Reference for Chapter 22: Principles of Photodynamic Therapy

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12 Braathen LR, Szeimies RM, Bassett‐Seguin N, et al. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(1):125–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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15 Morton CA, McKenna KE, Rhodes LE, et al. Guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy: update. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(6):1245–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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17 Morton CA, Szeimies RM, Sidoroff A, et al. European guidelines for topical photodynamic therapy, part 1: treatment delivery and current indications – actinic keratoses, Bowen's disease, basal cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27(5):536–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
18 Moseley H, Ibbotson S, Woods J, et al. Clinical and research applications of photodynamic therapy in dermatology: Experience of the Scottish PDT Centre. Laser Surg Med 2006;38(5):403–16. Cross Ref link
19 Smits T, Kleinpenning MM, Blokx WAM, et al. Fluorescence diagnosis in keratinocytic intraepidermal neoplasias. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:824–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
20 Tyrrell J, Campbell S, Curnow A. Validation of a non‐invasive fluorescence imaging system to monitor dermatological PDT. Photodiag Photodynam Ther 2010;7(2):86–97. Cross Ref link
21 Tyrrell JS, Campbell SM, Curnow A. The relationship between protoporphyrin ix photobleaching during real‐time dermatological methyl‐aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) and subsequent clinical outcome. Laser Surg Med 2010;42(7):613–19. Cross Ref link
22 Svanberg K, Andersson T, Killander D, et al. Photodynamic therapy of non‐melanoma malignant tumours of the skin using topical delta‐amino levulinic acid sensitization and laser irradiation. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:743–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
23 Piacquadio D, Chen DM, Farber HF, et al. Photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid topical solution and visible blue light in the treatment of multiple acintic keratoses of the face and scalp. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:41–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
24 Maisch T, Santarelli F, Schreml S, et al. Fluorescence induction of protoporphyrin IX by a new 5‐aminolevulinic acid nanoemulsion used for photodynamic therapy in a full‐thickness ex vivo skin model. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:e302–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
25 Szeimies RM, Radny P, Sebastian M, et al. Photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase III study. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(2):386–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
26 Hauschild A, Stockfleth E, Popp G, et al. Optimization of photodynamic therapy with a novel self‐adhesive 5‐aminolaevulinic acid patch: results of two randomized controlled phase III studies. Br J Dermatol 2009;160(5):1066–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
27 Christensen E, Skogvolle E, Viset T, et al. Photodynamic therapy with 5‐aminolaevulinic acid, dimethylsulfoxide and curettage in basal cell carcinoma: a 6‐year clinical and histological follow‐up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:58–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
28 Pye A, Campbell S, Curnow A. Enhancement of methyl‐aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy by iron chelation with CP94: an in vitro investigation and clinical dose‐escalating safety study for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008;134(8):841–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
29 Pye A, Curnow A. Direct comparison of delta‐aminolevulinic acid and methyl‐aminolevulinate‐derived protoporphyrin IX accumulations potentiated by desferrioxamine or the novel hydroxypyridinone iron chelator CP94 in cultured human cells. Photochem Photobiol 2007;83:766–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
30 Soler AM, Angell‐Peterson E, Warloe T, et al. Photodynamic therapy of superficial basal cell carcinoma with 5‐aminolevulinic acid with dimethylsulfoxide and ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid: a comparison of two light sources. Photochem Photobiol 2000;71(6):724–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
31 Mikolajewska P, Donnelly RF, Garland MJ, et al. Microneedle pre‐treatment of human skin improves 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐ and 5‐aminolevulinic acid methyl ester (MAL)‐induced PpIX production for topical photodynamic therapy without increase in pain or erythema. Pharm Res 2010;27(10):2213–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
32 Moseley H, Brancaleon L, Lesar AE, et al. Does surface preparation alter ALA uptake in superficial non‐melanoma skin cancer in vivo? Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2008;24(2):72–5. Cross Ref link
33 Togsverd‐Bo K, Haak CS, Thaysen‐Petersen D, et al. Intensified photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses with fractional CO2 laser: a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(6):1262–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
34 Clark C, Bryden A, Dawe R, et al. Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for cutaneous lesions: outcome and comparison of light sources. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2003;19(3):134–41. Cross Ref link
35 Brancaleon L, Moseley H. Laser and non‐laser light sources for photodynamic therapy. Laser Med Sci 2002;17(3):173–86. Cross Ref link
36 Morton CA, Whitehurst C, Moseley H, et al. Development of an alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy: 3. Clinical evaluation in the treatment of pre‐malignant non‐melanoma skin cancer. Laser Med Sci 1995;10:165–71. Cross Ref link
37 Szeimies RM, Hein R, Baumler W, et al. A possible new incoherent lamp for photodynamic treatment of superficial skin lesions. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:117–19.
