.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Systemic chemotherapy

              • 320   Kaye FJ , Bunn PA, Jr , Steinberg SM , et al. A randomized trial comparing combination electron‐beam radiation and chemotherapy with topical therapy in the initial treatment of mycosis fungoides. N Engl J Med 1989;321:178490.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 321   Bunn P , Hoffman S , Norris D , Golitz L , Aeling J . Systemic therapy of cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (mycosis fungoides and the Sézary syndrome). Ann Intern Med 1994;121:592602.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 322   Kurzrock R , Pilat S , Duvic M . Pentostatin therapy of T‐cell lymphomas with cutaneous manifestations. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:311721.Pubmed link
              • 323   Deardon C , Matutes E , Catovsky D . Pentostatin treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Oncology 2000;14:3740.
              • 324   Zackheim H , Kashani Sabet M , Hwang ST . Low dose methotrexate to treat erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:62631.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 325   Wollina U , Graefe T , Kaatz M . Pegylated doxorubicin for primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: a report on 10 patients with follow‐up. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2001;127:12834.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 326   Wollina U , Dummer R , Brockmayer N , et al. Multicentre study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Cancer 2003;98:9931001.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 327   Zinzani P , Baliva G , Magagnoli M , et al. Gemcitabine treatment in pretreated cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: experience in 44 patients. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:26036.Pubmed link
              • 328   Marchi E , Alinari L , Tani M , et al. Gemcitabine as frontline treatment for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Cancer 2005;104:243741.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 329   Quereux G , Marques S , Nguyen J‐M , et al. Prospective multicenter study of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin treatment in patients with advanced or refractory mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:72733.Pubmed link
              • 330   Dummer R , Quaglino P , Becker JC , et al. Prospective international multicenter phase II trial of intravenous pegylated liposomal doxorubicin monochemotherapy in patients with stage IIB, IVA, or IVB advanced mycosis fungoides: final results from EORTC 21012. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(33):40917.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 331   Horwitz S , Kim Y , Foss F , Zain J , et al. Identification of an active, well tolerated dose of pralatrexate in patients with refractory or relapsed cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2012;119(18):411522.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 332   Querfield C , Rosen S , Guitart J , et al. Multicentre phase II trial of temozolomide in mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome: correlation with O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methytransferase and mismatch repair proteins. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:574854.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 333   Illidge T , Chan C , Counsell N , et al. Phase II study of gemcitabine and bexarotene (GEMBEX) in the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Cancer 2013;109:256673.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 334   Olavarria E , Child F , Woolford A , et al. T‐cell depletion and autologous stem cell transplantation in the management of tumour stage mycosis fungoides with peripheral blood involvement. Br J Haematol 2001;114:62431.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 335   Bigler R , Crilley P , Micaily B , et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for advanced stage mycosis fungoides. Bone Marrow Tranplant 1991;7:1337.
              • 336   Burt R , Guitart J , Traynor A , et al. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for advanced mycosis fungoides: evidence of a graft‐versus‐tumour effect. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;25:11113.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 337   Molina A , Nademanee A , Arber D , Forman S . Remission of refractory Sézary syndrome after bone marrow transplantation from a matched unrelated donor. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1999;5:4004.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 338   Guitart J , Wickless S , Oyama Y , et al. Long term remission after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:135965.Pubmed link
              • 339   Molina A , Zain J , Arber D , et al. Durable clinical, cytogenetic and molecular remissions after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for refractory Sézary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:616371.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 340   Duarte R , Schmitz N , Servitje O , Sureda A . Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for patients with primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008;41:597604.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 341   Duvic M , Donata M , Dabaja B , et al. Total skin electron beam and non‐myeloablative allogeneic haematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation in advanced mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrone. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:236572.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 342   Delioukina M , Zain J , Palmer JM , et al. Reduced‐intensity allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation using fludarabine‐melphalan conditioning for treatment of mature T‐cell lymphomas. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012;47(1):6572.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 343   Paralkar VR , Nasta SD , Morrissey K , et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic SCT for primary cutaneous T cell lymphomas. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012;47(7):9405.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Photopheresis

              • 344   Perez M , Edelson R , Laroche L , Berger C . Inhibition of anti‐skin allograft immunity by infusion with syngeneic photoinactivated effector lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1989;92:66976.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 345   Berger C , Perez M , Laroche L , Edelson R . Inhibition of autoimmune disease in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus induced by exposure to syngeneic photoinactivated lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1990;94:527.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 346   Berger C , Xu A , Hanlon D , et al. Induction of tumour loaded dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2001;91:43847.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 347   Edelson R , Berger C , Gasparro F , et al. Treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma by extracorporeal photochemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1987;316:297303.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 348   Heald P , Rook A , Perez M , et al. Treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:42733.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 349   Fraser‐Andrews E , Seed P , Whittaker S , Russell‐Jones R . Extracorporeal photophoresis in Sézary syndrome: no significant effect in the survival of 44 patients with a peripheral blood T‐cell clone. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:10015.Pubmed link
              • 350   Zic J , Stricklin G , Greer J , et al. Long‐term follow‐up of patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:93545.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 351   Duvic M , Hester J , Lemak N . Photophoresis therapy for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:5739.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 352   Russell‐Jones R . Extracorporeal photophoresis in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: inconsistent data underline the need for randomized studies. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1621.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 353   Gottleib S , Wolfe J , Fox F , et al. Treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photophoresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon‐α: a 10‐year experience at a single institution. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:94657.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 354   Vonderheid E , Bigler R , Greenberg A , Neukum S , Micaily B . Extracorporeal photophoresis and recombinant interferon‐α2b in Sézary syndrome. Am J Clin Oncol 1994;17:25563.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 355   Wollina U , Looks A , Meyer J , et al. Treatment of stage II cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with interferon‐α2a and extracorporeal photochemotherapy: a prospective controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:25360.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 356   Dippel E , Schrag H , Goerdt S , Orfanos C . Extracorporeal photophoresis and interferon‐α in advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Lancet 1997;350:323.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 357   Haley H , Davis D , Sams M . Durable loss of a malignant T‐cell clone in a stage IV cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma patient treated with high‐dose interferon and photophoresis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:8803.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 358   Yoo E , Cassin M , Lessin S , Rook A . Complete molecular remission during biologic response modifier therapy for Sézary syndrome is associated with enhanced helper T type I cytokine production and natural killer cell activity. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:20816.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 359   Suchin K , Cucchiara A , Gottlieb S , et al. Treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with combined immunomodulatory therapy. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:105460.Pubmed link
              • 360   Evans A , Wood B , Scarisbrick J , et al. Extracorporeal photophoresis in Sézary syndrome: haematologic parameters as predictors of response. Blood 2001;98:1298301.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Toxin therapies

