Introduction

Multisystem and haematopoietic tumours that involve the skin

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Tumour spread from adjacent and distant tissues

Direct tumour spread and invasion

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Cutaneous metastasis

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Paget disease

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Genodermatoses associated with internal malignancies

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Howel–Evans syndrome

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Naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

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Familial melanoma syndrome

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Melanoma–astrocytoma syndrome

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Xeroderma pigmentosum

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Von Hippel–Lindau disease

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Neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2

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Tuberous sclerosis complex

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes

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• 132  Kousseff BG. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 (MEN 2)/MEN 2A (Sipple syndrome). Dermatol Clin 1995;13:91–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 133  Holloway KB, Flowers FP. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN 2B)/MEN 3. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:99–103.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 137  Saggini A, Brandi ML. Skin lesions in hereditary endocrine tumor syndromes. Endocr Pract 2011;17(Suppl. 3):47–57.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Carney complex

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• 141  Carney JA. Carney complex: the complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, endocrine overactivity, and schwannomas. Semin Dermatol 1995;14:90–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome

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• 150  Graham RM, Emmerson RW. Multiple hamartoma and neoplasia syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10:262–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 151  Kurek KC, Howard E, Tennant LB, et al. PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue: a distinctive lesion in PTEN syndromes. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:671–87.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 152  Bubien V, Bonnet F, Brouste V, et al. High cumulative risk of cancer in patients with PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. J Med Genet 2013;50:255–63.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Sebaceous tumours, keratoacanthomas and visceral malignancy

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Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome

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Bloom, Rothmund–Thomson and Werner syndromes

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Bloom syndrome

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Rothmund–Thomson syndrome

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Werner syndrome

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• 178  Duvic M, Lemak NA. Werner's syndrome. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:163–8.Pubmed link
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• 180  Hrabko RP, Milgrom H, Schwartz RA. Werner's syndrome with associated malignant neoplasms. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:106–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Immunodeficiency and neoplasia syndromes

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome

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• 186  Model LM. Primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the brain in Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome. Report of a case. Arch Neurol 1977;34:633–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Chediak‐Higashi syndrome, Ataxia‐telangiectasia, Dyskeratosis congenital, Fanconi anaemia

• 188  Stolz W, Graubner U, Gerstmeier J, et al. Chediak–Higashi syndrome: approaches in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Probl Dermatol 1989;18:93–100.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 193  Gatti RA. Ataxia‐telangiectasia. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:1–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 194  Swift M, Morrell D, Massey RB, et al. Incidence of cancer in 161 families affected by ataxia‐telangiectasia. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1831–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 195  Morgan MB. Lethal hereditary vascular disorders: Osler–Weber–Rendu, ataxia telangiectasia, and Fabry's disease. In: Morgan MB, Smoller BR, Somach SC. Deadly Dermatologic Diseases. Clinicopathologic Atlas and Text. New York: Springer, 2007:145–9.
• 196  Callen JP. Skin signs of internal malignancy. In: Callen JP, Jorizzo JL, eds. Dermatological Signs of Internal Disease, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2003:95–104.
• 197  Drachtman RA, Alter BP. Dyskeratosis congenita. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:33–9.Pubmed link
• 198  Dokal I. Dyskeratosis congenita. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011:480–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 199  Lambert WC. Genetic diseases associated with DNA and chromosomal instability. Dermatol Clin 1987;5:85–108.Pubmed link
• 200  Connor JM, Teague RH. Dyskeratosis congenita: report of a large kindred. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:321–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 201  Auerbach AD. Fanconi anemia and its diagnosis. Mutat Res 2009;66:4–10.Cross Ref link
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• 203  Alter BP. Fanconi anemia and the development of leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2014;27:214–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Paraneoplastic phenomena involving the skin

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• 206  Poole S, Fenske NA. Cutaneous markers of internal malignancy, 2: paraneoplastic dermatoses and environmental carcinogens. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:147–64.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Acanthotic, epidermal and ichthyotic disorders

Acanthosis nigricans

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Acanthosis palmaris

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• 228  Cohen PR, Grossman ME, Silvers DN, et al. Tripe palms and cancer. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:165–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Sign of Leser–Trélat

• 229  Holdiness MR. On the classification of the sign of Leser‐Trélat. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:754–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 230  Rampen FH, Schwengle LE. The sign of Leser‐Trélat: does it exist? J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:50–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 231  Turan E, Yesilova Y, Yurt N, Koçarslan S. Leser‐Trélat sign: does it really exist? Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2013;21:123–7.Pubmed link
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• 234  Flugman SL, McClain SA, Clark RA. Transient eruptive seborrheic keratoses associated with erythrodermic psoriasis and erythrodermic drug eruption: report of two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(6 Suppl.):S212–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 238  Fasoldt JJ, Brumwell ER, Lackey JN. Leser‐Trélat sign presenting in a patient with recurrent pre‐B‐cell acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Cutis 2012;89:33–5.Pubmed link
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Florid cutaneous papillomatosis

