Part 14, Reference for Chapter 156: Cosmeceuticals
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- 1 Cosmeceuticals: myths and misconceptions. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:446–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 2 Cosmeceuticals: undefined, unclassified, and unregulated. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:431–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 3 The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol 1997;29:315–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 4 Photoprotection by antioxidants against UVB‐radiation‐induced damage in pig skin organ culture. Radiat Res 2003;159:210–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 5 Alpha‐lipoic acid is ineffective as a topical antioxidant for photoprotection of skin. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:996–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 6 The clinical efficacy of cosmeceutical application of liquid crystalline nanostructured dispersions of alpha lipoic acid as anti‐wrinkle. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014;86(2):251–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 7 Randomized, placebo‐controlled, double blind study on the clinical efficacy of a cream containing 5% alpha‐lipoic acid related to photoageing of facial skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:841–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 8 α‐Lipoic acid induces collagen biosynthesis involving prolyl hydroxylase expression via activation of TGF‐β‐Smad signaling in human dermal fibroblasts. Connect Tissue Res 2010;51:378–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 9 Contact dermatitis to alpha‐lipoic acid in an anti‐wrinkle cream. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:56–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 10 Interactions of lipoic acid radical cations with vitamins C and E analogue and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;406:78–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 11 Anti‐inflammatory effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids. J Cosmet Dermatol 2006;5:30–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 12 Idebenone: a new antioxidant – Part I. Relative assessment of oxidative stress protection capacity compared to commonly known antioxidants. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:10–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 13 Coenzyme Q10 protects against oxidative stress‐induced cell death and enhances the synthesis of basement membrane components in dermal and epidermal cells. Biofactors 2009;35:435–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 14 Ubiquinone, idebenone, and kinetin provide ineffective photoprotection to skin when compared to a topical antioxidant combination of vitamins C and E with ferulic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1185–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 15 Coenzyme Q(10) enhances dermal elastin expression, inhibits IL‐1α production and melanin synthesis in vitro. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012;34:273–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 16 Mechanisms of inhibitory effects of CoQ10 on UVB‐induced wrinkle formation in vitro and in vivo. Biofactors 2008;32:237–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 17 Q10‐loaded NLC versus nanoemulsions: stability, rheology and in vitro skin permeation. Int J Pharm 2009;377:207–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 18 Allergic contact dermatitis to idebenone in an over‐the‐counter anti‐ageing cream. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58:239. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 19 Allergic contact dermatitis to idebenone used as an antioxidant in an anti‐wrinkle cream. Contact Dermatitis 2007;56:117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 20 Cosmeceuticals: a review of their use for aging and photoaged skin. Cosmet Dermatol 2010;19:479–84. , .
- 21 Common cosmeceuticals. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:435–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 22 Cosmeceuticals vitamins. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:469–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 23 Niacinamide: a B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:860–5; discussion 865. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 24 UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:866–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 25 Topically applied vitamin C enhances the mRNA level of collagens I and III, their processing enzymes and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 in the human dermis. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:853–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 26 Double‐blind, half‐face study comparing topical vitamin C and vehicle for rejuvenation of photodamage. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:231–6. Pubmed link , .
- 27 Effects of alpha‐hydroxy acids on photoaged skin: a pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:187–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 28 Topical vitamin C: a useful agent for treating photoaging and other dermatologic conditions. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:814–17; discussion 818. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 29 Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999;125:1091–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 30 Topical ascorbic acid on photoaged skin. Clinical, topographical and ultrastructural evaluation: double‐blind study vs. placebo. Exp Dermatol 2003;12:237–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 31 Topical L‐ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:137–42. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 32 Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997;15:795–801. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 33 Ferulic acid stabilizes a solution of vitamins C and E and doubles its photoprotection of skin. J Invest Dermatol 2005;125:826–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 34 Vitamin E: critical review of its current use in cosmetic and clinical dermatology. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:805–13; discussion 813. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 35 Photoprotective effect of topical anti‐inflammatory agents against ultraviolet radiation‐induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990;7:153–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 36 Photoprotective effect of superoxide‐scavenging antioxidants against ultraviolet radiation‐induced chronic skin damage in the hairless mouse. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1990;7:56–62. Pubmed link , , .
- 37 Vitamin E: the radical protector. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1998;10:103–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 38 The role of antioxidants in photoprotection: a critical review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:1013–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 39 Cosmeceutical critique compendium.. Skin Allergy News Suppl 2006;20–6. .
