• 1  Stenn KS, Paus R. Controls of hair follicle cycling. Physiol Rev 2001 Jan;81(1):44994. Pubmed link
  • 2  Schneider MR, Schmidt‐Ullrich R, Paus R. The hair follicle as a dynamic miniorgan. Curr Biol 2009 Feb 10;19(3):R13242. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3  Paus R, Langan EA, Vidali S, Ramot Y, Andersen B. Neuroendocrinology of the hair follicle: principles and clinical perspectives. Trends Mol Med 2014 20(10):55970. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Bayliss HM, Starling EH. The chemical regulation of the secretory process. Proc R Soc Lond 1904 73:31022. Cross Ref link
  • 5  Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Polonsky KS, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endiocrinology, 12th edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012.
  • 6  Slominski A, Wortsman J, Tuckey RC, Paus R. Differential expression of HPA axis homolog in the skin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007 Feb;265–266:1439. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Slominski A, Wortsman J, Paus R, Elias PM, Tobin DJ, Feingold KR. Skin as an endocrine organ: implications for its function. Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 2008 Jun 1;5(2):13744. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 8  Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Skobowiat C, Zbytek B, Slominski RM, Steketee JD. Sensing the environment: regulation of local and global homeostasis by the skin's neuroendocrine system. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2012;212:v, vii, 1115. Cross Ref link
  • 9  Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC, Rivier J. Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev 2013 Dec;34(6):82784. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity. Exp Dermatol 2014 Jun;23(6):36974. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 11  Skobowiat C, Nejati R, Lu L, Williams RW, Slominski AT. Genetic variation of the cutaneous HPA axis: an analysis of UVB‐induced differential responses. Gene 2013 Nov 1;530(1):17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Skobowiat C, Sayre RM, Dowdy JC, Slominski AT. Ultraviolet radiation regulates cortisol activity in a waveband‐dependent manner in human skin ex vivo. Br J Dermatol 2013 Mar;168(3):595601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 13  Paus R, Theoharides TC, Arck PC. Neuroimmunoendocrine circuitry of the ‘brain–skin connection’. Trends Immunol 2006 Jan;27(1):329. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 14  Paus R. Exploring the “thyroid–skin connection”: concepts, questions, and clinical relevance. J Invest Dermatol 2010 Jan;130(1):710. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 15  Paus R. A neuroendocrinological perspective on human hair follicle pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011 Feb;24(1):89106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Arck PC, Slominski A, Theoharides TC, Peters EM, Paus R. Neuroimmunology of stress: skin takes center stage. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Aug;126(8):1697704. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 17  Arck P, Handjiski B, Hagen E, et al. Is there a ‘gut–brain–skin axis’? Exp Dermatol 2010 May;19(5):4015. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  Peters EM. The neuroendocrine‐immune connection regulates chronic inflammatory disease in allergy. Chem Immunol Allergy 2012;98:24052. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Agak GW, Qin M, Nobe J, et al. Propionibacterium acnes Induces an IL‐17 Response in Acne Vulgaris that Is Regulated by Vitamin A and Vitamin D. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Feb;134(2):36673. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Langan EA, Foitzik‐Lau K, Goffin V, Ramot Y, Paus R. Prolactin: an emerging force along the cutaneous‐endocrine axis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010 Sep;21(9):56977. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Brooks CL. Molecular mechanisms of prolactin and its receptor. Endocr Rev 2012 Aug;33(4):50425. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Poeggeler B, Schulz C, Pappolla MA, et al. Leptin and the skin: a new frontier. Exp Dermatol 2010 Jan;19(1):1218. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Procaccini C, Pucino V, Mantzoros CS, Matarese G. Leptin in autoimmune diseases. Metabolism 2015 Jan;64(1):92104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Watabe R, Yamaguchi T, Kabashima‐Kubo R, Yoshioka M, Nishio D, Nakamura M. Leptin controls hair follicle cycling. Exp Dermatol 2014 Apr;23(4):2289. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Nester EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM, Malenka RC. Molecular Neuropharmacology – A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 3rd edn. New York: McGrawHill, 2015.
  • 26  Ito N, Ito T, Kromminga A, et al. Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. FASEB J 2005 Aug;19(10):13324. Pubmed link
  • 27  Slominski A, Wortsman J, Kohn L, et al. Expression of hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis related genes in the human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2002 Dec;119(6):144955. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Bodó E, Kany B, Gáspár E, et al. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone, a novel, locally produced modulator of human epidermal functions, is regulated by thyrotropin‐releasing hormone and thyroid hormones. Endocrinology 2010 Apr;151(4):163342. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 29  Grando SA. Cholinergic control of epidermal cohesion. Exp Dermatol 2006 Apr;15(4):26582. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Grando SA, Pittelkow MR, Schallreuter KU. Adrenergic and cholinergic control in the biology of epidermis: physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Sep;126(9):194865. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Grando SA. Muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists: effects on keratinocyte functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012;208:42950. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Grando SA, Kawashima K, Kirkpatrick CJ, Meurs H, Wessler I. The non‐neuronal cholinergic system: basic science, therapeutic implications and new perspectives. Life Sci 2012 Nov 27;91(21–22):96972. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Schallreuter KU, Lemke KR, Pittelkow MR, Wood JM, Körner C, Malik R. Catecholamines in human keratinocyte differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 1995 Jun;104(6):9537. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Pullar CE, Le Provost GS, O'Leary AP, Evans SE, Baier BS, Isseroff RR. β2AR antagonists and β2AR gene deletion both promote skin wound repair processes. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Aug;132(8):207684. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Chernyavsky AI, Marchenko S, Phillips C, Grando SA. Auto/paracrine nicotinergic peptides participate in cutaneous stress response to wounding. Dermatoendocrinology 2012 Jul 1;4(3):32430. Cross Ref link
  • 36  Kim MH, Gorouhi F, Ramirez S, et al. Catecholamine stress alters neutrophil trafficking and impairs wound healing by β2‐adrenergic receptor‐mediated upregulation of IL‐6. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Mar;134(3):80917. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Curtis BJ, Radek KA. Cholinergic regulation of keratinocyte innate immunity and permeability barrier integrity: new perspectives in epidermal immunity and disease. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Jan;132(1):2842. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Grando SA. Connections of nicotine to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014 Jun;14(6):41929. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Slominski A, Kim TK, Zmijewski MA, et al. Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin. Dermatoendocrinology 2013 Jan 1;5(1):719. Cross Ref link
  • 40  Inoue T, Miki Y, Abe K, et al. Sex steroid synthesis in human skin in situ: the roles of aromatase and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in the homeostasis of human skin. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012 Oct 15;362(1–2):1928. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Bikle DD. Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chem Biol 2014 Mar 20;21(3):31929. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Böhm M, Luger TA, Tobin DJ, García‐Borrón JC. Melanocortin receptor ligands: new horizons for skin biology and clinical dermatology. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Sep;126(9):196675. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Böhm M, Apel M, Sugawara K, et al. Modulation of basophil activity: a novel function of the neuropeptide α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Apr;129(4):108593. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Böhm M, Bodó E, Funk W, Paus R. α‐Melanocyte‐stimulating hormone: a protective peptide against chemotherapy‐induced hair follicle damage? Br J Dermatol 2014 Apr;170(4):95660. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Ito N, Ito T, Betterman A, Paus R. The human hair bulb is a source and target of CRH. J Invest Dermatol 2004 Jan;122(1):2357. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Ito T, Ito N, Bettermann A, Tokura Y, Takigawa M, Paus R. Collapse and restoration of MHC class‐I‐dependent immune privilege: exploiting the human hair follicle as a model. Am J Pathol 2004 Feb;164(2):62334. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Slominski A, Paus R, Mazurkiewicz J. Proopiomelanocortin expression in the skin during induced hair growth in mice. Experientia 1992 Jan 15;48(1):504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Kauser S, Slominski A, Wei ET, Tobin DJ. Modulation of the human hair follicle pigmentary unit by corticotropin‐releasing hormone and urocortin peptides. FASEB J 2006 May;20(7):88295. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Paus R, Schmelz M, Bíró T, Steinhoff M. Frontiers in pruritus research: scratching the brain for more effective itch therapy. J Clin Invest 2006 May;116(5):117486. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Inui S, Itami S. Androgen actions on the human hair follicle: perspectives. Exp Dermatol 2013 Mar;22(3):16871. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Wenner MM, Taylor HS, Stachenfeld NS. Androgens influence microvascular dilation in PCOS through ET‐A and ET‐B receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013 Oct 1;305(7):E81825. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Batrinos ML. The endocrinology of baldness. Hormones (Athens) 2014 Apr–Jun;13(2):197212. Pubmed link
  • 53  Ohnemus U, Uenalan M, Inzunza J, Gustafsson JA, Paus R. The hair follicle as an estrogen target and source. Endocr Rev 2006 Oct;27(6):677706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Thornton MJ. Estrogens and aging skin. Dermatoendocrinology 2013 Apr 1;5(2):26470. Cross Ref link
  • 55  Shu YY, Maibach HI. Estrogen and skin: therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2011 Oct 1;12(5):297311. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Hinde E, Haslam IS, Schneider MR, et al. A practical guide for the study of human and murine sebaceous glands in situ. Exp Dermatol 2013 Oct;22(10):6317. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Slominski A, Zbytek B, Nikolakis G, et al. Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013 Sep;137:10723. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Ramot Y, Zhang G, Bíró T, et al. TSH is a novel neuroendocrine regulator of selected keratins in the human hair follicle. J Dermatol Sci 2011 Oct;64(1):6770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Ramot Y, Mastrofrancesco A, Camera E, Desreumaux P, Paus R, Picardo M. The role of PPARγ‐mediated signalling in skin biology and pathology: New targets and opportunities for clinical dermatology. Exp Dermatol 2015;24(4):24551. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Kovacs D, et al. 2,4,6‐Octatrienoic acid is a novel promoter of melanogenesis and antioxidant defence in normal human melanocytes via PPAR‐γ activation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011 Aug;24(4):61830. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Bíró T, Tóth BI, Haskó G, Paus R, Pacher P. The endocannabinoid system of the skin in health and disease: novel perspectives and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009 Aug;30(8):41120. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Oláh A, Tóth BI, Borbíró I, et al. Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes. J Clin Invest 2014 Jul 25; pii: 64628.