              • 361   Olsen E , Duvic M , Frankel A , et al. Pivotal phase III trial of two dose levels of denileukin diftitox for the treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:37688.Pubmed link
              • 362   Foss F , Bacha P , Osann K , et al. Biological correlates of acute hypersensitivity events with DAB(389)IL‐2 (denileukin diftitox, ONTAK) in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: decreased frequency and severity with steroid premedication. Clin Lymphoma 2001;1:298302.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 363   Prince M , Duvic M , Martin A , et al. Incidence of spontaneous remission in patients with CD25 positive mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome receiving placebo. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:86775.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Monoclonal antibody therapy

              • 364   Knox S , Hoppe R , Maloney D , et al. Treatment of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with chimeric anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibody. Blood 1996;87:8939.Pubmed link
              • 365   Foss F , Raubitscheck A , Mulshine J , et al. Phase I study of the pharmacokinetics of a radioimmunoconjugate, 90Y–T101, in patients with CD5‐expressing leukaemia and lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4:2691700.Pubmed link
              • 366   Lundin J , Hagberg H , Repp R , et al. Phase 2 study of alemtuzumab (anti‐CD52 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome. Blood 2003;101:426772.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 367   Bernengo M , Quaglino P , Comessantti A , et al. Low‐dose intermittent alemtuzumab in the treatment of Sézary syndrome: clinical and immunologic findings in 14 patients. Haematologica 2007;92:78494. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 368   Alinari L , Geskin L , Grady T , Baiocchi RA , Bechtel MA , Porcu P . Subcutaneous alemtuzumab for Sézary syndrome in the very elderly. Leuk Res 2008;32:1299303.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 369   Querfeld C , Mehta N , Rosen ST , et al. Alemtuzumab for relapsed and refractory erythrodermic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: a single institution experience from the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center. Leuk Lymphoma 2009;50(12):196976.***Cross Ref link
              • 370   Kim Y , Duvic M , Obitz E , et al. Clinical efficacy of zanolimimab (HuMax‐CD4): two phase 2 studies in refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 2007;109:465562.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Histone deacetylase inhibitors

              • 371   Duvic M , Talpur R , Ni X , et al. Phase 2 trial of oral vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, SAHA) for refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). Blood 2007;109:319.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 372   Olsen E , Kim Y , Kuzel T , et al. Phase IIB multicenter trial of vorinostat in patients with persistent, progressive or treatment refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:19.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 373   Whittaker S , Demierre M‐F , Kim E , et al. Final results from a multicentre, international pivotal study of romidepsin in refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:4485914.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 374   Fantin V , Lobock A , Poweletz L , et al. Constitutive activation of signal transducers of activation and transcription predicts vorinostat resistance in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Cancer Res 2008;68:378594.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Other novel therapies

              • 375   Whittaker S , Foss F . Efficacy and tolerability of currently available therapies for the mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome variants of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma variants. Cancer Treat Rev 2007;33:14660.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 376   Zinzani P , Musuraca G , Tani M , et al. Phase II trial of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:42937.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 377   Querfeld C , Kuzel T , Kim Y , et al. Multicenter phase II trial of enzaustaurin in refractory or advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2011;52:147480.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 378   Querfeld C , Rosen ST , Guitart J , et al. Results of an open‐label multicenter phase 2 trial of lenalidomide monotherapy in refractory mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome. Blood 2014;123(8):115966.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders

              • 379   Leboit PE . Lymphomatoid papulosis and CD30+ lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18:22135.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 380   Kadin ME . Primary Ki positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1994;5(Suppl. 1):2530.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 381   Bekkenk MW , Geelen FAMJ , van Voorst Vader PC , et al. Primary and secondary cutaneous CD30 positive lymphoproliferative disorders: a report from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group. Blood 2000;95:365361.Pubmed link
              • 382   DeCoteau J , Butmarc J , Kinney M , Kadin M . The t(2;5) chromosomal translocation is not a common feature of primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison with anaplastic large cell lymphoma of nodal origin. Blood 1996;87:343741.Pubmed link
              • 383   Willemze R , Beljaards RC . The spectrum of primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders: a proposed classification, and guidelines for management and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:97380.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 384   Kadin ME , Vonderheid EC , Weiss LM . Absence of Epstein–Barr viral RNA in lymphomatoid papulosis. J Pathol 1993;170:1458.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              Lymphomatoid papulosis

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              • 407   Verallo VM , Haserick JR . Mucha–Habermann disease simulating lymphoma cutis: report of two cases. Arch Dermatol 1966;94:2959.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 408   Black MM , Wilson‐Jones E . ‘Lymphomatoid’ pityriasis lichenoides: a variant with histological features simulating a lymphoma – a clinical and histopathological study of 15 cases with details of long‐term follow‐up. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:32947.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 410   Scarisbrick J , Evans A , Woolford A , et al. Regional lymphomatoid papulosis: a report of four cases. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:11258.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 413   Lederman JS , Sober AJ , Harrist TJ , et al. Lymphomatoid papulosis following Hodgkin's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:3315.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 416   Basarab T , Fraser‐Andrews EA , Orchard G , et al. Lymphomatoid papulosis in association with mycosis fungoides: a study of 15 cases. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:6308.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 417   Kadin M . Lymphomatoid papulosis and associated lymphomas: how are they related? Arch Dermatol 1993;129:3512.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 418   Pierard GE , Ackerman AB , Lapiere CM . Follicular lymphomatoid papulosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1980;2:17380.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 422   Vonderheid EC , Sajjadian A , Kadin M . Methotrexate is effective therapy for lymphomatoid papulosis and other primary cutaneous CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:47081.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 423   Wantzin GL , Thomsen K . Methotrexate in lymphomatoid papulosis. Br J Dermatol 1984;111:935.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              Primary cutaneous anaplastic (CD30+) large‐cell lymphoma

              • 425   Kleinhans M , Tun‐kyi A , Gilliet M , et al. Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in CD30+ cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 2003;101:148793.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 430   Wada D , Law M , His E , et al. Specificity of IRF4 translocations for primary cutaneous anplastic large cell lymphoma: a multicentre study of 204 skin biopsies. Mod Pathol 2011;24:596605.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 432   Beljaards RC , Kaudewitz P , Berti E , et al. Primary cutaneous CD30‐positive large cell lymphoma: definition of a new type of cutaneous lymphoma with a favourable prognosis. Cancer 1993;71:20973002.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 433   Beljaards RC , Meier CJ , Scheffer E , et al. Prognostic significance of CD30 expression in primary cutaneous large cell lymphomas of T cell origin. Am J Pathol 1989;44:11924.
              • 434   Krishnan J , Tomaszewski MM , Kao GF . Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma: report of 27 cases. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20:1936.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 436   Plaza JA , Feldman AL , Magro C . Cutaneous CD30‐positive lymphoproliferative disorders with CD8 expression: a clinicopathologic study of 21 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40(2):23647.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 439   Assaf C , Hirsch B , Wagner F , et al. Differential expression of TRAF1 aids in the distinction of cutaneous CD30‐positive lymphoproliferations. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127:1898904.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 441   Shehan J , Kalaaji A , Markovic S , Ahmed I . Management of multifocal primary cutaneous CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:10310.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 442   Flynn KJ , Dehner LP , Gajl‐Peczalka K , et al. Regressing atypical histiocytosis. Cancer 1982;49:95970.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 444   Headington JT , Roth MS , Ginsburg D , et al. T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement in regressing atypical histiocytosis. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:11837.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma

              • 449   Willemze R , Jansen P , Cerroni L , et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma: definition, classification and prognostic factors: an EORTC cutanoeus lymphoma group study of 83 cases. Blood 2008;111;83845.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 452   Hahtola S , Burghart E , Jeskanen L , et al. Clinicopathological characterisation and genomic aberrations in subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:23049.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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              • 461   Aronson IK , West DP , Variakojis D . Panniculitis associated with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma and cytophagic histiocytosis. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:8796.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 462   Monterrosso V , Bujan W , Jaramillo O , Medeiros J . Subcutaneous tissue involvement by T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:134550.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 463   Perniciaro C , Zalla MJ , White JW . Subcutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:11716.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 464   Romero LS , Goltz RW , Bagi C , et al. Subcutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with associated haemophagocytic syndrome and terminal leukemic transformation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:90410.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 465   Gonzalez E , Selvi E , Lorenzini S , et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma misdiagnosed as lupus erythematosus panniculitis. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:2446.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 466   Guenova E , Schanz S , Hoetzenecker W , et al. Systemic corticosteroids for subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(4):8914.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 467   Rojnuckarin P , Nakoprn T , Assanasen T , et al. Cyclosporin in subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2007;48:5603.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 468   Hathaway T , Subtil A , Kuo P , Foss F . Efficacy of denileukin diftitox in subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma 2007;7:5415.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 469   Mehta N , Wayne AS , Kim YH , et al. Bexarotene is active against subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma in adult and pediatric populations. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk 2012;12(1):205.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 470   Bashey S , Krathen M , Abdulla F , Sundram U , Kim YH . Romidepsin is effective in subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(24):e2215.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 471   Alaibac M , Berti E , Pigozzi B , et al. High‐dose chemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell transplantation for aggressive subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:S1213.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 472   Ichii M , Hatanaka K , Imakita M , et al. Successful treatment of refractory subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma with allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from HLA‐mismatched sibling donor. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47:22502.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 473   Sakurai E , Satoh T , Akiko YA , et al. Subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) with hemophagocytosis (HPS): successful treatment using high‐dose chemotherapy (BFM‐NHL and ALL‐90) and autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. J Clin Exp Hematopathol 2013;53(2):13540.Cross Ref link

              Primary cutaneous peripheral T‐cell lymphomas (unspecified)

                Introduction and general introduction

                • 474   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Primary cutaneous aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T‐cell lymphoma

                • 475   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 476   Berti E , Tomasini D , Vermeer M , et al. Primary cutaneous CD8‐positive epidermotropic cytotoxic T‐cell lymphomas: a distinct clinicopathological entity with an aggressive clinical behaviour. Am J Pathol 1999;155:48392.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 477   Agnarsson B , Vonderhied E , Kadin M . Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with suppressor/cytotoxic (CD8) phenotype: identification of rapidly progressive and chronic subtypes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:56977.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 478   Santucci M , Pimpinelli N , Massi D , et al. Cytotoxic/natural killer cell cutaneous lymphomas. Cancer 2003;97:61027.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 479   Robson A , Assaf C , Bagot M , et al. Aggressive epidermotropic cutaneous CD8+ lymphoma: a cutaneous lymphoma with distinct clinical and pathological features. Report of an EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force Workshop. Histopathology 2015, doi: 10.1111/his.12371.
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                • 481   Greenblatt D , Ally M , Child F , et al. Indolent CD8(+) lymphoid proliferation of acral sites: a clinicopathologic study of six patients with some atypical features. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40(2):24858.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 482   Géraud C , Goerdt S , Klemke CD . Primary cutaneous CD8+ small/medium‐sized pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma, ear‐type: a unique cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with a favourable prognosis. Br J Dermatol 2011;164(2):4568.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Primary cutaneous γδ T‐cell lymphoma

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                • 484   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 485   Toro J , Liewehr D , Pabby N , et al. Gamma‐delta T‐cell phenotype is associated with significantly decreased survival in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Blood 2003;101:340712.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 486   Berti E , Cerri A , Cavicchini S , et al. Primary cutaneous gamma/delta lymphoma presenting as disseminated pagetoid reticulosis. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:71823.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 487   Munn SE , McGregor JM , Jones A , et al. Clinical and pathological heterogeneity in cutaneous γδ T‐cell lymphoma: a report of three cases and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:97681.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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                Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium‐sized pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma

                • 489   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 490   Battistella M , Beylot Barry M , Bacheloz H , et al. Primary cutaneous follicular helper T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:8329.Pubmed link
                • 491   Ally MS , Prasad Hunasehally RY , Rodriguez‐Justo M , et al. Evaluation of follicular T‐helper cells in primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma and dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40(12):100613.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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                • 494   Wobser M , Petrella T , Kneitz H , et al. Extrafacial CD8 positive cutanoeus lymphoid proliferation with unusual symmetrical presentation involving both feet. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40(11):95561.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 495   Friedmann D , Wechsler J , Delfau MH , et al. Primary cutaneous pleomorphic small T‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:100915.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 496   Sterry W , Siebel A , Mielke V . HTLV‐1 negative pleomorphic T‐cell lymphoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:45662.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 497   Garcia‐Nerrera A , Colmo L , Camos M , et al. Primary cutaneous small/medium CD4+ T‐cell lymphomas: a heterogenous group of tumours with different clinicopathologic features and outcome. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:336471.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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                Adult T‐cell leukaemia–lymphoma (HTLV‐1 associated)

