Introduction

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Immunomodulatory drugs

Antihistamines

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Antimalarial agents

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• 24  Stelton CR, Connors DB, Walia SS, Walia HS. Hydrochloroquine retinopathy: characteristic presentation with review of screening. Clin Rheumatol 2013 Jun;32(6):895–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Michaelides M, Stover NB, Francis PJ, Weleber RG. Retinal toxicity associated with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine: risk factors, screening, and progression despite cessation of therapy. Arch Ophthalmol 2011 Jan;129(1):30–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011 Feb;118(2):415–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 28  Tripp JM, Maibach HI. Hydroxychloroquine‐induced retinopathy: a dermatologic perspective. Am J Clin Dermatol 2006;7(3):171–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 30  Zuehlke RL, Lilis PJ, Tice A. Antimalarial therapy for lupus erythematosus: an apparent advantage of quinacrine. Int J Dermatol 1981;20: 57–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 31  Wang C, Fortin PR, Li Y, et al. Discontinuation of antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1999;26:808–15. Pubmed link
• 32  Wozniacka A, Cygankiewicz I, Chudzik M, et al. The cardiac safety of chloroquine phosphate treatment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The influence on arrhythmia, heart rate variability and repolarization parameters. Lupus 2006;15:521–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 35  British Association of Dermatologists information leaflet on Mepacrine, www.bad.org.uk/for‐the‐public/patient‐information‐leaflets/mepacrine#.VGi‐4ChnHFI (last accessed May 2015).
• 36  Chang AY, Piette EW, Foering KP, et al. Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a prospective analysis. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(11):1261–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 37  Callen JP. Practice gaps. Optimizing antimalarial therapy for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: comment on “Response to antimalarial agents in cutaneous lupus erythematosus”. Arch Dermatol 2011;147(11):1267–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Chakravarty K, McDonald H, Pullar T, et al. BSR/BHPR guideline for disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy in consultation with the British Association of Dermatologists. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008 Jun;47(6):924–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Azathioprine

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• 46  Meggitt SJ, Anstey AV, Mohd Mustapa MF, et al. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of azathioprine 2011. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(4):711–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Marinaki AM, Ansari A, Duley JA, et al. Adverse drug reactions to azathioprine therapy are associated with polymorphism in the gene encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase). Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:181–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Wolverton SE. Drug‐induced malignancy. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013;701–10.
• 49  Gomollón F, García López S. Are we giving azathioprine too much time? World J Gastroenterol 2008 Sep 28;14(36):5519–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 50  Matsuo K, Sasaki E, Higuchi S, et al. Involvement of oxidative stress and immune‐ and inflammation‐related factors in azathioprine‐induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2014;224(2):215–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 51  Musumba CO. Review article: the association between nodular regenerative hyperplasia, inflammatory bowel disease and thiopurine therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38(9):1025–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Bidinger JJ, Sky K, Battafarano DF, Henning JS. The cutaneous and systemic manifestations of azathioprine hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(1):184–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Turow A, Yong TY, Fok JS, Li JY. Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as cardiogenic shock and Sweet's syndrome in a patient with microscopic polyangiitis. Intern Med 2012;51(14):1889–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Yiasemides E, Thom G. Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as a neutrophilic dermatosis in a man with ulcerative colitis. Australas J Dermatol 2009 Feb;50(1):48–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 55  Kim MJ, Jang KT, Choe YH. Azathioprine hypersensitivity presenting as sweet syndrome in a child with ulcerative colitis. Indian Pediatr 2011;48(12):969–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Ciclosporin

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• 61  Issa N, Kukla A, Ibrahim HN. Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity: a review and perspective of the evidence. Am J Nephrol 2013;37(6):602–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Maza A, Montaudié H, Sbidian E, et al. Oral cyclosporin in psoriasis: a systematic review on treatment modalities, risk of kidney toxicity and evidence for use in non‐plaque psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:19–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Marcil I, Stern RS. Squamous‐cell cancer of the skin in patients given PUVA and ciclosporin: nested cohort crossover study. Lancet 2001;358(9287):1042–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Paul CF, Ho VC, McGeown C, et al. Risk of malignancies in psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine: a 5 y cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120 (2):211–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Bernick SJ, Kane S. Drug transfer to the fetus and to the breastfeeding infant: what do we know? Curr Drug Deliv 2012 Jul;9(4):350–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 66  EDF in cooperation with EADV and IPC. European S3 – Guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Update, 2015 http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CDwQFjADahUKEwjboaLg1tjHAhWFbhQKHbYuB2Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroderm.org%2Fedf%2Findex.php%2Fedf‐guidelines%2Fcategory%2F5‐guidelines‐miscellaneous%3Fdownload%3D32%3Aguideline‐psoriasis&usg=AFQjCNHLF9cNLXl11ltPT51TyncHKtkoyQ (last accessed September 2015).
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• 68  Nast A, Boehncke W‐H, Mrowietz U, et al. S3 – Guidelines on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (English version). Update. J Deutsch Dermatol Gesellsch 2012;10:S1–s95. Cross Ref link