  • 63  Telek A, Bíró T, Bodó E, et al. Inhibition of human hair follicle growth by endo‐ and exocannabinoids. FASEB J 2007 Nov;21(13):353441. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Sugawara K, Bíró T, Tsuruta D, et al. Endocannabinoids limit excessive mast cell maturation and activation in human skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Mar;129(3):726738.e8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Tóth BI, Dobrosi N, Dajnoki A, et al. Endocannabinoids modulate human epidermal keratinocyte proliferation and survival via the sequential engagement of cannabinoid receptor‐1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1. J Invest Dermatol 2011 May;131(5):1095104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Schallreuter KU, Wood JM, Lemke R, et al. Production of catecholamines in the human epidermis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992 Nov 30;189(1):728. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Schallreuter KU, Körner C, Pittelkow MR, Swanson NN, Gardner ML. The induction of the alpha‐1‐adrenoceptor signal transduction system on human melanocytes. Exp Dermatol 1996 Feb;5(1):203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Schallreuter KU, Pittelkow MR, Swanson NN, et al. Altered catecholamine synthesis and degradation in the epidermis of patients with atopic eczema. Arch Dermatol Res 1997 Nov;289(12):6636. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Schallreuter KU, Wei Y, Pittelkow MR, Swanson NN, Gibbons NC, Wood JM. Structural and functional alterations in the beta2‐adrenoceptor are caused by a point mutation in patients with atopic eczema. Exp Dermatol 2007 Oct;16(10):80713. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Gillbro JM, Marles LK, Hibberts NA, Schallreuter KU. Autocrine catecholamine biosynthesis and the beta‐adrenoceptor signal promote pigmentation in human epidermal melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2004 Aug;123(2):34653. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Sivamani RK, Shi B, Griffiths E, et al. Acute wounding alters the beta2‐adrenergic signaling and catecholamine synthetic pathways in keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Aug;134(8):225866. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Matsui S, Murota H, Takahashi A, et al. Dynamic analysis of histamine‐mediated attenuation of acetylcholine‐induced sweating via GSK3β activation. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Feb;134(2):32634. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Li ZJ, Park SB, Sohn KC, et al. Regulation of lipid production by acetylcholine signalling in human sebaceous glands. J Dermatol Sci 2013 Nov;72(2):11622. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Semak I, et al. Serotoninergic and melatoninergic systems are fully expressed in human skin. FASEB J 2002 Jun;16(8):8968. Pubmed link
  • 75  Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Zmijewski MA, Wortsman J, Paus R. Melatonin in the skin: synthesis, metabolism and functions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2008 Jan;19(1):1724. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Slominski RM, Reiter RJ, Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch N, Ostrom RS, Slominski AT. Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: distribution and functions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012 Apr 4;351(2):15266. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Kobayashi H, Kromminga A, Dunlop TW, et al. A role of melatonin in neuroectodermal‐mesodermal interactions: the hair follicle synthesizes melatonin and expresses functional melatonin receptors. FASEB J 2005 Oct;19(12):171012. Pubmed link
  • 78  Fischer TW, Slominski A, Zmijewski MA, Reiter RJ, Paus R. Melatonin as a major skin protectant: from free radical scavenging to DNA damage repair. Exp Dermatol 2008 Sep;17(9):71330. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Fischer TW, Slominski A, Tobin DJ, Paus R. Melatonin and the hair follicle. J Pineal Res 2008 Jan;44(1):115. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Kim TK, Kleszczynski K, Janjetovic Z, et al. Metabolism of melatonin and biological activity of intermediates of melatoninergic pathway in human skin cells. FASEB J 2013 Jul;27(7):274255. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Gáspár E, Hardenbicker C, Bodó E, et al. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): a new player in human hair‐growth control. FASEB J 2010 Feb;24(2):393403. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Gáspár E, Nguyen‐Thi KT, Hardenbicker C, et al. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone selectively stimulates human hair follicle pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2011 Dec;131(12):23687. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 83  Knuever J, Poeggeler B, Gáspár E, et al. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone controls mitochondrial biology in human epidermis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012 Mar;97(3):97886. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Vidali S, Knuever J, Lerchner J, et al. Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis hormones stimulate mitochondrial function and biogenesis in human hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Jan;134(1):3342. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Ramot Y, Mastrofrancesco A, Herczeg‐Lisztes E, et al. Advanced inhibition of undesired human hair growth by PPARγ modulation? J Invest Dermatol 2014 Apr;134(4):112831. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Poeggeler B, Knuever J, Gáspár E, et al. Thyrotropin powers human mitochondria. FASEB J 2010 May;24(5):152531. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Ramot Y, Paus R. Harnessing neuroendocrine controls of keratin expression: a new therapeutic strategy for skin diseases? Bioessays 2014 Jul;36(7):67286. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Langan EA, Ramot Y, Hanning A, et al. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone and oestrogen differentially regulate prolactin and prolactin receptor expression in female human skin and hair follicles in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2010 May;162(5):112731. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 89  Langan EA, Ramot Y, Goffin V, Griffiths CE, Foitzik K, Paus R. Mind the (gender) gap: does prolactin exert gender and/or site‐specific effects on the human hair follicle? J Invest Dermatol 2010 Mar;130(3):88691. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Foitzik K, Krause K, Conrad F, Nakamura M, Funk W, Paus R. Human scalp hair follicles are both a target and a source of prolactin, which serves as an autocrine and/or paracrine promoter of apoptosis‐driven hair follicle regression. Am J Pathol 2006 Mar;168(3):74856. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Ramot Y, Bíró T, Tiede S, et al. Prolactin – a novel neuroendocrine regulator of human keratin expression in situ. FASEB J 2010 Jun;24(6):176879. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  Peters EM, Foitzik K, Paus R, Ray S, Holick MF. A new strategy for modulating chemotherapy‐induced alopecia, using PTH/PTHrP receptor agonist and antagonist. J Invest Dermatol 2001 Aug;117(2):1738. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Safer JD, Ray S, Holick MF. A topical parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide receptor antagonist stimulates hair growth in mice. Endocrinology 2007 Mar;148(3):116770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Katikaneni R, Ponnapakkam T, Seymour A, Sakon J, Gensure R. Parathyroid hormone linked to a collagen binding domain promotes hair growth in a mouse model of chemotherapy‐induced alopecia in a dose‐dependent manner. Anticancer Drugs 2014 Aug;25(7):81925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Diamond AG, Gonterman RM, Anderson AL, et al. Parathyroid hormone hormone‐related protein and the PTH receptor regulate angiogenesis of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Sep;126(9):212734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Cho YM, Woodard GL, Dunbar M, Gocken T, Jimènez JA, Foley J. Hair‐cycle‐dependent expression of parathyroid hormone‐related protein and its type I receptor: evidence for regulation at the anagen to catagen transition. J Invest Dermatol 2003 May;120(5):71527. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Peters EM, Liotiri S, Bodó E, et al. Probing the effects of stress mediators on the human hair follicle: substance P holds central position. Am J Pathol 2007 Dec;171(6):187286. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Steinhoff MS, von Mentzer B, Geppetti P, Pothoulakis C, Bunnett NW. Tachykinins and their receptors: contributions to physiological control and the mechanisms of disease. Physiol Rev 2014 Jan;94(1):265301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Granstein RD, Wagner JA, Stohl LL, Ding W. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide: key regulator of cutaneous immunity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015 Mar;213(3):58694. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Kinori M, Bertolini M, Funk W, et al. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) may award relative protection from interferon‐γ‐induced collapse of human hair follicle immune privilege. Exp Dermatol 2012 Mar;21(3):2236. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Langan EA, Lisztes E, Bíró T, et al. Dopamine is a novel, direct inducer of catagen in human scalp hair follicles in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2013 Mar;168(3):5205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  van Beek N, Bodó E, Kromminga A, et al. Thyroid hormones directly alter human hair follicle functions: anagen prolongation and stimulation of both hair matrix keratinocyte proliferation and hair pigmentation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 Nov;93(11):43818. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Contreras‐Jurado C, Lorz C, García‐Serrano L, Paramio JM, Aranda A. Thyroid hormone signaling controls hair follicle stem cell function. Mol Biol Cell 2015 Feb 5. pii: mbc.E1407‐1251.
