Part 3, Reference for Chapter 32: Fungal Infections
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Introduction
- 1 Patterns of Development in Conidial Fungi. London: Pitman, 1979. , .
- 2 Atlas of Clinical Fungi. Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, 2000. , , , .
- 3 Fundamental Medical Mycology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell, 2012. , , .
- 4 Clinical Mycology. Amsterdam: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, 2009. , , .
- 5 Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th edn. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 2008. , , , .
Basic biology
Nomenclature
- 6 Kurtzman CP, Fell JW, Van Rij Kreger NJW, eds. The Yeasts, 4th edn. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1998.
- 7 International Mycological Association. IMA Fungus Report. One Fungus = Which Name? 2012. http://www.imafungus.org/Issue/31/05.pdf (last accessed October 2014).
- 8 Council for the International Organization of the Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Nomenclature of Diseases, Vol. II Infectious Diseases, Part 2 Mycoses. Geneva: CIOMS, 1982.
- 9 Nomenclature of fungal diseases: a report and recommendations from a sub‐committee of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM). J Med Vet Mycol 1992;30:1–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Superficial mycoses
Identification
Wood's light examination
- 10 Dermatophytes – their Recognition and Identification, 2nd edn. Oxford, OH: University of Miami Press, 1974. , .
- 11 Note on an investigation into the fluorescence of hairs infected by certain fungi. Can J Res 1932;7:378–85.Cross Ref link , .
- 12 Chemical nature of the fluorescent pigment produced in Microsporum‐infected hair. Nature 1957;4591:860–1.Cross Ref link .
- 13 Observations on the fluorescent material in hairs infected by Microsporon in tinea capitis. J Invest Dermatol 1949;12:139–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 14 The fluorescent material produced in vivo by certain dermatophytes. J Gen Microbiol 1954;11:506–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 15 Fluorescent substances produced by dermatophytes. Nature 1958;181:281.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 16 Non‐fluorescent Microsporum audouinii and canis infections of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 1955;67:101–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Collection of material
- 17 Diagnosis of dermatophytoses using vinyl adhesive tape. Sabouraudia 1974;12:162–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 18 The carrier stage of tinea capitis in Nigeria. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:219–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 19 Hairbrush diagnosis in detection and eradication of non‐fluorescent scalp ringworm. BMJ 1963;ii:363–5.Cross Ref link .
- 20 Use of the cotton swab method in diagnosing tinea capitis. Pediatrics 1999;104:276–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 21 Laboratory investigations of dermatophyte infections of nails. Sabouraudia 1971;9:149–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Direct examination
- 22 Retrospective study on the efficacy of two methods of microscopical examination in dermatological mycology. J Mycol Med 1992;2:148–50. , , , et al.
- 23 Direct mycological examination in dermatology: a comparison of different methods. Dermatologica 1989;179:183–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 24 Direct microscopy. In: Evans EGV, Richardson MD, eds. Medical Mycology: a Practical Approach. Oxford: IRL Press, 1989:17–45. .
- 25 Die Anwendung von Dimethylacetamid (DMAC) und Dimethylformamid (DMFA) zur schnelleren mikroskopischen Diagnostik der Dermatophytosen. Hautarzt 1967;18:545–6.Pubmed link .
- 26 A simple fluorescent method for the detection of superficial fungi in skin and hair: a combined stain with acridine orange and potassium hydroxide. J Invest Dermatol 1961;37:103–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 27 Histologic evaluation of nail clippings in diagnosing onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1517–19.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 28 A comparison of calcofluor white, potassium hydroxide, and culture for the laboratory diagnosis of superficial fungal infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1990;13:337–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 29 A comparative study of KOH test, PAS staining and fungal culture in diagnosis of onychomycosis in Taiwan. J Dermatol Sci 2007;45:138–40.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 30 Comparison of direct smear, culture and histology for the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Aust J Dermatol 2007;48:18–21.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Molecular diagnostics
- 31 Minipreparation of total cellular DNA is useful as an alternative molecular marker of mitochondrial DNA for the identification of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. Mycoses 1996;39:31–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 32 Molecular determination of dermatophyte fungi using the arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:351–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 33 Microbiological and molecular diagnosis of deep localized cutaneous infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:323–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 34 Development of an oligonucleotide probe specific for Trichophyton rubrum. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:240–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 35 Forty eight hour diagnosis of onychomycosis with subtyping of strains of Trichophyton rubrum strains. J Clin Microbiol 2006;44:1419–27.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 36 Real‐time PCR TaqMan assay for detecting Trichophyton tonsurans, a causative agent of tinea capitis, from hairbrushes. Med Mycol 2006;44:579–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 37 PCR test for Microsporum canis identification. Med Mycol 2013;51:576–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 38 Identification of Malassezia species from patient skin scales by PCR‐RFLP. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002;8:162–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Identification of isolates
- 39 Identification of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex species using MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Med Mycol 2013;51:580–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Skin disease caused by Malassezia species
Pityriasis versicolor
- 40 The genus Malassezia with description of four new species. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1996;69:337–55.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 41 New yeast species Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1363–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 42 Description of a new yeast species, Malassezia japonica, and its detection in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:4695–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 43 A new yeast, Malassezia yamotoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrhoeic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects. Microbiol Immunol 2004;48:579–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid‐dependent yeast species isolated from animals. Int J System Evol Microbiol 2004;54:623–7.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 45 Two new lipid‐dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals. FEMS Yeast Res 2007;7:1064–76.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 46 Malassezia cuniculi sp nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin. Med Mycol 2011;49:40–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 47 Malassezia globosa as the causative agent of pityriasis versicolor. Br J Dermatol 1999;143:799–803.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 48 Epidemiology of Malassezia yeasts associated with pityriasis versicolor in Ontario, Canada. Med Mycol 2001;39:199–206.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 49 . Estudio de las Especies de Malassezia relacionadas con la Patologia Cutanea Pitiriasis versicolor en Panama [Thesis]. University of Panama, 2005.