- 40 Sensitivity to topically applied vitamin E. Arch Dermatol. 1965;92:76–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 41 Skin lightening preparations and the hydroquinone controversy. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:308–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 42 A clinical, prospective, randomized, double‐blind trial comparing skin whitening complex with hydroquinone vs. placebo in the treatment of melasma. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:153–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 43 A double‐blind, comparative, placebo‐controlled study of the efficacy and tolerability of 4% hydroquinone as a depigmenting agent in melasma. J Dermatolog Treat 2000;11:173–9. Cross Ref link , , .
- 44 Efficacy of hydroquinone cream (USP 4%) used alone or in combination with salicylic acid peels in improving photodamage on the neck and upper chest. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:333–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 45 The safety of hydroquinone: a dermatologist's response to the 2006 Federal Register. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:854–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 46 Hydroquinone and its analogues in dermatology – a potential health risk. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:55–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 47 US Food and Drug Administration. Hydroquinone studies under the National Toxicology Program (NTP). http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm203112.htm (last accessed September 2014).
- 48 Clinical and cosmeceutical uses of hydroxyacids. Clin Dermatol 2009;27:495–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 49 Effects of topical ammonium lactate on cutaneous atrophy from a potent topical corticosteroid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:535–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 50 Applications of hydroxy acids: classification, mechanisms, and photoactivity. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2010;3:135–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 51 A theory for the mechanism of action of the alpha‐hydroxy acids applied to the skin. Med Hypotheses 1999;53:380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 52 Alpha‐hydroxyacids in the treatment of signs of photoaging. Clin Dermatol 14:217–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 53 Alpha hydroxyacids modulate stratum corneum barrier function. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:934–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 54 Topical 8% glycolic acid and 8% L‐lactic acid creams for the treatment of photodamaged skin. A double‐blind vehicle‐controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:631–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 55 The use of polyhydroxy acids (PHAs) in photoaged skin. Cutis 2004;73:3–13. Pubmed link , , , .
- 56 Healing fats of the skin: the structural and immunologic roles of the omega‐6 and omega‐3 fatty acids. Clin Dermatol 28:440–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 57 Supplementation with Eskimo Skin Care improves skin elasticity in women. A pilot study. J Dermatolog Treat 2008;19:279–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 58 Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:832–6; discussion 836. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 59 A pentapeptide from type I procollagen promotes extracellular matrix production. J Biol Chem 1993;268:9941–4. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 60 Matrikines: a natural concept to replace retinoids in wrinkle treatment. Pers Care Asia Pacific 2004;1:9. , , , .
- 61 Topical palmitoyl pentapeptide provides improvement in photoaged human facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2005;27:155–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 62 Topically applied KTTKS: a review. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011;33:483–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 63 Bioactive tetrapeptide GEKG boosts extracellular matrix formation: in vitro and in vivo molecular and clinical proof. Exp Dermatol 2011;20:602–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 64 Regeneration of human dermis by a multi‐headed peptide. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(1):58–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 65 Growth stimulation of human skin fibroblasts by elastin‐derived peptides. Cell Adhes Commun 1995;3:273–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 66 Modulation by elastin peptide VGVAPG of cell proliferation and elastin expression in human skin fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 1997;289:489–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 67 Conformational dependence of collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase‐1) up‐regulation by elastin peptides in cultured fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 2001;276:5222–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 68 Partial purification of a procollagen C‐proteinase. Inhibition by synthetic peptides and sequential cleavage of type I procollagen. Biochemistry 1982;21:757–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 69 Copper‐GHK increases integrin expression and p63 positivity by keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2009;301:301–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 70 Stimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide‐copper complex glycyl‐L‐histidyl‐L‐lysine‐Cu2+. Life Sci 1992;51:1049–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 71 The human tri‐peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2008;19:969–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 72 Activation of latent transforming growth factor beta 1 and inhibition of matrix metalloprotease activity by a thrombospondin‐like tripeptide linked to elaidic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;67:2013–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 73 Modulation of cellular senescence in fibroblasts and dermal papillae cells in vitro. J Cosmet Sci 2013;64:79–87. Pubmed link , , .