  • 104  Safer JD. Thyroid hormone and wound healing. J Thyroid Res 2013;2013:124538. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, et al. Regulated proenkephalin expression in human skin and cultured skin cells. J Invest Dermatol 2011 Mar;131(3):61322. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Mittelman‐Smith MA, Williams H, Krajewski‐Hall SJ, McMullen NT, Rance NE. Role for kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in cutaneous vasodilatation and the estrogen modulation of body temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Nov 27;109(48):1984651. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Holub BS, Kloepper JE, Tóth BI, Bíro T, Kofler B, Paus R. The neuropeptide galanin is a novel inhibitor of human hair growth. Br J Dermatol 2012 Jul;167(1):1016. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Hagforsen E, Michaëlsson G, Stridsberg M. Somatostatin receptors are strongly expressed in palmoplantar sweat glands and ducts: studies of normal and palmoplantar pustulosis skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011 Jul;36(5):5217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Vockel M, Pollok S, Breitenbach U, Ridderbusch I, Kreienkamp HJ, Brandner JM. Somatostatin inhibits cell migration and reduces cell counts of human keratinocytes and delays epidermal wound healing in an ex vivo wound model. PLOS One 2011 May 11;6(5):e19740. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Breitkopf T, Lo BK, Leung G, et al. Somatostatin expression in human hair follicles and its potential role in immune privilege. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Jul;133(7):172230. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Deing V, Roggenkamp D, Kühnl J, et al. Oxytocin modulates proliferation and stress responses of human skin cells: implications for atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2013 Jun;22(6):399405. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 112  Gilaberte Y, Roca MJ, Garcia‐Prats MD, Coscojuela C, Arbues MD, Vera‐Alvarez JJ. Neuropeptide Y expression in cutaneous melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012 Jun;66(6):e2018. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Hodges GJ, Sparks PA. Noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y contribute to initial, but not sustained, vasodilatation in response to local skin warming in humans. Exp Physiol 2014 Feb;99(2):38192. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Nordlind K, Azmitia EC, Slominski A. The skin as a mirror of the soul: exploring the possible roles of serotonin. Exp Dermatol 2008 Apr;17(4):30111. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 115  Törőcsik D, Kovács D, Camera E, et al. Leptin promotes a pro‐inflammatory lipid profile and induces inflammatory pathways in human SZ95 sebocytes. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(6):132635. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 116  Bodó E, Bíró T, Telek A, et al. A hot new twist to hair biology: involvement of vanilloid receptor‐1 (VR1/TRPV1) signalling in human hair growth control. Am J Pathol 2005 Apr;166(4):98598. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Bíró T, Bodó E, Telek A, et al. Hair cycle control by vanilloid receptor‐1 (TRPV1): evidence from TRPV1 knockout mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Aug;126(8):190912. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Bíró T, Tóth BI, Marincsák R, Dobrosi N, Géczy T, Paus R. TRP channels as novel players in the pathogenesis and therapy of itch. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007 Aug;1772(8):100421. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 119  Borbíró I, Lisztes E, Tóth BI, et al. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐3 inhibits human hair growth. J Invest Dermatol 2011 Aug;131(8):160514. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 120  Nilius B, Bíró T. TRPV3: a ‘more than skinny’ channel. Exp Dermatol 2013 Jul;22(7):44752. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Bodó E, Kromminga A, Funk W, Laugsch M, Duske U, Jelkmann W, Paus R. Human hair follicles are an extrarenal source and a nonhematopoietic target of erythropoietin. FASEB J 2007 Oct;21(12):334654. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Bodó E, Wiersma F, Funk W, Kromminga A, Jelkmann W, Paus R. Does erythropoietin modulate human hair follicle melanocyte activities in situ? Exp Dermatol 2010 Jan;19(1):657. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 123  Paus R, Bodó E, Kromminga A, Jelkmann W. Erythropoietin and the skin: a role for epidermal oxygen sensing? Bioessays 2009 Mar;31(3):3448. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Pérez‐Ibave DC, Rodríguez‐Sánchez IP, Garza‐Rodríguez Mde L, Barrera‐Saldaña HA. Extrapituitary growth hormone synthesis in humans. Growth Horm IGF Res 2014 Apr–Jun;24(2–3):4753. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Kauser S, Thody AJ, Schallreuter KU, Gummer CL, Tobin DJ. Beta‐endorphin as a regulator of human hair follicle melanocyte biology. J Invest Dermatol 2004 Jul;123(1):18495. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Slominski A, Pisarchik A, Tobin DJ, Mazurkiewicz JE, Wortsman J. Differential expression of a cutaneous corticotropin‐releasing hormone system. Endocrinology 2004 Feb;145(2):94150. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  Ito N, Sugawara K, Bodó E, et al. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone stimulates the in situ generation of mast cells from precursors in the human hair follicle mesenchyme. J Invest Dermatol 2010 Apr;130(4):9951004. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 128  Peters EM, Ericson ME, Hosoi J, et al. Neuropeptide control mechanisms in cutaneous biology: physiological and clinical significance. J Invest Dermatol 2006 Sep;126(9):193747. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Driskell RR, Jahoda CA, Chuong CM, Watt FM, Horsley V. Defining dermal adipose tissue. Exp Dermatol 2014 Sep;23(9):62931. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 130  Yang CC, Sheu HM, Chung PL, et al. Leptin of dermal adipose tissue is differentially expressed during the hair cycle and contributes to adipocyte‐mediated growth inhibition of anagen‐phase vibrissa hair. Exp Dermatol 2015 Jan;24(1):5760. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 131  Fantini F, Johansson O. Neurochemical markers in human cutaneous Merkel cells. An immunohistochemical investigation. Exp Dermatol 1995 Dec;4(6):36571. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 132  Maksimovic S, Baba Y, Lumpkin EA. Neurotransmitters and synaptic components in the Merkel cell‐neurite complex, a gentle‐touch receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013 Mar;1279:1321. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 133  Xiao Y, Williams JS, Brownell I. Merkel cells and touch domes: more than mechanosensory functions? Exp Dermatol 2014 Oct;23(10):6925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 134  Maksimovic S, Nakatani M, Baba Y, et al. Epidermal Merkel cells are mechanosensory cells that tune mammalian touch receptors. Nature 2014 May 29;509(7502):61721. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 135  Woo SH, Lumpkin EA, Patapoutian A. Merkel cells and neurons keep in touch. Trends Cell Biol 2015 Feb;25(2):7481. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Webster JI, Tonelli L, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine regulation of immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 2002;20:12563. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 137  Chavan SS, Tracey KJ. Neurophysiological reflex mechanisms in immunology. In: Paul WE, ed. Fundamental Immunology. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, 2013: 85062.
  • 138  Liezmann C, Stock D, Peters EM. Stress induced neuroendocrine‐immune plasticity: A role for the spleen in peripheral inflammatory disease and inflammaging? Dermatoendocrinology 2012 Jul 1;4(3):2719. Cross Ref link
  • 139  Sugawara K, Zákány N, Hundt T, et al. Cannabinoid receptor 1 controls human mucosal‐type mast cell degranulation and maturation in situ. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013 Jul;132(1):18293. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Arck PC, Handjiski B, Kuhlmei A, et al. Mast cell deficient and neurokinin‐1 receptor knockout mice are protected from stress‐induced hair growth inhibition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2005 May;83(5):38696. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 141  Stelekati E, Bahri R, D'Orlando O, et al. Mast cell‐mediated antigen presentation regulates CD8+ T cell effector functions. Immunity 2009 Oct 16;31(4):66576. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 142  Brown MA, Hatfield JK. Mast cells are important modifiers of autoimmune disease: with so much evidence, why is there still controversy? Front Immunol 2012 Jun 7;3:147. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 143  Theoharides TC, Zhang B, Kempuraj D, et al. IL‐33 augments substance P‐induced VEGF secretion from human mast cells and is increased in psoriatic skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010 Mar 2;107(9):444853. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 144  Marichal T, Tsai M, Galli SJ. Mast cells: potential positive and negative roles in tumor biology. Cancer Immunol Res 2013 Nov;1(5):26979. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 145  Krejci‐Papa NC, Paus R. A novel in‐situ‐zymography technique localizes gelatinolytic activity in human skin to mast cells. Exp Dermatol 1998 Dec;7(6):3216. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 146  Wulff BC, Wilgus TA. Mast cell activity in the healing wound: more than meets the eye? Exp Dermatol 2013 Aug;22(8):50710. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 147  Metz M, Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, et al. Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms. Science 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):52630. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 148  Akahoshi M, Song CH, Piliponsky AM, et al. Mast cell chymase reduces the toxicity of Gila monster venom, scorpion venom, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in mice. J Clin Invest 2011 Oct;121(10):418091. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 149  Moline PE. Endocrine Physiology, 4th edn. New York: McGrawHill, 2013. Pubmed link
  • 150  Jameson JL. Harrison's Endocrinology, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 2013.