38 Moseley H. Total effective fluence: a useful concept in photodynamic therapy. Laser Med Sci 1996;11(2):139–43. Cross Ref link
39 De Haas ERM, de Vijlder HC, Sterenborg HJCM, et al. Fractionated aminolevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy provides additional evidence for the use of PDT for non‐melanoma skin cancer. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22(4):426–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
40 De Haas ERM, Kruijt B, Sterenborg HJCM, et al. Fractionated illumination significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126(12):2679–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
41 De Haas ERM, Sterenborg HJCM, Neumann HAM, et al. Response of Bowen disease to ALA‐PDT using a single and a 2‐fold illumination scheme. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(2):264–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
42 De Vijlder H, Sterenborg HJCM, Neumann HA, et al. Light fractionation significantly improves the response of superficial basal cell carcinoma to aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: five‐year follow‐up of a randomized, prospective trial. Acta Dermato Venerol 2012;92(6):641–7. Cross Ref link
43 Sotiriou E, Apalla Z, Chovarda E, et al. Single vs. fractionated photodynamic therapy for face and scalp actinic keratoses: a randomized, intraindividual comparison trial with 12‐month follow‐up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26(1):36–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
44 Enk CD, Levi A. Low‐irradiance red LED traffic lamps as light source in PDT for actinic keratoses. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2012;28(6):332–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
45 Fritsch C, Goerz G, Ruzicka T. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 1998;134(2):207–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
46 Ibbotson SH. Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for the treatment of skin conditions other than non‐melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2002;146(2):178–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
47 Kurwa HA, Barlow RJ. The role of photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:143–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
48 Lehmann P. Methyl aminolaevulinate‐photodynamic therapy: a review of clinical trials in the treatment of actinic keratoses and nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:793–801. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
49 Gupta AK, Paquet M, Villanueva E, et al. Interventions for actinic keratoses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue12, Art No.: CD004415, doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD00415.pub2. Pubmed link
50 Morton CA, Campbell S, Gupta G, et al. Intra‐individual, right‐left comparison of methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy and cryotherapy in subjects with actinic keratoses: a multicentre, randomized, controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(5):1029–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
51 Tschen EH, Wong DS, Pariser DM, et al. Photodynamic therapy using aminolaevulinic acid for patients with nonhyperkeratotic actinic keratoses of the face and scalp: phase IV multicentre clinical trial with 12‐month follow up. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(6):1262–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
52 Dirschka T, Radny P, Dominicus R, et al. Photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, observer‐blind phase III study in comparison to a registered methyl‐5‐aminolaevulinate cream and placebo. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(1):137–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
53 Dirschka T, Radny P, Dominicus R, et al. Long‐term (6 and 12 months) follow‐up of two prospective, randomized, controlled phase III trials of photodynamic therapy with BF‐200 ALA and methyl aminolaevulinate for the treatment of actinic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(4):825–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
54 Sotiriou E, Apalla Z, Maliamani F, et al. Intraindividual, right‐left comparison of topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy vs. 5% imiquimod cream for actinic keratoses on the upper extremities. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23(9):1061–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
55 Serra‐Guillen C, Nagore E, Hueso L, et al. A randomized comparative study of tolerance and satisfaction in the treatment of actinic keratosis of the face and scalp between 5% imiquimod cream and photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate. Br J Dermatol 2011;164(2):429–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
56 Szeimies RM, Stockfleth E, Popp G, et al. Long‐term follow‐up of photodynamic therapy with a self‐adhesive 5‐aminolaevulinic acid patch: 12 months data. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(2):410–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
57 Tarstedt M, Rosdahl I, Berne B, et al. A randomized multicenter study to compare two treatment regimens of topical methyl aminolevulinate (Metvix (R))‐PDT in actinic keratosis of the face and scalp. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85(5):424–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