- 74 Botulinum A exotoxin use in clinical dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:788–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 75 A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci 2002;24:303–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 76 A peptide carrier for the delivery of elastin into fibroblast cells. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:923–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 77 A cell‐penetrating peptide suppresses inflammation by inhibiting NF‐κB signaling. Mol Ther 2011;19:1849–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 78 Melanocyte stimulating hormone peptides inhibit TNF‐alpha signaling in human dermal fibroblast cells. Peptides.2006;27:421–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 79 Novel anti‐inflammatory peptides as cosmeceutical peptides. Peptides 2011;32:2134–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 80 Retinoids in cosmeceuticals. Dermatol Ther 2006;19:289–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 81 Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annu Rev Nutr 1998;18:19–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 82 Vitamin A: physiological and biochemical processing. Annu Rev Nutr 1992;12:37–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 83 Provitamin A function of carotenoids: the conversion of beta‐carotene into vitamin A. J Nutr 1989;119:105–8. Pubmed link .
- 84 Molecular basis of sun‐induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism. Nature 1996;379:335–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 85 Molecular mechanisms of retinoid actions in skin. FASEB J 1996;10:1002–13. Pubmed link , .
- 86 Molecular mechanisms of intrinsic skin aging and retinoid‐induced repair and reversal. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1998;3:57–60. Pubmed link , , , .
- 87 Vitamin A antagonizes decreased cell growth and elevated collagen‐degrading matrix metalloproteinases and stimulates collagen accumulation in naturally aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:480–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 88 Spectral properties of topical retinoids prevent DNA damage and apoptosis after acute UV‐B exposure in hairless mice. Photochem Photobiol 2005;81(4):830–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 89 Vitamin A exerts a photoprotective action in skin by absorbing ultraviolet B radiation. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:1163–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 90 Biological activities of topical retinaldehyde. Dermatology 1999;199(Suppl.):19–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 91 Topical retinaldehyde on human skin: biologic effects and tolerance. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:770–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 92 Profilometric evaluation of photodamage after topical retinaldehyde and retinoic acid treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:960–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 93 Application of retinol to human skin in vivo induces epidermal hyperplasia and cellular retinoid binding proteins characteristic of retinoic acid but without measurable retinoic acid levels or irritation. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:549–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 94 Tolerance profile of retinol, retinaldehyde and retinoic acid under maximized and long‐term clinical conditions. Dermatology 1999;199(Suppl.):57–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 95 A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of topical retinol in the treatment of cellulite. Am J Clin Dermatol 2000;1:369–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 96 A newly synthesized photostable retinol derivative (retinyl N‐formyl aspartamate) for photodamaged skin: profilometric evaluation of 24‐week study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:220–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
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- 98 Antioxidants and vitamins in cosmetics. Clin Dermatol 2001;19(4):467–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 99 Cosmeceuticals: focus on topical retinoids in photoaging. Clin Dermatol 2008;26:633–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 100 Less‐known botanical cosmeceuticals. Dermatol Ther 2007;20(5):330–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 101 Carnosine and related substances in animal tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol 1970;34:3–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 102 Retrospectives and perspectives on the biological activity of histidine‐containing dipeptides. Int J Biochem 1990;22:129–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
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- 110 Neuroimmunomodulatory compound for sensitive skin care: in vitro and clinical assessment. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008;7:112–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 111 Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res 1994;212:167–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 112 Carnosine, a protective, anti‐ageing peptide? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998;30:863–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 113 An urea, arginine and carnosine based cream (Ureadin Rx Db ISDIN) shows greater efficacy in the treatment of severe xerosis of the feet in Type 2 diabetic patients in comparison with glycerol‐based emollient cream. A randomized, assessor‐blinded, controll. BMC Dermatol 2012;12:16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 114 Efficacy of anti‐aging products for periorbital wrinkles as measured by 3‐D imaging. J Cosmet Dermatol 2009;8:228–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 115 Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of grape (Vitis vinifera) seed extracts. Food Res Int 2003;36:117–22. Cross Ref link , , .
- 116 Grape seed polyphenols protect cardiac cells from apoptosis via induction of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem 2007;55:1695–701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 117 Grape seed proanthocyanidines and skin cancer prevention: inhibition of oxidative stress and protection of immune system. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008;52(Suppl. 1):S71–6. Pubmed link .