  • 151  Fink G, Pfaff D, Levine J, eds. Handbook of Neuroendocrinology. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, 2012.
  • 152  Edmondson SR, Thumiger SP, Werther GA, Wraight CJ. Epidermal homeostasis: the role of the growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor systems. Endocr Rev 2003 Dec;24(6):73764. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 153  Randall VA. Hormonal regulation of hair follicles exhibits a biological paradox. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007 Apr;18(2):27485. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 154  Nikolakis G, Zouboulis CC. Skin and glucocorticoids: effects of local skin glucocorticoid impairment on skin homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2014 Nov;23(11):8078. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 155  Azmahani A, Nakamura Y, Felizola SJ, et al. Steroidogenic enzymes, their related transcription factors and nuclear receptors in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014 Oct;144 Pt B:26879. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 156  Wood JM, Schallreuter KU. A plaidoyer for cutaneous enzymology: our view of some important unanswered questions on the contributions of selected key enzymes to epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2008 Jul;17(7):56978. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 157  Conrad F, Ohnemus U, Bodo E, Bettermann A, Paus R. Estrogens and human scalp hair growth–still more questions than answers. J Invest Dermatol 2004 Mar;122(3):8402. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 158  Gilliver SC, Ashworth JJ, Ashcroft GS. The hormonal regulation of cutaneous wound healing. Clin Dermatol 2007 Jan–Feb;25(1):5662. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 159  Campbell L, Emmerson E, Davies F, et al. Estrogen promotes cutaneous wound healing via estrogen receptor beta independent of its antiinflammatory activities. J Exp Med 2010 Aug 30;207(9):182533. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 160  Campbell L, Emmerson E, Williams H, et al. Estrogen receptor‐alpha promotes alternative macrophage activation during cutaneous repair. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Sep;134(9):244757. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 161  Meier NT, Haslam IS, Pattwell DM, et al. Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) promotes wound re‐epithelialisation in frog and human skin. PLOS One 2013 Sep 2;8(9):e73596. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 162  Mijouin L, Hillion M, Ramdani Y, et al. Effects of a skin neuropeptide (substance P) on cutaneous microflora. PLOS One 2013 Nov 8;8(11):e78773. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 163  Naylor EC, Watson RE, Sherratt MJ. Molecular aspects of skin ageing. Maturitas 2011 Jul;69(3):24956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 164  Jackson RL, Greiwe JS, Schwen RJ. Ageing skin: oestrogen receptor β agonists offer an approach to change the outcome. Exp Dermatol 2011 Nov;20(11):87982. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 165  Trüeb RM, Tobin DJ, eds. Aging Hair. Berlin: Springer/Heidelberg, 2010.
  • 166  Zouboulis CC, Makrantonaki E. Hormonal therapy of intrinsic aging. Rejuvenation Res 2012 Jun;15(3):30212. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 167  Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, Maibach HI. Characteristics of the aging skin. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2013 Feb;2(1):510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 168  Pasparakis M, Haase I, Nestle FO. Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2014 May;14(5):289301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 169  Paus R, Arck P. Neuroendocrine perspectives in alopecia areata: does stress play a role? J Invest Dermatol 2009 Jun;129(6):13246. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 170  Hunter HJ, Griffiths CE, Kleyn CE. Does psychosocial stress play a role in the exacerbation of psoriasis? Br J Dermatol 2013 Nov;169(5):96574. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 171  Slominski AT, Botchkarev V, Choudhry M et al. Cutaneous expression of CRH and CRH‐R. Is there a “skin stress response system? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999 Oct 20;885:287311. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 172  Siebenhaar F, Sharov AA, Peters EM, et al. Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata). J Invest Dermatol 2007 Jun;127(6):148997. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 173  Siebenhaar F, Magerl M, Peters EM, Hendrix S, Metz M, Maurer M. Mast cell‐driven skin inflammation is impaired in the absence of sensory nerves. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 Apr;121(4):95561. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 174  Asadi S, Alysandratos KD, Angelidou A, et al. Substance P (SP) induces expression of functional corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor‐1 (CRHR‐1) in human mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Feb;132(2):3249. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 175  Chen Y, Lyga J. Brain–skin connection: stress, inflammation and skin aging. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2014;13(3):17790. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 176  McEwen BS. Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Oct 16;109 Suppl. 2:171805. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 177  Fink G, ed. Stress Science – Neuroendocrinology. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2010.
  • 178  Del Giudice M. Fetal programming by maternal stress: Insights from a conflict perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012 Oct;37(10):161429. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 179  Pincus M, Keil T, Rücke M, et al. Fetal origin of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010 Jan;125(1):2735.e1‐4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 180  Joachim RA, Kuhlmei A, Dinh QT, et al. Neuronal plasticity of the “brain–skin connection”: stress‐triggered up‐regulation of neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and skin via nerve growth factor‐dependent pathways. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007 Dec;85(12):136978. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 181  Pavlovic S, Daniltchenko M, Tobin DJ, et al. Further exploring the brain–skin connection: stress worsens dermatitis via substance P‐dependent neurogenic inflammation in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2008 Feb;128(2):43446. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 182  Denda M, Takei K, Denda S. How does epidermal pathology interact with mental state? Med Hypotheses 2013 Feb;80(2):1946. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 183  Hunter HJ, Hinz R, Gerhard A, et al. Brain inflammation and psoriasis: a [11C]‐(R)‐PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Br J Dermatol 2015 Mar 27 doi: 10.1111/bjd.13788. Epub ahead of print. Pubmed link
  • 184  Gisondi P, Sala F, Alessandrini F, Avesani V, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Dermatology 2014;228(1):7885. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 185  Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev 2008 Aug;29(5):581602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 186  Paus R, Nickoloff BJ, Ito T. A ‘hairy’ privilege. Trends Immunol 2005 Jan;26(1):3240. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 187  Meyer KC, Bodó E, Brzoska T, Abels C, Paus R. Immunomodulatory effects of the alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐related tripeptide K(D)PT on human scalp hair follicles under proinflammatory conditions. Br J Dermatol 2009 Dec;161(6):14003. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 188  Meyer KC, Brzoska T, Abels C, Paus R. The alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone‐related tripeptide K(D)PT stimulates human hair follicle pigmentation in situ under proinflammatory conditions. Br J Dermatol 2009 Feb;160(2):4337. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 189  Gilhar A, Etzioni A, Paus R. Alopecia areata. N Engl J Med 2012 Apr 19;366(16):151525. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 190  Harries MJ, Meyer K, Chaudhry I, et al. Lichen planopilaris is characterized by immune privilege collapse of the hair follicle's epithelial stem cell niche. J Pathol 2013 Oct;231(2):23647. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 191  Kokot A, Sindrilaru A, Schiller M, et al. alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone suppresses bleomycin‐induced collagen synthesis and reduces tissue fibrosis in a mouse model of scleroderma: melanocortin peptides as a novel treatment strategy for scleroderma? Arthritis Rheum 2009 Feb;60(2):592603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 192  Böhm M, Stegemann A. Bleomycin‐induced fibrosis in MC1 signalling‐deficient C57BL/6J‐Mc1r(e/e) mice further supports a modulating role for melanocortins in collagen synthesis of the skin. Exp Dermatol 2014 Jun;23(6):4313. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 193  Auriemma M, Brzoska T, Klenner L, et al. α‐MSH‐stimulated tolerogenic dendritic cells induce functional regulatory T cells and ameliorate ongoing skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Jul;132(7):181424. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 194  Kokot A, Metze D, Mouchet N, et al. Alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone counteracts the suppressive effect of UVB on Nrf2 and Nrf‐dependent gene expression in human skin. Endocrinology 2009 Jul;150(7):3197206. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 195  Tiede S, Bohm K, Meier N, Funk W, Paus R. Endocrine controls of primary adult human stem cell biology: thyroid hormones stimulate keratin 15 expression, apoptosis, and differentiation in human hair follicle epithelial stem cells in situ and in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2010 Oct;89(10):76977. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 196  Ramot Y, Sugawara K, Zákány N, Tóth BI, Bíró T, Paus R. A novel control of human keratin expression: cannabinoid receptor 1‐mediated signalling down‐regulates the expression of keratins K6 and K16 in human keratinocytes in vitro and in situ. PeerJ 2013 Feb 19;1:e40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 197  Ramot Y, Zhang G, Bíró T, Langbein L, Paus R. Is thyrotropin‐releasing hormone a novel neuroendocrine modulator of keratin expression in human skin? Br J Dermatol 2013 Jul;169(1):14651. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 198  Chen J, Wang J, Kim TK, et al. Novel vitamin D analogs as potential therapeutics: metabolism, toxicity profiling, and antiproliferative activity. Anticancer Res 2014 May;34(5):215363. Pubmed link
  • 199  Karnik P, Tekeste Z, McCormick TS, et al. Hair follicle stem cell‐specific PPARgamma deletion causes scarring alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2009 May;129(5):124357. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 200  Mastrofrancesco A, Kovacs D, Sarra M, et al. Preclinical studies of a specific PPARγ modulator in the control of skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Apr;134(4):100111. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 201  Briganti S, Flori E, Bellei B, Picardo M. Modulation of PPARγ provides new insights in a stress induced premature senescence model. PLOS One 2014 Aug 7;9(8):e104045. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 202  Wallace DC. Bioenergetics in human evolution and disease: implications for the origins of biological complexity and the missing genetic variation of common diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013 Jun 10;368(1622):20120267. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 203  Wallace DC. A mitochondrial bioenergetic etiology of disease. J Clin Invest 2013 Apr 1;123(4):140512. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 204  Wallace DC. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging. Environ Mol Mutagen 2010 Jun;51(5):44050. Pubmed link
  • 205  Boulton SJ, Bowman A, Koohgoli R, Birch‐Machin MA. Skin manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction: more important than previously thought. Exp Dermatol 2015 Jan;24(1):1213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 206  Haslam IS, Roubos EW, Mangoni ML, et al. From frog integument to human skin: dermatological perspectives from frog skin biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014 Aug;89(3):61855. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 207  Lai JJ, Chang P, Lai KP, Chen L, Chang C. The role of androgen and androgen receptor in skin‐related disorders. Arch Dermatol Res 2012 Sep;304(7):499510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 208  Wright CS, Berends RF, Flint DJ, Martin PE. Cell motility in models of wounded human skin is improved by Gap27 despite raised glucose, insulin and IGFBP‐5. Exp Cell Res 2013 Feb 15;319(4):390401. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 209  Dinh T, Tecilazich F, Kafanas A, et al. Mechanisms involved in the development and healing of diabetic foot ulceration. Diabetes 2012 Nov;61(11):293747. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 210  Messenger AG. Thyroid hormone and hair growth. Br J Dermatol 2000 Apr;142(4):6334. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 211  Braverman IM. Skin Signs of Systemic Disease, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1998.