Colchicine

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• 70  Davis LS, LeBlanc KG, Knable AL, Owen CE. Miscellaneous systemic drugs: colchicine. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:429–30.
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• 72  DeKlotz CMC, Wolverton SE, Lockshin BN. Polymorphisms: why individual drug responses vary. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:21–33.
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Dapsone

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• 76  Barr J. A short history of dapsone, or an alternative model of drug development. J Hist Med Allied Sci 2011;66(4):425–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Kast RE, Lefranc F, Karpel‐Massler G, Halatsch ME. Why dapsone stops seizures and may stop neutrophils' delivery of VEGF to glioblastoma. Br J Neurosurg 2012;26(6):813–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Edhegard K, Hall RP. Dapsone. In: Comprehensive Dermatological Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:228–40.
• 79  Zhu YI, Stiller MJ. Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45(3):420–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 80  Pfeiffer C, Wozel G. Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(2):308–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 83  Rhodes LE, Tingle MD, Park BK, Chu P, Verbov JL, Friedmann PS. Cimetidine improves the therapeutic/toxic ratio of dapsone in patients on chronic dapsone therapy. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(2):257–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Coleman MD. Improvement of patient tolerance to dapsone: current and future developments. Dermatol Online J 2007;13(4):18. Pubmed link
• 85  Coleman MD. Dapsone‐mediated agranulocytosis: risks, possible mechanisms and prevention. Toxicology 2001;162(1):53–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 86  McCarty M. How clinically relevant is dapsone‐related peripheral neuropathy? An overview of available data with emphasis on clinical recognition. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010;3(3):19–21. Pubmed link
• 87  Rhodes LE, Coleman MD, Lewis‐Jones MS. Dapsone‐induced motor peripheral neuropathy in pemphigus foliaceus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(2):155–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Chalioulias K, Mayer E, Darvay A, Antcliff R. Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy associated with Dapsone. Eye (Lond) 2006;20(8):943–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Lorenz M, Wozel G, Schmitt J. Hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92(2):194–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Kosseifi SG, Guha B, Nassour DN, Chi DS, Krishnaswamy G. The Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome revisited: a potentially fatal multisystem disorder with prominent hepatopulmonary manifestations. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006; 6:1–9.
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• 92  Labandeira J, Toribio J. Reinstatement of dapsone following hypersensitivity. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83(4):314–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 93  Seneschal J, Guillet S, Ezzedine K, Taïeb A, Milpied B. Alternative procedure to allow continuation of dapsone therapy despite serious adverse reaction in a case of dapsone‐sensitive erythema elevatum diutinum. Dermatology 2012;224(2):115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Fumaric acid esters

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Systemic glucocorticoids

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Hydroxycarbamide

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Methotrexate

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Mycophenolate mofetil

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Potassium iodide

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Biological therapies (protein therapeutics)

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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

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Systemic retinoids

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• 308  D'Erme AM, Pinelli S, Cossidente A, et al. Association between isotretinoin and mood changes: myth or reality? An updated overview. Int J Dermatol 2013;52(4):499–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 329  Chivot M. Acne flare‐up and deterioration with oral isotretinoin. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001;128:224–8. Pubmed link
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Thalidomide

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Antimicrobial drugs

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• 369  Gupta AK. Systemic antifungal agents. In: Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:98–120.
• 370  Magel GD, Haitz KA, Lapolla WJ, et al. Systemic antiviral agents. In: Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:121–34.
• 371  Elston D. Systemic antiparasitic agents. In: Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy, 3rd edn. London: Elsevier, 2013:135–41.
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• 375  Hellmann‐Regen J, Herzog I, Fischer N, et al. Do tetracyclines and erythromycin exert anti‐acne effects by inhibition of P450‐mediated degradation of retinoic acid? Exp Dermatol 2014;23(4):290–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 378  Melnik BC. The P450 system and mTORC1 signalling in acne. Exp Dermatol 2014;23(5):318–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link