58 Kaufmann R, Spelman L, Weightman W, et al. Multicentre intraindividual randomized trial of topical methyl aminolaevulinate‐photodynamic therapy vs. cryotherapy for multiple actinic keratoses on the extremities. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(5):994–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
59 Apalla Z, Sotiriov E, Chovarda E, et al. Skin cancer: preventive photodynamic therapy in patients with face and scalp cancerization. A randomized placebo‐controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(1):171–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
60 Braathen LR, Morton CA, Basset‐Seguin N, et al. Photodynamic therapy for skin field cancerization: an international consensus. International Society for Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26(9):1063–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
61 De Graaf YGL, Kennedy C, Wolterbeek R, et al. Photodynamic therapy does not prevent cutaneous squamous‐cell carcinoma in organ‐transplant recipients: results of a randomized‐controlled trial. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:569–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
62 Dragieva G, Hafner J, Dummer R, et al. Topical photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratoses and Bowen's disease in transplant recipients. Transplantation 2004;77(1):115–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
63 Dragieva G, Prinz BM, Hofner J, et al. A randomized controlled clinical trial of topical photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolaevulinate in the treatment of actinic keratoses in transplant recipients. Br J Dermatol 2004;151(1):196–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
64 Piaserico S, Fortina AB, Rigotti P, et al. Topical photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis in renal transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 2007;39(6):1847–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
65 Wennberg AM, Stenquist B, Stockfleth E, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl aminolevulinate for prevention of new skin lesions in transplant recipients: a randomized study. Transplantation 2008;86:423–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
66 Willey A, Mehta S, Lee PK. Reduction in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients treated with cyclic photodynamic therapy. Dermatol Surg 2010;36(5):652–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
67 Wulf HC, Pavel S, Stender I, et al. Topical photodynamic therapy for prevention of new skin lesions in renal transplant recipients. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86:25–8. Pubmed link
68 Perrett CM, McGregor JM, Warwick J et al. Treatment of post‐transplant premalignant skin disease: a randomized intrapatient comparative study of 5‐fluorouracil cream and topical photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 2007;156(2):320–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
69 Sotiriou E, Apalla Z, Chovarda E, et al. Photodynamic therapy with 5‐aminolevulinic acid in actinic cheilitis: an 18‐month clinical and histological follow‐up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24(8):916–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
70 Sotiriou E, Lallas A, Goussi C, et al. Sequential use of photodynamic therapy and imiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic cheilitis: a 12‐month follow‐up study. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(4):888–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
71 Morton C, Horn M, Leman J, et al. Comparison of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy or fluorouracil for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma in situ – results of a multicenter randomized trial. Arch Dermatol 2006;142(6):729–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
72 Morton CA, Whitehurst C, Moseley H, et al. Comparison of photodynamic therapy with cryotherapy in the treatment of Bowen's disease. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(5):766–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
73 Basset‐Seguin N, Ibbotson SH, Emstestam L, et al. Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy versus cryotherapy for superficial basal cell carcinoma: a 5 year randomized trial. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18(5):547–53. Pubmed link
74 Szeimies RM, Ibbotson S, Murrell DF, et al. A clinical study comparing methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery in small superficial basal cell carcinoma (8–20 mm), with a 12‐month follow‐up. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22(11):1302–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
75 Peng Q, Warloe T, Berg K, et al. 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic therapy – clinical research and future challenges. Cancer 1997;79(12):2282–308. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
76 Wang I, Bendsoe N, Klinteberg CAF, et al. Photodynamic therapy vs. cryosurgery of basal cell carcinomas: results of a phase III clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:832–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
77 Arits AHMM, Mosterd K, Essors BAB, et al. Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal‐cell carcinoma: a single blind, non‐inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(7):647–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