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                • 505   Lessin SR , Vowels BR , Rook AH . Retroviruses and cutaneous lymphoma. Dermatol Clin 1994;12:24353.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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                • 512   Ohshima K , Suzumiya J , Kato A , et al. Clonal HTLV‐1 infected CD4+ T‐lymphocytes and non‐clonal non‐HTLV‐1‐infected giant cells in incipient ATLL with Hodgkin‐like histologic features. Int J Cancer 1997;72:5928.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 513   Adachi Y , Horio T . Chronic actinic dermatitis in a patient with adult T‐cell leukemia. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2008:24:1479.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 514   Smadja D , Bellance R , Cabre P , et al. Clinical characteristics of HTLV‐1 associated dermato‐polymyositis. Seven cases from Martinique. Acta Neurol Scand 1995;92:20612.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 515   Dantas L , Netto E , Glesby MJ , et al.Dermatological manifestations of individuals infected with human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I). Int J Dermatol 2014;53:1098102.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 516   Gonçalves DU , Guedes AC , Proietti AB , et al. and the Interdisciplinary HTLV‐1/2 Research Group. Dermatologic lesions in asymptomatic blood donors seropositive for human T cell lymphotropic virus type‐1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2003;68:5625.Pubmed link
                • 517   Brites C , Weyell M , Pedroso C , Badaro R . Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV‐1/HTLV‐1) infection in Bahia, Brazil. AIDS 2002;16:12923.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 518   Blas M , Bravo F , Castillo W , et al. Norwegian scabies in Peru: the impact of human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005;72:8557.Pubmed link
                • 519   Mayer EF , Ita F , Gonzalez E , et al. Association between onychodystrophy and human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Int J Infect Dis 2013;17(5):e3126.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 520   Amano M , Setoyama M , Grant A , Kerdel FA . Human T‐lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV‐1) infection – dermatological implications. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:91520.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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                • 526   Ishida T , Joh T , Uike N , et al. Defucosylated anti‐CCR4 monoclonal antibody (KW‐0761) for relapsed adult T‐cell leukemia‐lymphoma: a multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30(8):83742.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 527   Shiratori S , Yasumoto A , Tanaka J , et al. A retrospective anyalsis of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL): clinical impact of graft‐versus‐leukemia/lymphoma effect. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008;14:81723.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma (nasal type)

                • 528   Kern W , Spier C , Hanneman E , et al. Neural cell adhesion molecule‐positive peripheral T‐cell lymphoma: a rare variant with a propensity for unusual sites of involvement. Blood 1992;79:24327.Pubmed link
                • 529   Wong K , Chan J , Ng C , et al. CD56 (NCAM)‐positive hematolymphoid malignancies: an aggressive neoplasm featuring frequent cutaneous/mucosal involvement, cytoplasmic azurophilic granules and angiocentricity. Hum Pathol 1992;23:798804.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 530   Kanavaros P , Lescs M , Briere J , et al. Nasal T‐cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic entity associated with peculiar phenotype and with Epstein–Barr virus. Blood 1993;81:268895.Pubmed link
                • 531   Chan J , Sin V , Wong K , et al. Non‐nasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood 1997;89:450113.Pubmed link
                • 532   Rodriguez‐Pinella S , Barrionuevo C , Garcia J , et al. EBV associated cutaneous NK/T‐cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34:177382.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 533   Siu L , Wong K , Chan J , Kwong Y . Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma–leukaemia: recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. Am J Pathol 1999;155:141925.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 534   Nakashima Y , Tagawa H , Suzuki R , et al. Genome‐wide array‐based comparative genomic hybridization of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia: different genomic patterns of aggressive NK‐cell leukemia and extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type. Genes Chrom Cancer 2005:44:24755.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 535   Iwatsuki K , Satoh M , Yamamoto T , et al. Pathogenic link between hydroa vacciniforme and Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated hematologic disorders. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:58795.Pubmed link
                • 536   Chen H , Hsiao C , Chiu H . Hydroa vacciniforme‐like primary cutaneous CD8‐positive lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:58791.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 537   Iwatsuki K , Ohtsuka M , Akiba H , Kaneko F . Atypical hydroa vacciniforme in childhood: from a smoldering stage to Epsein‐Barr virus‐associated lymphoid malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:2834.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 538   Barrionuevo C , Anderson V , Zevallos‐Giamietri E , et al. Hydroa‐like cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 16 pediatric cases from Peru. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002;10:714.Pubmed link
                • 539   Tomita N , Kanamori H , Fujimaki K , et al. Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma following mosquito bites in an elderly patient without prior hypersensitivity. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:21535.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 540   Shabrawi‐Caelen L , Cerrono L , Kerl H . The clinicopathologic spectrum of cytotoxic lymphomas of the skin. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2000;19:11823.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 541   Gernhard S , Natkunam Y , Hoppe R , et al. Natural killer/natural killer‐like T‐cell lymphoma, CD56+, presenting in the skin: an increasingly recognized entity with an aggressive course. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:217988.Pubmed link
                • 542   Nakamura S , Suchi T , Koshikawa T , et al. Clinicopathologic study of CD56 (NCAM)‐positive angiocentric lymphoma occuring in sites other than the upper and lower respiratory tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:28496.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 543   Massone C , Chott A , Metze D , et al. Subcutaneous, blastic natural killer (NK), NK/T‐cell and other cytotoxic lymphomas of the skin: a morphologic, immunophenotypic and molecular study of 50 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:71935.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 544   Child F , Mitchell T , Whittaker S , et al. Blastic natural killer cell and extranodal natural killer cell‐like T‐cell lymphoma presenting in the skin: report of six cases from the UK. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:50715.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 545   Wong K , Chan J , Ng C . CD56 (NCAM)‐positive malignant lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1994;14:2936 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 546   Jia H , Sun T . Extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma mimicking cellulitis. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:146770.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas

                • 547   Kerl H . The morphologic spectrum of B cell lymphomas. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:13767.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 548   Willemze R , Kerl H , Sterry W , et al. EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas: a proposal from the Cutaneous Lymphoma Study Group of the European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer. Blood 1997;90:35471.Pubmed link
                • 549   Swerdlow SH , Campo E , Harris NL , et al., eds. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edn. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2008.
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                • 551   Qeureux G , Frot AS , Brocard A , Leux C , Renaut JJ , Dreno B . Routine bone marrow biopsy in the initial evaluation of pirmay cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma does not appear justified. Eur J Dermatol 2009;19:21620.Pubmed link
                • 552   Senff N , Kluin‐Nelemens H , Willemze R . Results of bone marrow examination in 275 patients with histological features that suggest an indolent type of cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2008;142:526.
                • 553   Pandolfino T , Siegel R , Kuzel T , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: review and current concepts. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:215268.Pubmed link
                • 554   Kim Y , Willemze R , Pimpinelli N , et al. TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: a proposal of the International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma (ISCL) and the Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Blood 2007;110:47984.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 555   Senff N , Willemze R . The applicability and prognostic value of the new TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome: results on a large cohort of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas and comparison with the system used by the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Group. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:120511.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 556   Golling P , Cozzio A , Dummer R , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas – clinicopathological, prognostic and therapeutic characterisation of 54 cases according to the new WHO‐EORTC classification and the ISCL/EORTC TNM classification system for primary cutaneous lymphomas other than mycosis fungoides and Sezary syndrome. Leukaemia Lymphoma 2008;49:1094103.Cross Ref link
                • 557   Senff N , Noordijk E , Kim Y , et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. Blood 2008;112:16009.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 558   Bertero M , Novelli M , Fierro MT , Bernengo MG . Mantle zone lymphoma: an immunohistologic study of skin lesions. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:2330.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 559   Burg G , Kempf W , Haeffner A , et al. Cutaneous lymphomas. Curr Probl Dermatol 1997;9:137204.Cross Ref link
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                • 561   Steere AC . Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:38696.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 562   Braun‐Falco O , Guggenberger K , Burg G . Immunozytom unter dem Bild einer Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Hautarzt 1978;29:6447.Pubmed link
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                • 564   Orfanos CE , Steigleder GK . Die tumorbilende kutane Form des morbus Waldenstrom. Deutsch Med Wochenschr 1967;33:144977.Cross Ref link
                • 565   Garbe C , Stein H , Dienemann D , Orfanos CE . Borrelia burgdorferi‐associated cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: clinical and immunohistologic characterization of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:58490.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 566   Weber K , Schierz G , Wilkse B . Das Lymphozytom: eine Borreliose? Z Hautkr 1985;60:158598.Pubmed link
                • 567   Cerroni L , Zochling N , Putz B , et al. Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:45761.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 568   Goodlad J , Davidson M , Hollowood K , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients from the highlands of Scotland. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;245:127985.Cross Ref link
                • 569   LeBoit P , McNutt N , Reed J , et al. Primary cutaneous immunocytoma: a B‐cell lymphoma that can easily be mistaken for cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:96978.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 570   Dillon W , Saed G , Fivenson D . Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphoea, scleroderma or lichen sclerosis et atrophicus of patients from North America. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:61720.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 571   Wood G , Kamath N , Guitart J , et al. Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas from the United States. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:5027.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Marginal zone lymphoma

                • 572   Sander C , Kaudewitz P , Schirren C , et al. Immunocytoma and marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (MALT lymphoma), presenting in skin: different entities or a spectrum of disease? J Cutan Pathol 1996;23:59.Cross Ref link
                • 573   Cerroni L , Signoretti S , Hofler G , et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma: a recently described entity of low‐grade malignant cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:130715.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 574   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 575   Rijlaarsdam JU , Van Der Putte SCJ , Berti E , et al. Cutaneous immunocytomas: a clinicopathologic study of 26 cases. Histopathology 1993;23:11725.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 576   Johnson WH, Jr , Taylor BG . Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the skin: a review of the world literature and the report of an additional case. Cancer 1970;26:658.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 577   Wong KF , Chan JKC , Li LPK , et al. Primary cutaneous plasmacytoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:3927.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 578   Bluefarb SM . Cutaneous manifestations of multiple myeloma. Arch Dermatol 1955;72:50622.Cross Ref link
                • 579   Storz M , van de Rijn M , Kim Y , et al. Gene expression profiles of cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:86570.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 580   Mao X , Lillington D , Child F , et al. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: identification of common genetic alterations in disease pathogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002;35:14455.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 581   Gronbaek K , Ralfkiaer E , Kalla J , et al. Infrequent somatic FAS mutations but no evidence of Bcl10 mutations or t(11;18) in primary cutaneous MALT‐type lymphoma. J Pathol 2003;201:13440.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 582   Palmedo G , Hautschke M , Rutten A , et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma may exhibit both the t(14;18)(q32;21) IGH/BCL2 and the t(14;18)(q32;21) IGH/MALT1 translocation: an indicator for clonal transformation towards higher grade B‐cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2007;29:2316.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 583   Streubel B , Lamprecht A , Dierlamm J , et al. T(14;18)(q32;q21) involving IGH and MALT‐1 is a frequent chromosomal aberration in MALT lymphoma. Blood 2003;101:23359.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 584   Schreuder M , Hoefnagel J , Jansen P , et al. FISH analysis of MALT lymphoma‐specific translocations and aneuploidy in primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma. J Pathol 2005;205:30210.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 585   Streubel B , Simonitsch‐Klupp I , Mullauer L , et al. Variable frequency of MALT lymphoma‐associated genetic aberrations in MALT lymphomas of different sites. Leukemia 2004;18:17226.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 586   Remstein E , James C , Kurtin P . Incidence and subtype specificity of AP12 MALT‐1 fusion translocations in extranodal, nodal and splenic marginal zone lymphomas. Am J Pathol 2000;156:11838.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 587   Li C , Inagaki H , Kuo T , et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma: a molecular and clinicopathologic study of 24 Asian cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:10619.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 588   Child F , Russell Jones R , Woolford A , et al. Absence of the t(14;18) translocation in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:73544.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 589   Servitje O , Gallardo F , Estrach T , et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma: a clinical, histopathological, immunophenotypic and molecular genetic study of 22 cases. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:114758.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 590   Cerroni L , Zochling N , Putz B , et al. Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi and cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 1997;24:45761.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 591   Goodlad J , Davidson M , Hollowood K , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients from the highlands of Scotland. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;245:127985.Cross Ref link
                • 592   Wood G , Kamath N , Guitart J , et al. Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas from the United States. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:5027.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 593   Dillon W , Saed G , Fivenson D . Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphoea, scleroderma or lichen sclerosis et atrophicus of patients from North America. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:61720.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 594   De Laval Harris N , Longtime J , Ferry J , Duncan L . Cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas of follicular and marginal zone types. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:73241.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 595   Pimpinelli N , Santucci M , Moria M , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a clinically homogeneous entity? J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:101216.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 596   Gronbaek K , Moller P , Nedergaard T , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a clinical, histological, phenotypic and genotypic study of 21 cases. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:91323.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 597   Child F , Woolford A , Calonje E , et al. Molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in the diagnosis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:9849.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 598   Sandberg Y , Heule F , Lam K , et al. Molecular immunoglobulin/T‐cell receptor clonality in cutaneous lymphoproliferations. Experience with the BIOMED‐2 standardised polymerase chain reaction protocol. Haematologica 2003;88:65970.Pubmed link
                • 599   Child F , Woolons A , Price M , et al. Multiple cutaneous immunocytoma with secondary anetoderma: a report of two cases. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:16570.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 600   Senff N , Hoefnagel J , Jansen P , et al. Reclassification of 300 primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas according to the new WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas: comparison with previous classifications and identification of prognostic markers. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:15817.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 601   Santucci M , Pimpinelli N , Arganini L . Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a unique type of low grade lymphoma – clinicopathologic and immunologic study of 83 cases. Cancer 1991;67:231126.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 602   Hoefnagel J , Vermeer M , Jansen P , et al. Primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:113945.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 603   Senff N , Noordijk E , Kim Y , et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. Blood 2008;112:16009.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 604   Kutting B , Bonsmann G , Metz D , et al. Borrelia burgdorferi‐associated primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: complete clearing of skin lesions after antibiotic pulse therapy or intralesional injection of interferon‐α2a. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:314.Cross Ref link
                • 605   Kiesewetter B , Raderer M . Antibiotic therapy in non‐gastrointestinal MALT lymphoma: a review of the literature. Blood 2013;122:13507.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Follicle centre cell lymphoma