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Acquired ichthyosis and other epidermal disorders

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• 243  Griffin LJ, Massa MC. Acquired ichthyosis and pityriasis rotunda. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:27–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 246  Guana AL, Cohen PR. Transient acantholytic dermatosis in oncology patients. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:1703–9.Pubmed link
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• 248  Cuzick J, Harris R, Mortimer PS. Palmar keratoses and cancers of the bladder and lung. Lancet 1984;i:530–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Paraneoplastic pigmentation

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Hair, nails and skin appendages

Paraneoplastic hypertrichosis lanuginosa acquisita

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Clubbing of nails

• 257  Sridhar KS, Lobo CF, Altman RD. Digital clubbing and lung cancer. Chest 1998;114:1535–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 259  Hinds G, Thomas VD. Malignancy and cancer treatment‐related hair and nail changes. Dermatol Clin 2008;26:59–68.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Hyperhidrosis

• 261  Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, Sato KT. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. II. Disorders of sweat gland function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:713–26.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Dermatoses associated with internal malignancies

Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica

• 263  Bazex A, Griffiths A. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica: a new cutaneous marker of malignancy. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:301–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 264  Richard M, Giroux JM. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:178–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 265  Bolognia JL. Bazex syndrome: acrokeratosis paraneoplastica. Semin Dermatol 1995;14:84–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 268  Obasi OE, Garg SK. Bazex paraneoplastic acrokeratosis in prostate carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:647–51.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 269  Arregui MA, Raton JA, Landa NI, et al. Bazex's syndrome (acrokeratosis paraneoplastica): first report of an association with a bladder carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:445–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Migratory erythemas

• 272  Lazar P. Cancer, erythema annulare centrifugum, autoimmunity. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:247–51.
• 273  Chodkiewicz HM, Cohen PR. Paraneoplastic erythema annulare centrifugum eruption: PEACE. Am J Clin Dermatol 2012;13:239–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 274  De La Torre‐Lugo EM, Sanchez JL. Erythema gyratum repens. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:e89–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 276  Juhlin L, Lacour JP, Larrouy JC, et al. Episodic erythema gyratum repens with ichthyosis and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis without signs of internal malignancy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:223–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 277  Campbell L, Freedman JR, O'Donoghue M, Chevalier M, Dy LC, Tharp MD. Erythema gyratum repens without associated malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:e22–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Connective tissue and rheumatological disorders

Dermatomyositis

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• 285  Kalmanti M, Athanasion A. Neuroblastoma occurring in a child with dermatomyositis. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1985;7:387–8.Pubmed link
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• 288  Hunger RE, Durr D, Brand CU. Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis in dermatomyositis suggests malignancy. Dermatology 2001;202:123–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 289  Burnouf M, Mahé E, Verpillat P, et al. Cutaneous necrosis is predictive of cancer in adult dermatomyositis. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2003;130:313–16.
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• 293  Femia AN, Vleugels RA, Callen JP. Cutaneous dermatomyositis: an updated review of treatment options and internal associations. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013;14:291–313.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Lupus erythematosus

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• 297  Chaudhry SI, Murphy LA, White IR. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a paraneoplastic dermatosis? Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:655–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Scleroderma, fasciitis, panniculitis and similar sclerodermoid conditions

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Bullous disorders associated with internal malignancy

Paraneoplastic pemphigus

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Bullous pemphigoid, Pemphigus

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Other blistering disorders

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• 340  Godfrey KM, Wojnarowska FJ, Leonard J. Disease associations of linear IgA disease. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:48.
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• 342  Baler GR. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita associated with lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:856–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 344  Tidman MJ, Higgins EM, Elder GH, et al. Variegate porphyria associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:503–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 345  Dandurand M, Guillot B, Guilhou JJ. [Porphyria cutanea tarda and neoplasms. Apropos of 2 cases.] Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1986;113:679–83.

Deposition disorders

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Other dermatological disorders