  • 212  Kim NH, Cheong KA, Lee TR, Lee AY. PDZK1 upregulation in estrogen‐related hyperpigmentation in melasma. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Nov;132(11):262231. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 213  Bodó E, van Beek N, Naumann V, Ohnemus U, Brzoska T, Abels C, Paus R. Modulation of chemotherapy‐induced human hair follicle damage by 17‐beta estradiol and prednisolone: potential stimulators of normal hair regrowth by “dystrophic catagen” promotion? J Invest Dermatol 2009 Feb;129(2):5069. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 214  Zouboulis CC. Acne as a chronic systemic disease. Clin Dermatol 2014 May–Jun;32(3):38996. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 215  Paus R. Hair growth inhibition by heparin in mice: a model system for studying the modulation of epithelial cell growth by glycosaminoglycans? Br J Dermatol 1991 May;124(5):41522. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 216  Buskila D, Sukenik S, Holcberg G, Horowitz J. Improvement of psoriatic arthritis in a patient treated with bromocriptine for hyperprolactinemia. J Rheumatol 1991 Apr;18(4):61112. Pubmed link
  • 217  Langan EA, Griffiths CE, Paus R. Utilizing the hair follicle to dissect the regulation and autocrine/paracrine activities of prolactin in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012 May 1;302(10):E131112. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 218  Langan EA, Griffiths CE, Paus R. Exploring the role of prolactin in psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 2012 Mar;304(2):11518. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 219  Langan EA, Griffiths CE, Paus R. In search of the source of hyperprolactinaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2011 Nov–Dec;29(6):1060. Pubmed link
  • 220  Czuwara‐Ladykowska J, Sicinska J, Olszewska M, Uhrynowska‐Tyszkiewicz I, Rudnicka L. Prolactin synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2006 May;60(4):1525. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 221  Langan EA, Paus R. Female pattern hair loss: beyond an androgenic aetiology? Br J Dermatol 2010 Nov;163(5):11401; author reply 1141–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 222  Steinhoff M, Schauber J, Leyden JJ. New insights into rosacea pathophysiology: a review of recent findings. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Dec;69(6 Suppl. 1):S1526. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 223  Helfrich YR, Maier LE, Cui Y, et al. Clinical, histologic, and molecular analysis of differences between erythematotelangiectatic rosacea and telangiectatic photoaging. JAMA Dermatol 2015 151(8):82536. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 224  Eves PC, MacNeil S, Haycock JW. Melanocyte stimulating hormone, inflammation and human melanoma. Peptides 2006 Feb;27(2):44452. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 225  Paurobally D, Jason F, Dezfoulian B, Nikkels AF. Melanotan‐associated melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2011 Jun;164(6):14035. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 226  Ong S, Bowling J. Melanotan‐associated melanoma in situ. Australas J Dermatol 2012 Nov;53(4):3012. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 227  Hjuler KF, Lorentzen HF. Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan‐II. Dermatology 2014;228(1):346. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 228  Cardones AR, Grichnik JM. Alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced eruptive nevi. Arch Dermatol 2009 Apr;145(4):4414. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 229  Cousen P, Colver G, Helbling I. Eruptive melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection. Br J Dermatol 2009 Sep;161(3):7078. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 230  Böhm M, Ehrchen J, Luger TA. Beneficial effects of the melanocortin analogue Nle4‐D‐Phe7‐α‐MSH in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014 Jan;28(1):10811. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 231  Mitra D, Luo X, Morgan A, et al. An ultraviolet‐radiation‐independent pathway to melanoma carcinogenesis in the red hair/fair skin background. Nature 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):44953. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 232  Bassoli S, Maurichi A, Rodolfo M, et al. CDKN2A and MC1R variants influence dermoscopic and confocal features of benign melanocytic lesions in multiple melanoma patients. Exp Dermatol 2013 Jun;22(6):41116. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 233  Abdel‐Malek ZA, Swope VB, Starner RJ, Koikov L, Cassidy P, Leachman S. Melanocortins and the melanocortin 1 receptor, moving translationally towards melanoma prevention. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014 Dec 1;563:412. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 234  Pasquali E, García‐Borrón JC, Fargnoli MC, et al. for the M‐SKIP Study Group. MC1R variants increased the risk of sporadic cutaneous melanoma in darker‐pigmented Caucasians: A pooled‐analysis from the M‐SKIP project. Int J Cancer 2014 136(3):61831. Pubmed link
  • 235  Swope VB, Jameson JA, McFarland KL, et al. Defining MC1R regulation in human melanocytes by its agonist α‐melanocortin and antagonists agouti signalling protein and β‐defensin 3. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Sep;132(9):225562. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 236  Haddadeen C, Lai C, Cho SY, Healy E. Variants of the melanocortin‐1 receptor: do they matter clinically? Exp Dermatol 2015 Jan;24(1):59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 237  Vasiadi M, Therianou A, Sideri K, et al. Increased serum CRH levels with decreased skin CRHR‐1 gene expression in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 May;129(5):141013. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 238  Ganceviciene R, Graziene V, Fimmel S, Zouboulis CC. Involvement of the corticotropin‐releasing hormone system in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2009 Feb;160(2):34552. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 239  Antúnez C, Torres MJ, López S, et al. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide modulates interleukin‐13 in circulating cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐positive T cells in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009 Sep;161(3):54753. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 240  Legat FJ, Jaiani LT, Wolf P, et al. The role of calcitonin gene‐related peptide in cutaneous immunosuppression induced by repeated subinflammatory ultraviolet irradiation exposure. Exp Dermatol 2004 Apr;13(4):24250. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 241  Kitazawa T, Streilein JW. Hapten‐specific tolerance promoted by calcitonin gene‐related peptide. J Invest Dermatol 2000 Dec;115(6):9428. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 242  Borlu M, Karaca Z, Yildiz H, et al. Acromegaly is associated with decreased skin transepidermal water loss and temperature, and increased skin pH and sebum secretion partially reversible after treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012 Apr;22(2):826. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 243  Bourguignon JP, Piérard GE, Ernould C, et al. Effects of human growth hormone therapy on melanocytic naevi. Lancet 1993 Jun 12;341(8859):15056. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 244  Piérard GE, Piérard‐Franchimont C, Nikkels A, Nikkels‐Tassoudji N, Arrese JE, Bourguignon JP. Naevocyte triggering by recombinant human growth hormone. J Pathol 1996 Sep;180(1):749. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 245  Piérard GE, Humbert P, Berardesca E, Gaspard U, Hermanns‐Lê T, Piérard‐Franchimont C. Revisiting the cutaneous impact of oral hormone replacement therapy. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:971760. Pubmed link
  • 246  Slovacek L. Somatostatin analog and mTOR inhibitor treatment of Merkel cell tumor. J Cancer Res Ther 2012 Jul–Sep;8(3):460. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 247  Fakiha M, Letertre P, Vuillez JP, Lebeau J. Remission of Merkel cell tumor after somatostatin analog treatment. J Cancer Res Ther 2010 Jul–Sep;6(3):3824. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 248  Glinski W, Brodecka H, Glinska‐Ferenz M, Kowalski D. Increased concentration of beta‐endorphin in sera of patients with psoriasis and other inflammatory dermatoses. Br J Dermatol 1994 Aug;131(2):2604. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 249  Glinski W, Brodecka H, Glinska‐Ferenz M, Kowalski D. Increased concentration of beta‐endorphin in the sera of patients with severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 1995 Jan;75(1):911. Pubmed link