78 Sebaratnam DF, Venugopal SS, Murrell DF. A comparison in real clinical practice of methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy and surgery for small superficial basal cell carcinoma: 3‐year recurrence rates and cosmetic outcomes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25(1):117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
79 Berroeta L, Clark C, Dawe R, et al. A randomized study of minimal curettage followed by topical photodynamic therapy compared with surgical excision for low‐risk nodular basal cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2007;157(2):401–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
80 Lindberg‐Larsen R, Solvsten H, Kragballe K. Evaluation of recurrence after photodynamic therapy with topical methylaminolaevulinate for 157 basal cell carcinomas in 90 patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;92:144–7. Cross Ref link
81 Mosterd K, Thissen MRTM, Nelemans P, et al. Fractionated 5‐aminolaevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy vs. surgical excision in the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(4):864–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
82 Rhodes LE, di Rie M, Enstram Y, et al. Photodynamic therapy using topical methyl aminolevulinate vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:17–23. Pubmed link
83 Rhodes LE, di Rie MA, Leifsdottir R, et al. Five‐year follow‐up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(9):1131–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
84 Morton CA, Mackie RM, Whitehurst C, et al. Photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: effect of tumor thickness and duration of photosensitizer application on response. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:248–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
85 Horn M, Hulf HC, Warloe T, et al. Topical methyl aminolaevulinic photodynamic therapy in patients with basal cell carcinoma prone to complications and poor cosmetic outcome with conventional treatment. Br J Dermatol 2003;149(6):1242–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
86 De Leeuw J, Van Der Beek N, Bjerring P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5‐aminolevulinic acid 0.5% liposomal spray and intense pulsed light in combination with topical keratolytic agents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24(4):460–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
87 Horfelt C, Funk J, Frohm‐Nilsson M, et al. Topical methyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy for treatment of facial acne vulgaris: results of a randomized, controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(3):608–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
88 Mavilia L, Malara G, Moretti G, et al. Photodynamic therapy of acne using methyl aminolaevulinate diluted to 4% together with low doses of red light. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:810–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
89 Wiegell SR, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using methyl aminolaevulinate: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:969–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
90 Wiegell SR, Wulf HC. Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5‐aminolevulinic acid versus methyl aminolevulinate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;64:647–51. Cross Ref link
91 Stender IM, Na RH, Fogh H, et al. Photodynamic therapy with 5‐aminolaevulinic acid or placebo for recalcitrant foot and hand warts: randomised double‐blind trial. Lancet 2000;355(9208):963–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
92 Chen K, Chang BZ, Ju M, et al. Comparative study of photodynamic therapy vs. CO2 laser vaporization in treatment of condylomata acuminata, a randomized clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2007;156(3):516–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
93 Fehr MK, Hornung R, Degen A, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar and vaginal condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia using topically applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid. Laser Surg Med 2002;30(4):273–9. Cross Ref link
94 Liang J, Lu XN, Tang H, et al. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy using topical aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride in the treatment of condylomata acuminata: a comparative, randomized clinical trial. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2009;25(6):293–7. Cross Ref link
95 Stefanaki IM, Georgiou S, Themelis GC, et al. In vivo fluorescence kinetics and photodynamic therapy in condylomata acuminata. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:972–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
96 Wang XL, Wang HW, Wang HS, et al. Topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid‐photodynamic therapy for the treatment of urethral condylomata acuminata. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:880–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
97 Yang CH, Hui CY, Lee JC, et al. Photodynamic therapy for bowenoid paplulosis using a novel incoherent light emission diode device. Br J Dermatol 2003;149(Suppl. 64):91. Cross Ref link
98 Abdel‐Hady ES, Martin‐Hirsch P, Duggan‐Keen M, et al. Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy. Cancer Res 2001;61:192–6. Pubmed link
99 Fehr MK, Hornung, R, Schwarz VA, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia III using topically applied 5‐aminolevulinic acid. Gynecol Oncol 2001;80(1):62–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