                • 606   Gellrich S , Rutz S , Golembowski S , et al. Primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphomas and large B‐cell lymphomas of the leg descend from germinal center cells: a single cell polymerase chain reaction analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:151220.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 607   Storz M , van de Rijn M , Kim Y , et al. Gene expression profiles of cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:86570.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 608   Hoefnagel J , Dijkman R , Basso K , et al. Distinct types of primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Blood 2005;105:36718.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 609   Cerroni L , Volkenandt M , Rieger E , et al. Bcl‐2 protein expression and correlation with the interchromosomal 14;18 translocation in cutaneous lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 1994;102:2315.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 610   Child F , Russell Jones R , Woolford A , Whittaker S . Absence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:73544.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 611   Goodlad J , Krajewski A , Batstone P , et al. Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma; a clinicopathologic and molecular study of 16 cases in support of a distinct entity. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:73341.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 612   Mirza I , Macpherson N , Paproski R , et al. Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma: an assessment of clinical, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:64755.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 613   Bergman R , Kurtin P , Gibson L , et al. Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic and molecular characterization of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:4329.Pubmed link
                • 614   Yang B , Tubbs R , Finn W , et al. Clinicopathologic reassessment of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas with immunophenotypic and molecular genetic characterization. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:694702.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 615   Streubel B , Scheucher B , Valencak J , et al. Molecular cytogenetic evidence of t(14;18)(IGH;BCL2) in a substantial proportion of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:52936.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 616   Abdul‐Wahab A , Tang SY , Robson A , et al. Chromosomal anomalies in primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma do not portend a poor prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(6):101020.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 617   Mao X , Lillington D , Child F , et al. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: identification of common genetic alterations in disease pathogenesis. Genes Chrom Cancer 2002;35:14455.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 618   Dijkman R , Tensen C , Jordanova E , et al. Array based comparative hybridization analysis reveals recurrent chromosomal alterations and prognostic parameters in primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:296305.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 619   Hallerman C , Kaune K , Gesk S , et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal breakpoints in the IGH, MYC, BCL6 and MALT1 gene loci in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:21319.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 620   Child F , Scarisbrick J , Calonje E , et al. Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes p15 (INK4b) and p16 (INK4a) in primary cutaneous B cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:9418.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 621   Dijkman R , Tensen C , Buettner M , et al. Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma and primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type, are both targeted by aberrant somatic hypermutation but demonstrate differential expression of AID. Blood 2006;107:49269.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 622   Willemze R , Meijer CJLM , Scheffer E . Diffuse large cell lymphomas of follicular centre origin presenting in the skin. Am J Pathol 1987;126:32533.Pubmed link
                • 623   Garcia C , Weiss L , Warnke R , Wood G . Cutaneous follicular lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1986;10:45463.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 624   Willemze R , Meijer CJLM , Sentis HJ , et al. Primary cutaneous large cell lymphomas of follicular center cell origin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:51826.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 625   Cerroni L , Arzberger E , Putz B , et al. Primary cutaneous follicle center cell lymphoma with follicular growth pattern. Blood 2000;95:39228.Pubmed link
                • 626   Franco R , Fernadez‐Vazquez A , Rodriguez‐Peralto J , et al. Cutaneous follicular B‐cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:87583.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 627   Gronboek K , Moller P , Nedergaard T , et al. Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a clinical, histological, phenotypic and genotypic study of 21 cases. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:91323.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 628   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 629   Kodama K , Massone C , Chott A , et al. Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas: clinicopathologic features, classification, and prognostic factors in a large series of patients. Blood 2005;106:24917.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 630   Senff N , Hoefnagel J , Jansen P , et al. Reclassification of 300 primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas according to the new WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas: comparison with previous classifications and identification of prognostic markers. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:15817.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 631   Child F , Woolford A , Calonje E , et al. Molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in the diagnosis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:9849.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 632   Aarts W , Willemze R , Bende R , et al. VH gene analysis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas: evidence for ongoing somatic hypermutation and isotype switching. Blood 1998;92:385764.Pubmed link
                • 633   Rijlaarsdam J , Toonstra J , Meijer C , et al. Treatment of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas of follicle centre cell origin: a clinical follow‐up study of 55 patients treated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:54955.Pubmed link
                • 634   Santucci M , Pimpinelli N , Arganini L . Primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a unique type of low grade lymphoma – clinicopathologic and immunologic study of 83 cases. Cancer 1991;67:231126.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 635   Bekkenk M , Vermeer M , Geerts M , et al. Treatment of multifocal primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a clinical follow‐up study of 29 patients. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:24718.Pubmed link
                • 636   Senff N , Hoefnagel J , Nelis K , et al. Results of radiotherapy in 153 primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas classified according to the WHO‐EORTC classification. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:15206.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 637   Senff N , Noordijk E , Kim Y , et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. Blood 2008;112:16009.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

