Lesions with uncertain or unpredictable malignant potential

Actinic keratosis

• 1  Freeman RG. Carcinogenic effects of solar radiation and prevention measures. Cancer 1968;21:1114–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 2  Vatve M, Ortonne J‐P, Birch‐Machin MA, Gupta G. Management of field change in actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:21–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 3  O'Beirn SF, Judge P, Maccon CF, Martin CF. Skin cancer in County Galway, Ireland. In: Proceedings of the Sixth National Cancer Conference, sponsored by the American Cancer Society Inc. and the National Cancer Institute, September 1968. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1970:489–500.
• 4  Harvey I, Frankel S, Marks R, Shalom D, Nolan‐Farrell M. Non‐melanoma skin cancer and solar keratoses. I. Methods and descriptive results of the South Wales Skin Cancer Study. Br J Cancer 1996;74:1302–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 5  Memon AA, Tomenson JA, Bothwell J, Friedmann PS. Prevalence of solar damage and actinic keratosis in a Merseyside population. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1154–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 6  Frost CA, Green AC, Williams GM. The prevalence and determinants of solar keratoses at subtropical latitude. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:1033–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 7  Traianou A, Ulrich M, Apalla Z, et al. Risk factors for actinic keratosis in eight European centres: a case–control study. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:36–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 8  Kim KH, Park EJ, Seo YJ, et al. Immunohistochemical study of cyclooxygenase‐2 and p53 expression in skin tumors. J Dermatol 2006;33:319–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 9  Soufir N, Moles JP, Vilmer C, et al. P16 UV mutations in human skin epithelial tumors. Oncogene 1999;18:5477–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 10  Mortier L, Marchetti P, Delaporte E, et al. Progression of actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma of the skin correlates with deletion of the 9p21 region encoding the p16(INK4a) tumor suppressor. Cancer Lett 2002;176:205–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 11  Hameetman L, Commandeur S, Bouwes Bavinck JN, et al. Molecular profiling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas and actinic keratoses from organ transplant recipients. BMC Cancer 2013;13:58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 12  Shams K, Gupta G. Management of field cancerization: the case of actinic keratosis. In: Dakubo GD, ed. Field Cancerization: Basic science and clinical applications. New York: Nova Science Publishing, 2011:371–89.
• 13  Ishida H, Kumakiri M, Ueda K, et al. Comparative histochemical study of Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis: preserved normal basal cells in Bowen's disease. Eur J Histochem 2001;45:177–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 14  Lebwohl MG, Rosen T, Stockfleth E. The role of human papillomavirus in common skin conditions: current viewpoints and therapeutic options. Cutis 2010;86:1–11. Pubmed link
• 15  Esmann S, Vinding GR, Christensen KB, Jemec GB. Assessing the influence of actinic keratosis on patients' quality of life: the AKQoL questionnaire. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:277–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 16  Marks R, Foley P, Goodman G, Hage BH, Selwood T. Spontaneous remission of solar keratoses: the case for conservative management. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:649–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 17  Werner RN, Sammain A, Erdmann R, Hartmann V, Stockfleth E, Nast A. The natural history of actinic keratosis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:502–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 18  Dodson JM, DeSpain J, Hewett JE, Clark DP. Malignant potential of actinic keratoses and the controversy over treatment. A patient‐oriented perspective. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1029–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 19  Maier T, Braun‐Falco M, Laubender RP, Ruzicka T, Berking C. Actinic keratosis in the en‐face and slice imaging mode of high‐definition optical coherence tomography and comparison with histology. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:120–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 20  de Berker D, McGregor JM, Hughes BR, British Association of Dermatologists Therapy Guidelines and Audit Subcommittee. Guidelines for the management of actinic keratoses. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:222–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, Brintnell W. Interventions for actinic keratoses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD004415. Pubmed link
• 22  Morton C, Mowbray M, Clark C, Gupta G, Herd R, Fleming C. Update on the treatment of actinic keratosis. Dermatol Pract 2013;19:14–17.
• 23  Wolf JE, Taylor JR, Tschen E, Kang S. Topical 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel in the treatment of actinic keratoses. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:709–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Stockfleth E, Kerl H, Zwingers T, Willers C. Low‐dose 5‐fluorouracil in combination with salicylic acid as a new lesion‐directed option to treat topically actinic keratoses: histological and clinical study results. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:1101–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Swanson N, Abramovits W, Berman B, Kulp J, Rigel DS, Levy S. Imiquimod 2.5% and 3.75% for the treatment of actinic keratoses: results of two placebo‐controlled studies of daily application to the face and balding scalp for two 2‐week cycles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:582–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Alomar A, Bichel J, McRae S. Vehicle‐controlled, randomized, double‐blind study to assess safety and efficacy of imiquimod 5% cream applied once daily 3 days per week in one or two courses of treatment of actinic keratoses on the head. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:133–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 27  Lebwohl M, Swanson N, Anderson LL, Melgaard A, Xu Z, Berman B. Ingenol mebutate gel for actinic keratosis. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1010–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 28  Szeimies RM, Radny P, Sebastian M, et al. Photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III study. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:386–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 29  Dirschka T, Radny P, Dominicus R, et al. Photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, observer‐blind phase III study in comparison with a registered methyl‐5‐aminolaevulinate cream and placebo. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:137–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 30  Zane C, Facchinetti E, Rossi MT, Specchia C, Calzavara‐Pinton PG. A randomized clinical trial of photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate vs. diclofenac 3% plus hyaluronic acid gel for the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:1143–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 31  de Graaf YG, Euvrard S, Bouwes Bavinck JN. Systemic and topical retinoids in the management of skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:656–61. Pubmed link
• 32  Prens SP, de Vries K, Neumann HA, Prens EP. Non‐ablative fractional resurfacing in combination with topical tretinoin cream as a field treatment modality for multiple actinic keratosis: a pilot study and a review of other field treatment modalities. J Dermatol Treat 2013;24:227–31. Cross Ref link
• 33  Zane C, Facchinetti E, Rossi MT, Specchia C, Ortel B, Calzavara‐Pinton P. Cryotherapy is preferable to ablative CO₂ laser for the treatment of isolated actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:1114–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Cutaneous horn