100 Hillemanns P, Wang X, Staehle S, et al. Evaluation of different treatment modalities for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN): CO2 laser vaporization, photodynamic therapy, excision and vulvectomy. Gynecol Oncol 2006;100(2):271–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
101 Lee MR, Ryman W. Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated with topical methyl animolevulinate photodynamic therapy. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46(3):196–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
102 Stables GI, Stringer MB, Robinson DJ, et al. Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(3):514–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
103 Varma S, Holt PJA, Anstey AV. Erythroplasia of Queyrat treated by topical aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: a cautionary tale. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(4):825–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
104 Paoli JTB, Ternesten Bratel A, Lowhagen GB, et al. Penile intraepithelial neoplasia: results of photodynamic therapy. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86:418–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
105 Mikasa K, Watanabe D, Kondo C, et al. 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐based photodynamic therapy for the treatment of two patients with extramammary Paget's disease. J Dermatol 2005;32(2):97–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
106 Raspagliesi F, Fontanelli R, Rossi G, et al. Photodynamic therapy using a methyl ester of 5‐aminolevulinic acid in recurrent Paget's disease of the vulva: a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103(2):581–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
107 Shieh S, Dee AS, Cheney RT, et al. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of extramammary Paget's disease. Br J Dermatol 2002;146(6):1000–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
108 Zawislak AA, McCarron PA, McCluggage WG, et al. Successful photodynamic therapy of vulval Paget's disease using a novel patch‐based delivery system containing 5‐aminolevulinic acid. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;111(10):1143–5. Cross Ref link
109 Debu A, Girard C, Kluger N, et al. Topical methyl aminolaevulinate–photodynamic therapy in erosive facial mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(4):884–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
110 Edstrom DW, Porwit A, Ros AM. Photodynamic therapy with topical 5‐aminolaevulinic acid for mycosis fungoides: clinical and histological response. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:184–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
111 Zane C, Venturini M, Sala R, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methylaminolevulinate as a valuable treatment option for unilesional cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2006;22(5):254–8. Cross Ref link
112 Mori M, Campolmi P, Mavilia L, et al. Topical photodynamic therapy for primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(3):524–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
113 Karrer S, Kohl E, Feise K, et al. Photodynamic therapy for skin rejuvenation: review and summary of the literature – results of a consensus conference of an expert group for aesthetic photodynamic therapy. J Deut Dermatol Ges 2013;11(2):137–48.
114 Asilian A, Davami M. Comparison between the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and topical paromomycin in the treatment of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31(5):634–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
115 Hillemanns P, Untch M, Prove F, et al. Photodynamic therapy of vulvar lichen sclerosus with 5‐aminolevulinic acid. Obstet Gynecol 1999;93(1):71–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
116 Horn M, Wolf P. Topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy for the treatment of folliculitis. Photoderm Photoimmunol Photomed 2007;23(4):145–7. Cross Ref link
117 Morley S, Griffiths J, Philips G, et al. Phase IIa randomized, placebo‐controlled study of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in bacterially colonized, chronic leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers: a new approach to antimicrobial therapy. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(3):617–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
118 Szeimies RM, Schleyer V, Moll I, et al. Adjuvant photodynamic therapy does not prevent recurrence of condylomata acuminata after carbon dioxide laser ablation‐a phase III, prospective, randomized, bicentric, double‐blind study. Dermatol Surg 2009;35(5):757–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
119 Van der Snoek EM, Robinson DJ, van Hellemond JJ, et al. A review of photodynamic therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis, in J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22:918–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
120 Evangelou G, Krasagakis K, Giannikaki E, et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis with intralesional aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2011;27(5):254–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
121 Beattie PE, Dawe RS, Ferguson J, et al. Lack of efficacy and tolerability of topical PDT for psoriasis in comparison with narrowband UVB phototherapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29(5):560–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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