                • 638   Vermeer MH , Geelen FAMJ , van Haselen CW , et al. Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas of the legs. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:13048.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 639   Willemze R , Meijer CJLM , Sentis HJ , et al. Primary cutaneous large cell lymphomas of follicular center cell origin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;16:51826.Cross Ref link
                • 640   Child F , Woolford A , Calonje E , et al. Molecular analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in the diagnosis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:9849.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 641   Child F , Russell Jones R , Woolford A , Whittaker S . Absence of the t(14;18) chromosomal translocation in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:73544.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 642   Kim B , Surti U , Pandya A , Swerdlow S . Primary and secondary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:35664.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 643   Hallerman C , Kaune K , Siebert R , et al. Chromosomal aberration patterns differ in subtypes of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:1495502.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 644   Hallerman C , Kaune K , Gesk S , et al. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of chromosomal breakpoints in the IGH, MYC, BCL6 and MALT1 gene loci in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:21319.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 645   Wiesner T , Streubel B , Huber D , Kerl H , Chott A , Cerroni L . Genetic aberrations in primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:66673.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 646   Mao X , Lillington D , Child F , et al. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: identification of common genetic alterations in disease pathogenesis. Genes Chrom Cancer 2002;35:14455.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 647   Dijkman R , Tensen C , Jordanova E , et al. Array based comparative genomic hybridisation analysis reveals recurrent chromosomal alterations and prognostic parameters in primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:296305.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 648   Child F , Scarisbrick J , Calonje E , et al. Inactivation of tumour suppressor genes p15 and p16 in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:9418.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 649   Senff NJ , Zoutman WH , Vermeer MH , et al. Fine‐mapping chromosomal loss at 9p21: correlation with prognosis in primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:114955.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 650   Paulli M , Viglio A , Vivenza D , et al. Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma of the leg: histogenetic analysis of a controversial clinicopathologic entity. Hum Pathol 2002;33:93743.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 651   Rosenwald A , Wright G , Chan W , et al. The use of molecular profiling to predict survival after chemotherapy for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 2002;346:193747.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 652   Alizadeh A , Eisen M , Davis R , et al. Distinct types of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 2000;403:50311.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 653   Hoefnagel J , Dijkman R , Basso K , et al. Distinct types of primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Blood 2005;105:36718.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 654   Grange F , Bekkenk M , Wechsler J , et al. Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas: a European multicenter study. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:360210.Pubmed link
                • 655   Willemze R , Jaffe E , Burg G , et al. WHO‐EORTC classification for cutaneous lymphomas. Blood 2005;105:376885.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 656   Yang B , Tubbs R , Finn W , et al. Clinicopathologic reassessment of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas with immunophenotypic and molecular genetic characterization. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:694702.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 657   Geelen F , Vermeer M , Meijer C , et al. Bcl‐2 protein expression in primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma is site related. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:20805.Pubmed link
                • 658   Kodama K , Massone C , Chott A , et al. Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphomas: clinicopathologic features, classification, and prognostic factors in a large series of patients. Blood 2005;106:24917.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 659   Grange F , Beylot‐Barry M , Courville P , et al. Primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:114450.Pubmed link
                • 660   Fernadez‐Vazquez A , Rodriguez‐Peralto J , Martinez M , et al. Primary cutaneous large B‐cell lymphoma: the relation between morphology, clinical presentation, immunohistochemical markers and survival. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:30715.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 661   Brice P , Cazals D , Mounier N , et al. Primary cutaneous large‐cell lymphoma: analysis of 49 patients included in the LNH87 prospective trial of polychemotherapy for high‐grade lymphomas. Leukaemia 1998;12:21319.Cross Ref link
                • 662   Bekkenk M , Vermeer M , Geerts M , et al. Treatment of multifocal primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a clinical follow‐up study of 29 patients. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:24718.Pubmed link
                • 663   Senff N , Noordijk E , Kim Y , et al. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and International Society for Cutaneous Lymphoma consensus recommendations for the management of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. Blood 2008;112:16009.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 664   Sabroe R , Child F , Woolford A , et al. Rituximab in cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a report of two cases. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:15761.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 665   Heinzerling L , Urbanek M , Funk J , et al. Reduction of tumour burden and stabilization of disease by systemic therapy with anti‐CD20 antibody (rituximab) in patients with primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Cancer 2000;89:183544.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 666   Heinzerling L , Dummer R , Kempf W , et al. Intralesional therapy with anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:3748.Pubmed link

                Secondary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas

                  Intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma

                  • 667   Perniciaro C , Winkelmann RK , Daoud MS , Su WPD . Malignant angioendotheliomatosis is an angiotropic intravascular lymphoma. Am J Dermatol 1995;17:2428.Cross Ref link
                  • 668   Petroff N , Koger OW , Fleming MG , et al. Malignant angioendotheliomatosis: an angiotropic lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:72733.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 669   Willemze R , Kruyswijk MRJ , De Bruin CD , et al. Angiotropic (intravascular) large cell lymphoma of the skin previously classified as malignant angioendotheliomatosis. Br J Dermatol 1987;116:3939.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 670   Eros N , Karolyi Z , Kovacs A , et al. Intravascular B‐cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:S2602.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 671   Ferreri A , Campo E , Seymour J , et al. Intravascular lymphoma: clinical presentation, natural history and prognostic factors in a series of 38 cases with special emphasis on the ’cutaneous variant’. Br J Haematol 2004;127:17383.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 672   Rubin M , Cossman J , Freter C , Azumi N . Intravascular large cell lymphoma coexisting within hemangiomas of the skin. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:8604.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 673   Kobayashi T , Munakata S , Sugiura H , et al. Angiotropic lymphoma: proliferation of B‐cells in the capillaries of cutaneous angiomas. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1624.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 674   Ponzini M , Ferreri A , Campo E , et al. Definition, diagnosis and management of intravascular large B‐cell lymphoma: proposals and perspectives from an international consensus meeting. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:316873.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                  Lymphomatoid granulomatosis

                  • 675   Liebow AA , Carrington CRB , Friedman PJ . Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Hum Pathol 1972;3:457558.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 676   Katzenstein A‐LA , Carrington CB , Liebow AA . Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a clinicopathologic study of 152 cases. Cancer 1979;43:36073.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 677   Lee SC , Roth LM , Brashear RE . Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Cancer 1976;38:84653.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 678   Kwon E , Katz K , Draft K , et al. Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease with features of lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a lung transplant patient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:65763.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 679   Beaty M , Toro J , Sorbara L , et al. Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:11120.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 680   Harris N , Jaffe E , Diebold J , et al. The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic disease of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the clinical advisory committee. Histopathology 2000;36:6987.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 681   Madison Mcniff J , Cooper D , Howe G , et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the skin and lung. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:146470.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 682   Minars N , Kay S , Escobar MR . Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a new clinicopathologic entity. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:4936.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 683   Macdonald DM , Sarkany I . Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:16373.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 684   Jambrosic J , From L , Assaad DA , et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:62131.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 685   Rizzi R , Curci P , Delia M , et al. Spontaneous remission of “methotrexate associated lymphoproliferative disorders” after discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment for autoimmune disease: review of the literature. Med Oncol 2009;26:19.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                  • 686   Fauci AS , Haynes B , Costa J , et al. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis; prospective clinical trial and therapeutic experience over 10 years. N Engl J Med 1982;306:6874.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                  Secondary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas

                    Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma

                    • 687   Dunleavy K , Wilson W , Jaffe E . Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma: pathobiological insights and clinical implications. Curr Opin Haematol 2007;14:34853.Cross Ref link
                    • 688   Lachenal F , Berger F , Ghesquieres H , et al. Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma. Clinical and laboratory features at diagnosis in 77 patients. Medicine 2007;86:28292.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                    • 689   Martel P , Laroche L , Courville P , et al. Cutaneous involvement in patients with angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia: a clinical, immunohistological and molecular analysis. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:8816.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                    • 690   Jayaraman A , Cassarino D , Advani R , et al. Cutaneous involvement by angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma: a unique histologic presentation mimicking an infectious etiology. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33(Suppl.):611.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                    • 691   Huang C , Chuang S . Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2004;128:1224.
                    • 692   Yoon G , Chang S , Kim H , et al. Cutaneous relapse of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy‐type peripheral T‐cell lymphoma mimicking an exanthematous drug eruption. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:81618.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                    Other disorders