  • 250  Georgala S, Schulpis KH, Papaconstantinou ED, Stratigos J. Raised beta‐endorphin serum levels in children with atopic dermatitis and pruritus. J Dermatol Sci 1994 Oct;8(2):1258. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 251  Cicardi M, Banerji A, Bracho F, et al. Icatibant, a new bradykinin‐receptor antagonist, in hereditary angioedema. N Engl J Med 2010 Aug 5;363(6):53241. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 252  Sulk M, Seeliger S, Aubert J, et al. Distribution and expression of non‐neuronal transient receptor potential (TRPV) ion channels in rosacea. J Invest Dermatol 2012 Apr;132(4):125362. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 253  Yosipovitch G, Bernhard JD. Clinical practice. Chronic pruritus. N Engl J Med 2013 Apr 25;368(17):162534. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 254  Gibson RA, Robertson J, Mistry H, et al. A randomised trial evaluating the effects of the TRPV1 antagonist SB705498 on pruritus induced by histamine, and cowhage challenge in healthy volunteers. PLOS One 2014 Jul 21;9(7):e100610. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 255  Townley RG, Trapani IL, Szentivanyi A. Sensitization to anaphylaxis and to some of its pharmacological mediators by blockade of the beta adrenergic receptors. J Allergy 1967 Mar;39(3):17797. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 256  Reed CE, Busse WW, Lee TP. Adrenergic mechanisms and the adenyl cyclase system in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 1976 Sep;67(3):3338. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 257  Roguedas AM, Audrezet MP, Scotet V, Dupré‐Goetghebeur D, Ferec C, Misery L. Intrinsic atopic dermatitis is associated with a beta‐2 adrenergic receptor polymorphism. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86(5):4478. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 258  Szentivanyi A. The radioligand binding approach in the study of lymphocytic adrenoceptors and the constitutional basis of atopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980 Jan;65(1):511. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 259  Hermans DJ, Bauland CG, Zweegers J, van Beynum IM, van der Vleuten CJ. Propranolol in a case series of 174 patients with complicated infantile haemangioma: indications, safety and future directions. Br J Dermatol 2013 Apr;168(4):83743. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 260  Stüttgen G, Schön HJ, Ollig D. [On the determination of biogenic amines in the human skin and its tumors by thin layer chromatographic method (according to Seiler). II. Catecholamines (Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and beta‐phenylethylamine.] Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1968;233(1):3343. Cross Ref link
  • 261  Schallreuter KU. Epidermal adrenergic signal transduction as part of the neuronal network in the human epidermis. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1997 Aug;2(1):3740. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 262  Romana‐Souza B, Otranto M, Almeida TF, Porto LC, Monte‐Alto‐Costa A. Stress‐induced epinephrine levels compromise murine dermal fibroblast activity through β‐adrenoceptors. Exp Dermatol 2011 May;20(5):41319. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 263  Yang EV, Eubank TD. The impact of adrenergic signaling in skin cancer progression: possible repurposing of β‐blockers for treatment of skin cancer. Cancer Biomark 2013;13(3):15560. Pubmed link
  • 264  Moretti S, Massi D, Farini V, et al. β‐adrenoceptors are upregulated in human melanoma and their activation releases pro‐tumorigenic cytokines and metalloproteases in melanoma cell lines. Lab Invest 2013 Mar;93(3):27990. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 265  Hogan SR, Mandrell J, Eilers D. Adrenergic urticaria: review of the literature and proposed mechanism. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014 Apr;70(4):7636. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 266  Yin K, Sturm RA, Smith AG. MC1R and NR4A receptors in cellular stress and DNA repair: implications for UVR protection. Exp Dermatol 2014 Jul;23(7):44952. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 267  McElwee KJ, Gilhar A, Tobin DJ, et al. What causes alopecia areata? Exp Dermatol 2013 Sep;22(9):60926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 268  Cheung BB, Koach J, Tan O, et al. The retinoid signalling molecule, TRIM16, is repressed during squamous cell carcinoma skin carcinogenesis in vivo and reduces skin cancer cell migration in vitro. J Pathol 2012 Feb;226(3):45162. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 269  Jiang YJ, Bikle DD. LncRNA: a new player in 1α, 25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3)/VDR protection against skin cancer formation. Exp Dermatol 2014 Mar;23(3):14750. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 270  Everts HB, Silva KA, Montgomery S, et al. Retinoid metabolism is altered in human and mouse cicatricial alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Feb;133(2):32533. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 271  Duncan FJ, Silva KA, Johnson CJ, et al. Endogenous retinoids in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 2013 Feb;133(2):33443. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 272  Okano J, Levy C, Lichti U, et al. Cutaneous retinoic acid levels determine hair follicle development and downgrowth. J Biol Chem 2012 Nov 16;287(47):3930415. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 273  Skazik C, Amann PM, Heise R, et al. Downregulation of STRA6 expression in epidermal keratinocytes leads to hyperproliferation‐associated differentiation in both in vitro and in vivo skin models. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Jun;134(6):157988. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 274  Du Vivier A. Atlas of Clinical Dermatology, 3rd edn. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2002.
  • 275  Luger TA, Böhm M. Endokrinologische Erkrankungen. In: Plewig G, et al., eds. Braun Falco's Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, 6th edn. Berlin: Springer/Heidelberg, 2012:1591605. Cross Ref link
  • 276  Jabbour SA. Cutaneous manifestations of endocrine disorders: a guide for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4(5):31531. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 277  Jabbour SA. Skin manifestations of hormone‐secreting tumors. Dermatol Ther 2010 Nov–Dec;23(6):64350. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 278  Huntley AC. Finger pebbles: a common finding in diabetes mellitus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Apr;14(4):61217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 279  Doi M, Sugiyama T, Izumiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Clinical features and management of ectopic ACTH syndrome at a single institute in Japan. Endocr J 2010;57(12):10619. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 280  Wilkinson DS. Necrolytic migratory erythema wuth pancreatic carcinoma. Proc R Soc Med 1971;64:1197. Pubmed link
  • 281  Fang S, Li S, Cai T. Glucagonoma syndrome: a case report with focus on skin disorders. Onco Targets Ther 2014 Aug 14;7:144953. Pubmed link
  • 282  Abreu Velez AM, Howard MS. Diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous paraneoplastic disorders. Dermatol Ther 2010 Nov–Dec;23(6):66275. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 283  Geyfman M, Kumar V, Liu Q, et al. Brain and muscle Arnt‐like protein‐1 (BMAL1) controls circadian cell proliferation and susceptibility to UVB‐induced DNA damage in the epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012 Jul 17;109(29):1175863. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 284  Al‐Nuaimi Y, Hardman JA, Bíró T, et al. A meeting of two chronobiological systems: circadian proteins Period1 and BMAL1 modulate the human hair cycle clock. J Invest Dermatol 2014 Mar;134(3):61019. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 285  Luber AJ, Ensanyat SH, Zeichner JA. Therapeutic implications of the circadian clock on skin function. J Drugs Dermatol 2014 Feb;13(2):1304. Pubmed link
  • 286  Plikus MV, Van Spyk EN, Pham K, et al. The circadian clock in skin: implications for adult stem cells, tissue regeneration, cancer, aging, and immunity. J Biol Rhythms 2015;30(3):16382. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 287  Hardman JA, Tobin DJ, Haslam IS, et al. The peripheral clock regulates human pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2015 Apr;135(4):105364. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 288  Foitzik K, Spexard T, Nakamura M, Halsner U, Paus R. Towards dissecting the pathogenesis of retinoid‐induced hair loss: all‐trans retinoic acid induces premature hair follicle regression (catagen) by upregulation of transforming growth factor‐beta2 in the dermal papilla. J Invest Dermatol 2005 Jun;124(6):111926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 289  Yin S, Luo J, Qian A, et al. Retinoids activate the irritant receptor TRPV1 and produce sensory hypersensitivity. J Clin Invest 2013 Sep 3;123(9):394151. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 290  Blum I, Leiba S. Increased hair loss as a side effect of bromocriptine treatment. N Engl J Med 1980 Dec 11;303(24):1418. Pubmed link
  • 291  Peuskens J, Pani L, Detraux J, De Hert M. The effects of novel and newly approved antipsychotics on serum prolactin levels: a comprehensive review. CNS Drugs 2014 May;28(5):42153. Pubmed link
  • 292  Iaria G, Urbani L, Catalano G, et al. Switch to tacrolimus for cyclosporine‐induced gynecomastia in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2005 Jul–Aug;37(6):26323. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 293  Goldstein J, Fletcher S, Roth E, Wu C, Chun A, Horsley V. Calcineurin/Nfatc1 signalling links skin stem cell quiescence to hormonal signalling during pregnancy and lactation. Genes Dev 2014; 28(9):98394. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 294  Hawkshaw N, Haslam IS, Ansell D, Shamalak A, Paus R. Re‐evaluating cyclosporine a as a hair growth‐promoting agent in human scalp hair follicles. J Invest Dermatol 2015;135(8):212932. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 295  Carrier M, Wild J, Pelletier LC, Copeland JG. Bromocriptine as an adjuvant to cyclosporine immunosuppression after heart transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1990 Jan;49(1):12932. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 296  Kast R. Blocking of cyclosporine immunosuppression by neuroleptics. Transplantation 1989 Jun;47(6):10956. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 297  Bouillet L, Boccon‐Gibod I, Massot C. Les angiœdèmes bradykiniques héréditaires ou acquis (Bradykinin mediated angioedema). Rev Med Int 2011;32:22531. Cross Ref link
  • 298  Baş M, Greve J, Stelter K, et al. A randomized trial of icatibant in ACE‐inhibitor‐induced angioedema. N Engl J Med 2015 Jan 29;372(5):41825. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 299  Steckelings UM, Artuc M, Wollschläger T, Wiehstutz S, Henz BM. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors as inducers of adverse cutaneous reactions. Acta Derm Venereol 2001 Oct–Nov;81(5):3215. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 300  Holgate ST, Church MK, Broide DH, Martinez FD. Allergy, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2012. Pubmed link