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• 350  Neittaanmaki H. Cold urticaria: clinical findings in 220 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:636–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 351  Daoud MS, Lust JA, Kyle RA, et al. Monoclonal gammopathies and associated skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:507–35.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 354  Abel EA, Lindae ML, Hoppe RT, et al. Benign and malignant forms of erythroderma: cutaneous immunophenotypic characteristics. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:1089–95.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 356  Nicolis GD, Helwig EB. Exfoliative dermatitis: a clinicopathologic study of 135 cases. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:788–97.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 357  Grob JJ, Collet‐Villete AM, Horchowski N, et al. Ofuji papulo‐erythroderma: report of a case with T cell skin lymphoma and discussion of the nature of this disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:927–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 358  Cohen PR. Granuloma annulare, relapsing polychondritis, sarcoidosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus: conditions whose dermatologic manifestations may occur as hematologic malignancy‐associated mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:70–80.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 359  Davis MD, Perniciaro C, Dahl PR, et al. Exaggerated arthropod‐bite lesions in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical, histopathologic, and immunopathologic study of eight patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:27–35.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 360  Ross JB, Tompkins MG. Cutis verticis gyrata as a marker of internal malignancy. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:434–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 361  Burt RK, Sharfman WH, Karp B, Wilson WH. Mental neuropathy (numb chin syndrome). A harbinger of tumor progression or relapse. Cancer 1992;70:877–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 362  Hjalgrim H, Frisch M, Storm HH, et al. Non‐melanoma skin cancer may be a marker of poor prognosis in patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Cancer 2000;85:639–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 363  Powell FC, Daniel Su WP, Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum: classification and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:395–409.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 364  Vignon‐Pennamen MD, Juillard C, Rybojad M, et al. Chronic recurrent lymphocytic Sweet syndrome as a predictive marker of myelodysplasia: a report of 9 cases. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1170–6.Pubmed link
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• 366  Aldridge RD, Main RA, Daly BM. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis and cancer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:296–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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Vascular disorders associated with internal malignancy

Raynaud phenomenon and digital ischaemia, Erythromelalgia, Palmar erythema, Vasculitis, Chilblain‐like lesions

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• 371  Palmer HM. Digital vascular disease and malignant disease. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:476–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 378  Noble JB, Boisnic S, Branchet‐Gumila MC, Poisson M. Palmar erythema: cutaneous marker of neoplasm. Dermatology 2002;204:209–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 379  Kurzrock R, Cohen PR. Vasculitis and cancer. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:175–87.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 381  Zappasodi P, Del Forna C, Corso A, Lazzarino M. Mucocutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes in hematologic malignancies. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:14–22.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 382  Seelen MAJ, de Meijer PHEM, Arnoldus EPJ, et al. A patient with multiple myeloma presenting with severe polyneuropathy caused by necrotizing vasculitis. Am J Med 1997;102:485–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 383  Daoud MS, Lust JA, Kyle RA, et al. Monoclonal gammopathies and associated skin disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:507–35.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 384  Mita T, Nakanishi Y, Ochiai A, et al. Paraneoplastic vasculitis associated with esophageal carcinoma. Pathol Int 1999;49:643–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 385  Lotti T, Ghersetich I, Comacchi C, Jorizzo JL. Cutaneous small‐vessel vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:667–87.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 386  Pankhurst T, Savage COS, Gordon C, Harper L. Malignancy is increased in ANCA‐associated vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43:1532–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 387  Heijl C, Harper L, Flossmann O, et al.; European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS). Incidence of malignancy in patients treated for antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody‐associated vasculitis: follow‐up data from European Vasculitis Study Group clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(8):1415–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 388  Yazawa H, Saga K, Omori F, et al. The chilblain‐like eruption as a diagnostic clue to the blast crisis of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(2 Suppl.):S42–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 389  Affleck AG, Ravenscroft JC, Leach IH. Chilblain‐like leukemia cutis. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:38–41.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 390  Tan BB, Lear JT, English JSC. Metastasis from carcinoma of breast masquerading as chilblains. J R Soc Med 1997;90:162.Pubmed link

Flushing

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• 392  Hemann WR. Flushing, pheochromocytoma, and the dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:1075–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 393  Modlin IM, Sandor A. An analysis of 8305 cases of carcinoid tumors. Cancer 1997;79:13–29.
• 394  Tharp MD, Chan IJ. Mastocytosis. Adv Dermatol 2003;19:207–36.Pubmed link
• 395  Pardanani A, Baek J‐Y, Li C‐Y, et al. Systemic mast cell disease without associated hematologic disorder: a combined retrospective and prospective study. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:1169–75.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Cancer‐associated thrombosis

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• 399  Samlaska CP, James WD. Superficial thrombophlebitis. II. Secondary hypercoagulable states. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1–18.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 400  Catania S, Zurrida S, Veronesi P, et al. Mondor's disease and breast cancer. Cancer 1992;69:2267–70.Cross Ref linkPubmed link

Venous and lymphatic obstruction

• 401  Yosipovitch G. Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:590–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 402  Paul R, Paul R, Jansen CT. Itch and malignancy prognosis in generalized pruritus: a 6‐year follow‐up of 125 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:1179–82.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
• 403  Feiner AS, Mahmood T, Wallner SF. Prognostic importance of pruritus in Hodgkin's disease. JAMA 1978;240:2738–40.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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• 406  Andreev VC, Petkov I. Skin manifestations associated with tumours of the brain. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:675–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
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