• 34  Bondeson J. Everard Home, John Hunter and cutaneous horns: a historical review. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:362–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 35  Yu RC, Pryce DW, MacFarlane AW, Stewart TW. A histopathological study of 643 cutaneous horns. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:449–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 36  Bart RS, Andrade R, Kopf AW. Cutaneous horns. A clinical and histopathologic study. Acta Derm Venereol 1968;48:507–15. Pubmed link
• 37  Wang W, Wang C, Xu S, et al. Detection of HPV‐2 and identification of novel mutations by whole genome sequencing from biopsies of two patients with multiple cutaneous horns. J Clin Virol 2007;39:34–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Arsenical keratosis

• 38  Bates MN, Smith AH, Hopenhayn‐Rich C. Arsenic ingestion and internal cancers: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:462–76. Pubmed link
• 39  Wu MM, Kuo TL, Hwang YH, Chen CJ. Dose–response relation between arsenic concentration in well water and mortality from cancers and vascular diseases. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:1123–32. Pubmed link
• 40  Chen CJ, Chen CW, Wu MM, Kuo TL. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. Br J Cancer 1992;66:888–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 41  Rahman MM, Chowdury UK, Mukherjee SC, et al. Chronic arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India: a review and commentary. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001;39:683–700. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Montgomery H, Waisman M. Epithelioma attributable to arsenic. J Invest Dermatol 1941;4:365–83. Cross Ref link
• 43  Argos M, Kalra T, Pierce BL, et al. A prospective study of arsenic exposure from drinking water and incidence of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 2011;174:185–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 44  Hsueh YM, Cheng GS, Wu MM, Yu HS, Kuo TL, Chen CJ. Multiple risk factors associated with arsenic‐induced skin cancer: effects of chronic liver disease and malnutritional status. Br J Cancer 1995;71:109–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 45  Melkonian S, Argos M, Chen Y, et al. Intakes of several nutrients are associated with incidence of arsenic‐related keratotic skin lesions in Bangladesh. J Nutr 2012;142:2128–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Chaudhuri SD, Kundu M, Banerjee M, et al. Arsenic‐induced health effects and genetic damage in keratotic individuals: involvement of p53 arginine variant and chromosomal abberations in arsenic susceptibility. Mutat Res 2008;659:118–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Hsu LI, Chen GS, Lee CH, et al. Use of arsenic‐induced palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and skin cancers to predict risk of subsequent internal malignancy. Am J Epidemiol 2013;177:202–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Danaee H. Nelson HH, Liber H, Little JB, Kelsey KT. Low dose exposure to sodium arsenite synergistically interacts with UV radiation to induce mutations and alter DNA repair in human cells. Mutagenesis 2004;19:143–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Hanjani NM, Fender AB, Mercurio MG. Chronic arsenicism from Chinese herbal medicine. Cutis 2007;80:305–8. Pubmed link
• 50  Khandpur S, Malhotra AK, Bhatia V, et al. Chronic arsenic toxicity from Ayurvedic medicines. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:618–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 51  Yeh S, How SW, Lin CS. Arsenical cancer of skin. Histologic study with special reference to Bowen's disease. Cancer 1968;21:312–39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Centeno JA, Mullick FG, Martinez L, et al. Pathology related to chronic arsenic exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:883–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Cuzick J, Evans S, Gillman M, Price Evans DA. Medicinal arsenic and internal malignancies. Br J Cancer 1982;45:904–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Yerebakan O, Ermis O, Yilmaz E, Basaran E. Treatment of arsenical keratoses and Bowen's disease with acitretin. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:84–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 55  Son SB, Song HJ, Son SW. Successful treatment of palmoplantar arsenical keratosis with a combination of keratolytics and low‐dose acitretin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:202–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 56  Boonchai W. Treatment of precancerous and cancerous lesions of chronic arsenicism with 5% imiquimod cream. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:531–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 57  Lonergan CL, McNamara EK, Cordoro KM, Greer KE. Imiquimod cream 5% for the treatment of arsenic‐induced cutaneous neoplasms. Cutis 2010;85:199–202. Pubmed link

Post‐ionizing radiation keratosis

• 58  Peter RU, Braun‐Falco O, Birioukov A, et al. Chronic cutaneous damage after accidental exposure to ionizing radiation: the Chernobyl experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:719–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 59  Porock D, Nikoletti S, Kristjanson L. Management of radiation skin reactions: literature review and clinical application. Plast Surg Nurs 1999;19:185–92. Pubmed link
• 60  Heckmann M, Douwes K, Peter R, Degitz K. Vascular activation of adhesion molecule mRNA and cell surface expression by ionizing radiation. Exp Cell Res 1998;238:148–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 61  Baeuml H, Behrends U, Peter RU, et al. Ionizing radiation induces, via generation of reactive oxygen intermediates, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) gene transcription and NF kappa B‐like binding activity in the ICAM‐1 transcriptional regulatory region. Free Radic Res 1997;27:127–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Behrends U, Peter RU, Hintermeier‐Knabe R, et al. Ionizing radiation induces human intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:726–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Meineke V, Muller K, Ridi R, et al. Development and evaluation of a skin organ model for the analysis of radiation effects. Strahlenther Onkol 2004;180:102–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Muller K, Schinn M, Reichrath J, Meineke V. 1‐alpha,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates the response of human keratinocytes to ionizing radiation exposure. Anticancer Res 2006;26:2735–41. Pubmed link

Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis

• 65  Chernosky ME, Anderson DE. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: genetic aspects. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:408–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 66  Chernosky ME, Freeman RG. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP). Arch Dermatol 1967;96:611–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Donald GF, Hunter GA. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a report of eight cases. Aust J Dermatol 1968;9:335–44. Cross Ref link
• 68  Xia JH, Yang YF, Deng H, et al. Identification of a locus for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis at chromosome 12q23.2‐24.1. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:1071–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Xia K, Deng H, Xia JH, et al. A novel locus (DSAP2) for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis maps to chromosome 15q25.1‐26.1. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:650–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 70  Zhou MS, Xie HF, Chen ML, et al. A novel mutation for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in the MVK gene. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:427–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Zhang SQ, Jiang T, Li M, et al. Exome sequencing identifies MVK mutations in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Nat Genet 2012;44:1156–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Wu LQ, Yang YF, Zheng D, et al. Confirmation and refinement of a genetic locus for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP1) at 12q23.2‐24.1. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:999–1004. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 73  Murase J, Gilliam AC. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis co‐existing with linear and verrucous porokeratosis in an elderly woman: update on the genetics and clinical expression of porokeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:886–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Freyschmidt‐Paul P, Hoffmann R, Konig A, Happle R. Linear porokeratosis superimposed on disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: report of two cases exemplifying the concept of type 2 segmental manifestation of autosomal dominant skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:644–7. Pubmed link
• 75  Suarez‐Amor O, Pereiro‐Ferreiros M, Ginarte M, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Coexistence of linear porokeratosis and disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a type 2 segmental manifestation. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:363–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Happle R. Somatic recombination may explain linear porokeratosis associated with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Am J Med Genet 1991;39:237. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Buhl T, Wienrich BG, Sieblist C, Schon MP, Seitz CS. Development of segmental superficial actinic porokeratosis during immunosuppressive therapy for pemphigus vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90:212–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Kawara S, Oiso N, Kawada A. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis in a patient undergoing treatment with long‐term narrowband UV B for psoriasis. J Dermatol 2011;38:585–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Hazen PG, Carney JF, Walker AE, Stewart JJ, Engstrom CW. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: appearance associated with photochemotherapy for psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:1077–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 80  Allen AL, Glaser DA. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis associated with topical PUVA. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:720–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 81  Reed RJ, Leone P. Porokeratosis: a mutant clonal keratosis of the epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1970;101:340–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Chernosky ME, Anderson DE. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Clinical studies and experimental production of lesions. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:401–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 83  Zhang ZH, Niu ZM, Yuan WT, et al. A mutation in SART3 gene in a Chinese pedigree with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:658–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Liu P, Zhang S, Yao Q, et al. Identification of a genetic locus for autosomal dominant disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis on chromosome 1p31.3‐p31.1. Hum Genet 2008;123:507–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  Luan J, Niu Z, Zhang J, et al. A novel locus for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis maps to chromosome 16q24.1‐24.3. Hum Genet 2011;129:329–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 86  Zhou Y, Liu J, Fu X, et al. Identification of three novel frameshift mutations of the MVK gene in four Chinese families with disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:193–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Shumack SP. Commens CA. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a clinical study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:1015–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Skupsky H, Skupsky J, Goldenberg G. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a treatment review. J Dermatol Treat 2012;23:52–6. Cross Ref link
• 89  Vlachou C, Kanelleas AI, Martin‐Clavijo A, Berth‐Jones J. Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with topical diclofenac gel: a case series. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:1343–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Marks S, Varma R, Cantrell W, et al. Diclofenac sodium 3% gel as a potential treatment for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:42–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 91  Bakardzhiev I, Kavaklieva S, Pehlivanov G. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with calcipotriol. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:1139–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 92  Bohm M, Luger TA, Bonsmann G. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: treatment with topical tacalcitol. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:479–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 93  Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Disseminated superficial porokeratosis: rapid therapeutic response to 5‐fluorouracil. Cutis 1983;32:139–40. Pubmed link
• 94  Arun B, Pearson J, Chalmers R. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis treated effectively with topical imiquimod 5% cream. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:509–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 95  Nayeemuddin FA, Wong M, Yell J, Rhodes LE. Topical photodynamic therapy in disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:703–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 96  Cavicchini S, Tourlaki A. Successful treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with methyl aminolevulinate–photodynamic therapy. J Dermatol Treat 2006;17:190–1. Cross Ref link
• 97  Rosenblum J, Roenigk HH Jr. Erbium laser for the treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis: a case report. Dermatol Surg 2013;39:1543–5. Pubmed link
• 98  Noborio R, Morita A. Split‐face trial of CO(2) laser‐induced ring abrasion and high‐dose tacalcitol in the treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis. J Dermatol 2012;39:879–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 99  Lolis MS, Marmur ES. Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) with the Q‐switched ruby laser. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2008;10:124–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 100  Liu HT. Treatment of lichen amyloidosis (LA) and disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) with frequency‐doubled Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:958–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