                      Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (blastic plasmacytoid CD4+/CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm)

                      • 693   Harris N , Jaffe E , Diebold J , et al. The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic disease of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the clinical advisory committee. Histopathology 2000;36:6987.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 694   Chan J , Sin V , Wong K , et al. Non‐nasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinicopathologic study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood 1997;89:450113.Pubmed link
                      • 695   Child F , Mitchell T , Whittaker S , et al. Blastic natural killer cell and extranodal natural killer cell‐like T‐cell lymphoma presenting in the skin: report of six cases in the UK. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:50715.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 696   Hallerman C , Middel P , Griesenger F , et al. CD4+ CD56+ blastic tumour of the skin: cytogenetic observations and further evidence of an origin from plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Dermatol 2004;14:31722.Pubmed link
                      • 697   Mao X , Onadim Z , Price E , et al. Genomic alterations in blastic natural killer/extranodal natural killer like T‐cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:61827.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 698   Dijkman R , Van Doorn R , Szuhai K , et al. Gene expression profiling and array based CGH classify CD4+ CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm and cutaneous myelomonocytic leukaemia as distinct disease entities. Blood 2007;109:17207.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 699   Petrella T , Bagot M , Willemze R , et al. Blastic NK‐cell lymphomas (agranular CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasms): a review. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123(5):66275.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 700   Nakamura S , Suchi T , Koshikawa T , et al. Clinicopathologic study of CD56 (NCAM)‐positive angiocentric lymphoma occuring in sites other than the upper and lower respiratory tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:28496.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 701   Shabrawi‐Caelen L , Cerrono L , Kerl H . The clinicopathologic spectrum of cytotoxic lymphomas of the skin. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2000;19:11823.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 702   Petrella T , Comeau M , Maynadie M , et al. ’Agranular CD4+ CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm’ (blastic NK‐cell lymphoma) originates from a population of CD56+ precursor cells related to plasmacytoid monocytes. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:85262.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 703   Petrella T , Meijer C , Dalac S , et al. TCL1 and CLA expression in agranular CD4/CD56 hematodermic neoplasms (blastic NK‐cell lymphomas) and leukaemia cutis. Am J Clin Pathol 2004;122:30713.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 704   Hashikawa K , Niino D , Yasumoto S , et al. Clinicopathological features and prognostic significance of CXCL12 in blastic plasmacytoid neoplasm. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:27891.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 705   Petrella T , Dalac S , Maynadie M , et al. CD4+ CD56+ cutaneous neoplasms: a distinct haematological entity? Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:13746.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 706   Bekkenk M , Jansen P , Meijer C , Willemze R . CD56+ hematological neoplasms presenting in the skin: a retrospective analysis of 23 new cases and 130 cases from the literature. Ann Oncol 2004;15:1097108.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 707   Gilis L , Lebras L , Bouafia‐Sauvy F , et al. Sequential combination of high dose methotrexate and L‐asparaginase followed by allogeneic transplant: a first‐line strategy for CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm. Leuk Lymphoma 2012;53(8):16337.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                      Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder

                      • 708   Blokx W , Andriessen M , Hamersvelt H , van Krieken J . Initial spontaneous regression of posttransplantation Epstein Barr virus‐related B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the skin in a renal transplant recipient. Am J Dermatopathol 2002;24:41422.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 709   Lok C , Viseux V , Denoeux J , Bagot M . Post‐transplant cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas. Crit Rev Oncol/Haematol 2005;56:13745.Cross Ref link
                      • 710   Verma S , Nuovo J , Porcu P , et al. Epstein‐Barr virus and human herpesvirus 8‐associated primary cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma in the setting of renal transplantation. J Cutan Pathol 2005;32:359.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 711   Ravat F , Spittle M , Russell Jones R . Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma occuring after organ transplantation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:66875.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 712   Mohsin N , Budruddin M , Kamble P , et al. Complete regression of cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma in a renal transplant patient after conversion from cyclosporin to sirolimus. Transplant Proc 2007;39:126771.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 713   McGregor J , Carmen C , Lu Q , et al. Post‐transplant cutaneous lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:54954.Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                      Leukaemia cutis

                      • 714   Bonvalet D , Foldes C , Civatte J . Cutaneous manifestations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1984;10:27882.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 715   Buechner SA , Li CY , Su WPD . Leukaemia cutis: a histopathologic study of 42 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1985;7:10919.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 716   Su WPD , Buechner SA , Li CY . Clinicopathologic correlations in leukaemia cutis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:12118.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 717   Hubler WR , Netherton EW . Cutaneous manifestations of monocytic leukaemia. Arch Dermatol 1947;56:7089.Cross Ref link
                      • 718   Blaustein JC , Narany S , Palutke M , et al. Extra‐medullary (skin) presentation of acute monocytic leukaemia resembling cutaneous lymphoma. J Cutan Pathol 1987;14:2327.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 719   Beek CH . Skin manifestations associated with lymphomas and leukaemias. Dermatologica 1948;96:3506.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 720   Cote J , Trudel M , Gratton D . T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with bullous manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:8748.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 721   Arai E , Ideda S , Itoh S , et al. Specific skin lesions as the presenting symptom of hairy cell leukaemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1988;90:45964.Pubmed link
                      • 722   Finan MC , Su WPD , Li CY . Cutaneous findings in hairy cell leukaemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:78897.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 723   Lawrence DM , Sun NCJ , Mena R , et al. Cutaneous lesions in hairy cell leukaemia. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:3225.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 724   Creutzig U , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink MM , Gibson B , et al. Diagnosis and management of acute myeloid leukemia in children and adolescents: recommendations from an international expert panel. Blood 2012;120(16):3187205.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 725   Ratnam KV , Khor CJ , Su WP . Leukemia cutis. Dermatol Clin 1994;12(2):41931.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 726   Blum W , Mrozek K , Ruppert AS , et al. Adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia with t(6;11)(q27;q23): results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 8461 and review of the literature. Cancer 2004;101(6):14207.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 727   Bakst RL , Tallman MS , Douer D , Yahalom J . How I treat extramedullary acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2011;118(14):378593.***Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                      Cutaneous manifestations of Hodgkin disease

                      • 728   White RM , Patterson JW . Cutaneous involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1985;55:113645.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 729   Jaffe ES . The elusive Reed–Sternberg cell. N Engl J Med 1989;320:52931.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 730   Kadin ME . Histogenesis of Hodgkin's disease. Hum Pathol 1987;18:10858.Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                      • 731   Kaplan HS . Hodgkin's disease: unfolding concepts concerning its nature, management and prognosis. Cancer 1980;45:243974.Cross Ref link Pubmed link