- 118 Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract reduces renal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Am J Med Sci 2012;343:452–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 119 Grape seed and skin extract protects against acute chemotherapy toxicity induced by doxorubicin in rat heart. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012;12:158–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 120 Topical grape seed proanthocyandin extract reduces sunburn cells and mutant p53 positive epidermal cell formation, and prevents depletion of Langerhans cells in an acute sunburn model. Photomed Laser Surg 2012;30:20–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 121 Grape seed extract suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) secretion by macrophages and inhibits human MMP‐1 and ‐9 activities. J Periodontol 2009;80:1875–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 122 Clinical, biometric and ultrasound assessment of the effects of daily use of a nutraceutical composed of lycopene, acerola extract, grape seed extract and biomarine complex in photoaged human skin. An Bras Dermatol 87:52–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 123 Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG): mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82:1807–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 124 The use of green tea extract in cosmetic formulations: not only an antioxidant active ingredient. Dermatol Ther 2013;26(3):267–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 125 Idebenone, green tea, and coffeeberry extract: new and innovative antioxidants. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:322–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 126 (‐)‐Epicatechin‐3‐gallate, a green tea polyphenol is a potent agent against UVB‐induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes. Molecules 2007;12:1845–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 127 Inhibition of UVB‐induced oxidative stress‐mediated phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol (‐)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001;176:110–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 128 Protective effects of (‐)‐epicatechin‐3‐gallate on UVA‐induced damage in HaCaT keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res 2005;296:473–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 129 Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit UVB‐induced oxidative stress and activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases and nuclear factor‐kappaB signaling in in vivo SKH‐1 hairless mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6:995–1005. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 130 Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:71–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 131 Treatment of green tea polyphenols in hydrophilic cream prevents UVB‐induced oxidation of lipids and proteins, depletion of antioxidant enzymes and phosphorylation of MAPK proteins in SKH‐1 hairless mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 2003;24:927–36. Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771038 (last accessed September 2014). , , .
- 132 Green tea polyphenol (‐)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate treatment of human skin inhibits ultraviolet radiation‐induced oxidative stress. Carcinogenesis 2001;22:287–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 133 Cutaneous photoprotection from ultraviolet injury by green tea polyphenols. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:425–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 134 Topical application of green and white tea extracts provides protection from solar‐simulated ultraviolet light in human skin. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:522–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 135 Protective effects of (‐)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on UVA‐ and UVB‐induced skin damage. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 2001;14(1):11–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 136 Changes in skin mechanical properties after long‐term application of cream containing green tea extract. Aging Clin Exp Res 2011;23(5/6):333–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 137 Double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:855–60; discussion 860. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 138 Inhibition of tyrosinase by green tea components. Life Sci 1999;65:PL241–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 139 The role of phytonutrients in skin health. Nutrients 2010;2:903–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 140 Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989;274:532–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 141 Topical delivery of lycopene using microemulsions: enhanced skin penetration and tissue antioxidant activity. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:1346–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 142 Carotenoids: actual knowledge on food sources, intakes, stability and bioavailability and their protective role in humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009;53 Suppl 2:S194–218. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 143 Photoprotective potential of lycopene, beta‐carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA‐irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:1293–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 145 Antioxidant supplements improve parameters related to skin structure in humans. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006;19:224–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 146 Anthocyanins of pomegranate, Punica granatum. J Food Sci 1975;40:417–18. Cross Ref link , , .
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- 152 Inhibition of UVB‐mediated oxidative stress and markers of photoaging in immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes by pomegranate polyphenol extract POMx. Photochem Photobiol 2007;83(4):882–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
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- 154 Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet‐irradiated human skin fibroblasts. J Agric Food Chem 2008;56:8434–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 155 Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV‐B irradiation. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:e182–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 156 Photochemopreventive effect of pomegranate fruit extract on UVA‐mediated activation of cellular pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. Photochem Photobiol 2006;82(2):398–405. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 157 Protective effect of pomegranate‐derived products on UVB‐mediated damage in human reconstituted skin. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:553–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 158 DeoxyArbutin and its derivatives inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis without inducing reactive oxygen species or apoptosis. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:e28–34. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 159 Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available? J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2013;6:4–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 160 Final report of the safety assessment of kojic acid as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2010;29(Suppl. 6):S244–73. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 161 Kojic acid‐amino acid conjugates as tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009;19:5586–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
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- 164 Natural options for the management of hyperpigmentation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1140–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 165 Treatment of melasma using kojic acid in a gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:282–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 166 The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:443–7. Pubmed link , .
- 167 Evaluation of a kojic acid, emblica extract, and glycolic acid formulation compared with hydroquinone 4% for skin lightening. Cutis 2010;86:153–8. Pubmed link , , , , .
- 168 Kojic acid scavenges free radicals while potentiating leukocyte functions including free radical generation. Inflammation 1991;15:303–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 169 Prevention of the photodamage in the hairless mouse dorsal skin by kojic acid as an iron chelator. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;411:169–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 170 Investigation of the anti‐inflammatory potential of Aloe vera gel (97.5%) in the ultraviolet erythema test. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2008;21:106–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
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