In situ carcinoma of the skin

Bowen disease

• 101  Bowen JT. Precancerous dermatoses: a study of two cases of chronic atypical epithelial proliferation. J Cutan Dis 1912;30:241–55.
• 102  Bowen JT. Precancerous dermatoses: a sixth case of a type recently described. J Cutan Dis 1915;33:787–802.
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• 107  Arlette JP, Trotter MJ. Squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the skin: history, presentation, biology and treatment. Australas J Dermatol 2004;45:1–9, quiz 10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 108  Eedy DJ, Gavin AT. Thirteen‐year retrospective study of Bowen's disease in Northern Ireland. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:715–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 109  Hansen JP. Drake AL, Walling HW. Bowen's disease: a four‐year retrospective review of epidemiology and treatment at a university center. Dermatol Surg 2008;34:878–83. Pubmed link
• 110  Cox NH. Body site distribution of Bowen's disease. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:714–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 111  Kossard S, Rosen R. Cutaneous Bowen's disease. An analysis of 1001 cases according to age, sex, and site. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:406–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 113  Thestrup‐Pedersen K, Ravnborg L, Reymann F. Morbus Bowen. A description of the disease in 617 patients. Acta Derm Venereol 1988;68:236–9. Pubmed link
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• 116  Epstein E. Association of Bowen's disease with visceral cancer. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:349–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 118  Chuang TY, Tse J, Reizner GT. Bowen's disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) as a skin marker for internal malignancy: a case–control study. Am J Prev Med 1990;6:238–43. Pubmed link
• 119  Lycka BA. Bowen's disease and internal malignancy. A meta‐analysis. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:531–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 120  Moller R, Nielsen A, Reymann F, Hou‐Jensen K. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and internal malignant neoplasms. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:304–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 121  Reymann F, Ravnborg L, Schou G, et al. Bowen's disease and internal malignant disease. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:677–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 122  Graham JH, Mazzanti GR, Helwig EB. Chemistry of Bowen's disease: relationship to arsenic. J Invest Dermatol 1961;37:317–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci 2006;13:657–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 127  Degos R, Civatte J, Belaich S, Letessier S. Mucocutaneous Bowen's disease. 243 clinical cases. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1976;103:5–14. Pubmed link
• 128  Hama N, Ohtsuka T, Yamazaki S. Detection of mucosal human papilloma virus DNA in bowenoid papulosis, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Dermatol 2006;33:331–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Derancourt C, Mougin C, Chopard Lallier M, Coumes‐Marquet S, Drobacheff C, Laurent R. Oncogenic human papillomaviruses in extra‐genital Bowen disease revealed by in situ hybridization. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001;128:715–18. Pubmed link
• 130  Quereux G, N'Guyen JM, Dreno B. Human papillomavirus and extragenital in situ carcinoma. Dermatology 2004;209:40–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Mitsuishi T, Kawana S, Kato T, Kawashima M. Human papillomavirus infection in actinic keratosis and Bowen's disease: comparative study with expression of cell‐cycle regulatory proteins p21(Waf1/Cip1), p53, PCNA, Ki‐67, and Bcl‐2 in positive and negative lesions. Hum Pathol 2003;34:886–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Anal, vulval, penile and perianal intraepithelial carcinoma

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Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin

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• 222  Motley R, Kersey P, Lawrence C, British Association of Dermatologists, British Association of Plastic Surgeons, Royal College of Radiologists, et al. Multiprofessional guidelines for the management of the patient with primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:18–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 226  Chen K, Craig JC, Shumack S. Oral retinoids for the prevention of skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:518–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Keratoacanthomas and associated syndromes

Keratoacanthoma

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Multiple self‐healing squamous epithelioma

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Generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma

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Muir–Torre syndrome

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