  • 301  Davidovici BB, Orion E, Wolf R. Cutaneous manifestations of pituitary gland diseases. Clin Dermatol 2008 May–Jun;26(3):28895. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 302  Shah KR, Boland CR, Patel M, Thrash B, Menter A. Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part I. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013 Feb;68(2):189.e121. Cross Ref link
  • 303  Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Grüters A. Severe early‐onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat Genet 1998 Jun;19(2):1557. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 304  Geller JL, Braunstein GD. Dermatologic manifestations of hypopituitarism. Clin Dermatol 2006 Jul–Aug;24(4):26675. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 305  Kapoor S. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic conditions associated with gynecomastia. Skinmed 2010 Mar–Apr;8(2):8792. Pubmed link
  • 306  Abramovici A, Josefsberg Z, Mimouni M, Liban E, Laron Z. Histopathological features of the skin in hypopituitarism and Laron‐type dwarfism. Isr J Med Sci 1983 Jun;19(6):51519. Pubmed link
  • 307  Black MM, Shuster S, Bottoms E. Skin collagen and thickness in acromegaly and hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1972 Jul;1(3):25963. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 308  Borlu M, Tanriverdi F, Koc CA, Unluhizarci K, Utas S, Kelestimur F. The effects of severe growth hormone deficiency on the skin of patients with Sheehan's syndrome. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007 Feb;21(2):199204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 309  Melmed S. Medical progress: Acromegaly. N Engl J Med 2006 Dec 14;355(24):255873. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 310  Braham C, Betea D, Piérard‐Franchimont C, Beckers A, Piérard GE. Skin tensile properties in patients treated for acromegaly. Dermatology 2002;204(4):3259. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 311  Fliers E, Korbonitis M, Romijn JA, eds. Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 124:1432. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2014.
  • 312  Langan EA, Vidali S, Pigat N, et al. Tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and substance P are novel modulators of extrapituitary prolactin expression in human skin. PLOS One 2013 Apr 23;8(4):e60819. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 313  Serafini P, Lobo RA. Prolactin modulates peripheral androgen metabolism. Fertil Steril 1986 Jan;45(1):416. Pubmed link
  • 314  Shelly S, Boaz M, Orbach H. Prolactin and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2012 May;11(6–7):A46570. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 315  Lau D, Rutledge C, Aghi MK. Cushing's disease: current medical therapies and molecular insights guiding future therapies. Neurosurg Focus 2015 Feb;38(2):E11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 316  Bertherat J. Carney complex (CNC). Orphanet J Rare Dis 2006 Jun 6;1:21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 317  Bourdeau I, Lampron A, Costa MH, Tadjine M, Lacroix A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone‐independent Cushing's syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2007 Jun;14(3):21925. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 318  Tung SC, Hwang DY, Yang JW, Chen WJ, Lee CT. An unusual presentation of Carney complex with diffuse primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease on one adrenal gland and a nonpigmented adrenocortical adenoma and focal primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease on the other. Endocr J 2012;59(9):82330. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 319  Sainte Marie Y, Toulon A, Paus R, et al. Targeted skin overexpression of the mineralocorticoid receptor in mice causes epidermal atrophy, premature skin barrier formation, eye abnormalities, and alopecia. Am J Pathol 2007 Sep;171(3):84660. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 320  Farman N, Maubec E, Poeggeler B, Klatte JE, Jaisser F, Paus R. The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon? Exp Dermatol 2010 Feb;19(2):1007. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 321  Trakakis E, Loghis C, Kassanos D. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia because of 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of interest to obstetricians and gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2009 Mar;64(3):17789. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 322  Cherqaoui R, Husain M, Madduri S, Okolie P, Nunlee‐Bland G, Williams J. A reversible cause of skin hyperpigmentation and postural hypotension. Case Rep Hematol 2013;2013:680459. Pubmed link
  • 323  Agrawala RK, Sahoo SK, Choudhury AK, Mohanty BK, Baliarsinha AK. Pigmentation in vitamin B12 deficiency masquerading Addison's pigmentation: A rare presentation. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013 Oct;17(Suppl. 1):S2546. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 324  Shipman AR, Millington GW. Obesity and the skin. Br J Dermatol 2011 Oct;165(4):74350. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 325  Nieman LK, Chanco Turner ML. Addison's disease. Clin Dermatol 2006 Jul–Aug;24(4):27680. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 326  Hinz LE, Kline GA, Dias VC. Addison's disease in evolution: an illustrative case and literature review. Endocr Pract 2014 Sep;20(9):e1769. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 327  Zouboulis CC, Chen WC, Thornton MJ, Qin K, Rosenfield R. Sexual hormones in human skin. Horm Metab Res 2007 Feb;39(2):8595. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 328  Lee AT, Zane LT. Dermatologic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007;8(4):20119. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 329  Carmina E, Oberfield SE, Lobo RA. The diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010 Sep;203(3):201.e15. Cross Ref link
  • 330  McAllister JM, Legro RS, Modi BP, Strauss JF 3rd. Functional genomics of PCOS: from GWAS to molecular mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015 Mar;26(3):11824. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 331  Mubki T, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M, Shapiro J. Evaluation and diagnosis of the hair loss patient: part I. History and clinical examination. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014 Sep;71(3):415.e1415.e15. Cross Ref link
  • 332  Clark CM, Rudolph J, Gerber DA, Glick S, Shalita AR, Lowenstein EJ. Dermatologic manifestation of hyperandrogenism: a retrospective chart review. Skinmed 2014 Mar–Apr;12(2):848. Pubmed link
  • 333  Krausz A, Friedman AJ. Cutaneous hyperandrogenism: role of antiandrogen therapy in acne, hirsutism, and androgenetic alopecia. J Drugs Dermatol 2013 Nov;12(11):1297300. Pubmed link
  • 334  Canale D, Caglieresi C, Moschini C, et al. Androgen receptor polymorphism (CAG repeats) and androgenicity. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005 Sep;63(3):35661; erratum in: 2005 Oct;63(4):482. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 335  Conrad F, Ohnemus U, Bodo E, et al. Substantial sex‐dependent differences in the response of human scalp hair follicles to estrogen stimulation in vitro advocate gender‐tailored management of female versus male pattern balding. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 2005 Dec;10(3):2436. Cross Ref link
  • 336  Orme S, Cullen DR, Messenger AG. Diffuse female hair loss: are androgens necessary? Br J Dermatol 1999 Sep;141(3):5213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 337  Messenger AG. Hair through the female life cycle. Br J Dermatol 2011 Dec;165 Suppl. 3:26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 338  Rossi A, Iorio A, Scali E, et al. Aromatase inhibitors induce ‘male pattern hair loss’ in women? Ann Oncol 2013 Jun;24(6):171011. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 339  Redler S, Birch P, Drichel D, et al. The oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene in female‐pattern hair loss: replication of association with rs10137185 in German patients. Br J Dermatol 2014 Apr;170(4):9825. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 340  Gallicchio L, Calhoun C, Helzlsouer KJ. Aromatase inhibitor therapy and hair loss among breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013 Nov;142(2):43543. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 341  Cavalieri E, Rogan E. The molecular etiology and prevention of estrogen‐initiated cancers: Ockham's Razor: Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate. Plurality should not be posited without necessity. Mol Aspects Med 2014 Apr;36:155. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 342  Feingold KR, Elias PM. Endocrine–skin interactions. Cutaneous manifestations of adrenal disease, pheochromocytomas, carcinoid syndrome, sex hormone excess and deficiency, polyglandular autoimmune syndromes, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, and other miscellaneous disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988 Jul;19(1 Pt 1):120. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 343  Shinall MC, Solórzano CC. Pheochromocytoma in neurofibromatosis type 1: when should it be suspected? Endocr Pract 2014 Aug;20(8):7926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 344  Bell HK, Poston GJ, Vora J, Wilson NJ. Cutaneous manifestations of the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2005 Jan;152(1):715. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 345  Mocellin S, Nitti D. Gastrointestinal carcinoid: epidemiological and survival evidence from a large population‐based study (n = 25 531). Ann Oncol 2013 Dec;24(12):30404. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 346  Jedrych J, Pulitzer M. Primary carcinoid tumor of the skin: a literature review. Int J Surg Pathol 2014 Apr;22(2):12935. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 347  Jedrych J, Busam K, Klimstra DS, Pulitzer M. Cutaneous metastases as an initial manifestation of visceral well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor: a report of four cases and a review of literature. J Cutan Pathol 2014 Feb;41(2):11322. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 348  Stacpoole PW. The glucagonoma syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Endocr Rev 1981;2(3):34761. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 349  Esdaile BA, Hollowood K, Burge S. A serpiginous eruption. Arch Dermatol 2012 Mar;148(3):38590. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 350  Eldor R, Glaser B, Fraenkel M, Doviner V, Salmon A, Gross DJ. Glucagonoma and the glucagonoma syndrome – cumulative experience with an elusive endocrine tumour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011 May;74(5):5938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 351  Wald M, Lawrenz K, Luckner D, Seimann R, Mohnike K, Schober E. Glucagon therapy as a possible cause of erythema necrolyticum migrans in two neonates with persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Eur J Pediatr 2002 Nov;161(11):6003. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 352  Hogan AE, Tobin AM, Ahern T, et al. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and the regulation of human invariant natural killer T cells: lessons from obesity, diabetes and psoriasis. Diabetologia 2011 Nov;54(11):274554. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 353  Al‐Badri MR, Azar ST. Effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in patients with psoriasis. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2014 Apr;5(2):348. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 354  Faurschou A, Pedersen J, Gyldenløve M, et al. Increased expression of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptors in psoriasis plaques. Exp Dermatol 2013 Feb;22(2):1502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 355  Michels AW, Gottlieb PA. Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010 May;6(5):2707. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 356  Kumar V, Pedroza LA, Mace EM, et al. The autoimmune regulator (AIRE), which is defective in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy patients, is expressed in human epidermal and follicular keratinocytes and associates with the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 17. Am J Pathol 2011 Mar;178(3):9838. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 357  Maródi L, Cypowyj S, Tóth B, Chernyshova L, Puel A, Casanova JL. Molecular mechanisms of mucocutaneous immunity against Candida and Staphylococcus species. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 Nov;130(5):101927. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 358  Puzenat E, Bellaud G, Saugier‐Veber P, et al. [The challenge for dermatologists of early APECED diagnosis.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014 Apr;141(4):2904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 359  Laakso SM, Kekäläinen E, Heikkilä N, et al. In vivo analysis of helper T cell responses in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy provides evidence in support of an IL‐22 defect. Autoimmunity 2014 Dec;47(8):55662. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 360  Brent GA. Clinical practice. Graves' disease. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2594605. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 361  Ahsan MK, Urano Y, Kato S, Oura H, Arase S. Immunohistochemical localization of thyroid hormone nuclear receptors in human hair follicles and in vitro effect of L‐triiodothyronine on cultured cells of hair follicles and skin. J Med Invest 1998 Feb;44(3–4):17984. Pubmed link
  • 362  Antonini D, Sibilio A, Dentice M, Missero C. An intimate relationship between thyroid hormone and skin: regulation of gene expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013 Aug 22;4:104. Pubmed link
  • 363  Safer JD. Thyroid hormone action on skin. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012 Oct;19(5):38893. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 364  Hardman JA, Haslam IS, Farjo N, Farjo B, Paus R. Thyroxine differentially modulates the peripheral clock: lessons from the human hair follicle. PLOS One 2015 Mar 30;10(3):e0121878. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 365  Altrichter S, Peter HJ, Pisarevskaja D, Metz M, Martus P, Maurer M. IgE mediated autoallergy against thyroid peroxidase – a novel pathomechanism of chronic spontaneous urticaria? PLOS One 2011 Apr 12;6(4):e14794. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 366  Bodó E, Kromminga A, Bíró T, et al. Human female hair follicles are a direct, nonclassical target for thyroid‐stimulating hormone. J Invest Dermatol 2009 May;129(5):112639. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 367  Bajuk NB, Zaletel K, Gaberšček S, Lenasi H. Hyperthyroidism induced by Graves' disease reversibly affects skin microvascular reactivity. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2014 Nov 5. Epub ahead of print.
  • 368  Cowley NC, McLelland J. Aurantiasis cutis. Arch Dermatol 1992 Mar;128(3):417. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 369  Scarisbrick JJ, Morris S, Azurdia R, et al. U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2013 Jan;168(1):192200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 370  Graeppi‐Dulac J, Vlaeminck‐Guillem V, Perier‐Muzet M, Dalle S, Orgiazzi J. Endocrine side‐effects of anti‐cancer drugs: the impact of retinoids on the thyroid axis. Eur J Endocrinol 2014 Jun;170(6):R25362. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 371  Sprague SM. Painful skin ulcers in a hemodialysis patient. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014 Jan;9(1):16673. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 372  Wangen T, Anderson S, Fencl K, Mangan S. Calciphylaxis: an unusual case with an unusual outcome. Am J Nurs 2014 Oct;114(10):2431. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 373  Ong S, Coulson IH. Diagnosis and treatment of calciphylaxis. Skinmed 2012 May–Jun;10(3):16670. Pubmed link
  • 374  Reiter N, El‐Shabrawi L, Leinweber B, Berghold A, Aberer E. Calcinosis cutis: part I. Diagnostic pathway. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011 Jul;65(1):112. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 375  Reiter N, El‐Shabrawi L, Leinweber B, Berghold A, Aberer E. Calcinosis cutis: part II. Treatment options. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011 Jul;65(1):1522. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 376  Schernthaner‐Reiter MH, Trivellin G, Stratakis CA. MEN1, MEN4, and Carney complex: pathology and molecular genetics. Neuroendocrinology 2015 Jan 9. Epub ahead of print.
  • 377  Sethuraman G, Sreenivas V, Yenamandra VK, et al. Threshold levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone for impaired bone health in children with congenital ichthyosis and type IV and V skin. Br J Dermatol 2015 Jan;172(1):20814. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 378  Kalb RE, Grossman ME. Ectodermal defects and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Aug;15(2 Pt 2):3536. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 379  Sarkar S, Mondal M, Das K, Shrimal A. Mucocutaneous manifestations of acquired hypoparathyroidism: An observational study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2012 Sep;16(5):81920. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 380  Bohrer T, Pasteur I, Lyutkevych O, Fleischmann P, Tronko M. [Permanent hypoparathyroidism due to thyroid cancer surgical procedures in patients exposed to radiation in the Chernobyl, Ukraine, nuclear reactor accident.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2005 Nov 4;130(44):25016, in German. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 381  Miekeley N, de Fortes Carvalho LM, Porto da Silveira CL, Lima MB. Elemental anomalies in hair as indicators of endocrinologic pathologies and deficiencies in calcium and bone metabolism. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2001;15(1):4655. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 382  Schilli MB, Ray S, Paus R, Obi‐Tabot E, Holick MF. Control of hair growth with parathyroid hormone (7‐34). J Invest Dermatol 1997 Jun;108(6):92832. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 383  Paus R, Haslam IS, Sharov AA, Botchkarev VA. Pathobiology of chemotherapy‐induced hair loss. Lancet Oncol 2013 Feb;14(2):e509. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 384  Burrell HE, Simpson AW, Mehat S, et al. Potentiation of ATP‐ and bradykinin‐induced [Ca2+]c responses by PTHrP peptides in the HaCaT cell line. J Invest Dermatol 2008 May;128(5):110715. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 385  Krämer U, Schmitz R, Ring J, Behrendt H. What can reunification of East and West Germany tell us about the cause of the allergy epidemic? Clin Exp Allergy 2015 Jan;45(1):94107. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 386  Ständer S, Siepmann D, Herrgott I, Sunderkötter C, Luger TA. Targeting the neurokinin receptor 1 with aprepitant: a novel antipruritic strategy. PLOS One 2010 Jun 4;5(6):e10968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 387  Fell GL, Robinson KC, Mao J, Woolf CJ, Fisher DE. Skin β‐endorphin mediates addiction to UV light. Cell 2014 Jun 19;157(7):152734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 388  Nissen JB, Avrach WW, Hansen ES, Stengaard‐Pedersen K, Kragballe K. Increased levels of enkephalin following natural sunlight (combined with salt water bathing at the Dead Sea) and ultraviolet A irradiation. Br J Dermatol 1998 Dec;139(6):101219. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 389  Senra MS, Wollenberg A. Psychodermatological aspects of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2014 Jul;170 Suppl. 1:3843. Cross Ref link Pubmed link