- 50 Malassezia species in skin diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002;15:133–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 51 Pityriasis pigmentosa: clinical features of pathogenic Pityrosporum ovale. J Dermatol 1983;10:355–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 52 Pitiriasis versicolor por Malassezia ovalis. Mycopathologia 1985;89:147–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 53 Pityriasis versicolor. In: Verbov JL, ed. Superficial Fungal Infections. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1986:47–72. .
- 54 Dimorphism of Pityrosporum orbiculare in a defined culture medium. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:244–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 55 Induction of hyphae in cultures in Pityrosporum by cholesterol and cholesterol esters. J Invest Dermatol 1977;69:531–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 56 Polymorphism of Malassezia furfur. Can J Microbiol 1977;23:471–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 57 Pityrosporum orbiculare: incidence and distribution on clinically normal skin. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:264–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 58 Randomized comparative clinical trial of itraconazole and selenium sulfide shampoo for the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):S121–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 59 Tinea versicolor: susceptibility factors and experimental infections in human beings. J Invest Dermatol 1961;36:398–402.Cross Ref link .
- 60 Seborrheic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:947–51.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 61 Serological responses to Pityrosporum (Malassezia) in seborrhoeic dermatitis demonstrated by ELISA and western blotting. Bull Soc Fr Med Mycol 1983;17:267–78. , .
- 62 Cell‐mediated immune responses to Malassezia furfur serovars A, B and C in patients with pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and controls. Exp Dermatol 1994;3:106–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 63 Cell mediated immunity to the mycelial phase of Malassezia spp. in patients with pityriasis versicolor and controls. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:77–84.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 64 Recent developments in the immunology and biology of Malassezia species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2006;47:14–23.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 65 Update on the genus Malassezia. Med Mycol 2007;45:287–303.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 66 The effects of Malassezia on pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Med Mycol 1998;36:97–106.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 67 Langerhans' cell accumulation in chronic tinea pedis and pityriasis versicolor. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:329–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 68 Identification of tyrosinase inhibitors in cultures of Pityrosporum. J Invest Dermatol 1978;71:389–402. , .
- 69 Ultrastructure of skin in pityriasis versicolor. Minerva Dermatol 1975;10:457–69. , , .
- 70 Tinea versicolor hypopigmentation: histochemical and therapeutic studies. Int J Dermatol 1975;14:510–15.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 71 Tinea versicolor: histologic and ultrastructural investigation of pigmentary changes. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:253–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 72 Pityriasis versicolor: a clinical and mycological investigation. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:315–26.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 73 The incidence of certain skin diseases in western Samoa: a preliminary survey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1950;44:319–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 74 Pityriasis versicolor atrophicans. Eur J Dermatol 2012;2:287–8. , , , .
- 75 Efficient identification of Malassezia yeasts by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). Br J Dermatol 2014;170:332–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 76 Double blind trial of miconazole in dermatomycosis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1973;53:497–9. .
- 77 Itraconazole in pityriasis versicolor: ultrastructural changes in Malassezia furfur produced during treatment. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):134–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 78 Itraconazole in tinea versicolor: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:551–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 79 Propylene glycol in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980;60:92–3. , .
Malassezia folliculitis
- 80 Pityrosporum folliculitis: a common disease of the young and middle aged. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:56–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , ,
- 81 An epidemic outbreak of Malassezia folliculitis in three adult patients in an intensive care unit: a previously unrecognized nosocomial infection. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:453–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , et al.
Other cutaneous disorders associated with Malassezia yeasts
- 82 The role of microorganisms in dandruff. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:333–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 83 The relationship of a nystatin resistant strain of Pityrosporum ovale to dandruff. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1969;20:603–9. , .
- 84 Aetiology of dandruff and the mode of action of therapeutic agents. Br J Dermatol 1984;111:235–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 85 Experimental infections in rabbits and humans with Pityrosporum orbiculare and P. ovale. J Invest Dermatol 1981;77:314–18.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 86 Serological responses to Pityrosporum (Malassezia) in seborrhoeic dermatitis demonstrated by ELISA and western blotting. Bull Soc Fr Med Mycol 1988;17:267–78. , .
- 87 Seborrhoeic dermatitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;113:947–51.Cross Ref link , .
- 88 Seborrhoeic‐like dermatitis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:242–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 89 Malassezia species in skin diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002;15:133–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 90 A study of the fatty acid metabolism of the yeast Pityrosporum ovale. Biochem J 1968;108:225–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 91 Malassezia yeasts produce a collection of exceptionally potent activators of the Ah (dioxin) receptor detected in diseased human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:2023–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 92 Phospholipase activity after β‐endorphin exposure discriminates Malassezia strains isolated from healthy and seborrhoeic dermatitis skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;12:1575–8.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 93 Treatment of dermatitis of the head and neck with ketoconazole in patients with type 1 hypersensitivity for Pityrosporum orbiculare. Semin Dermatol 1983;2:26–9. , .
- 94 Pityrosporum folliculitis: a common disease of the young and middle aged. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:56–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 95 An epidemic outbreak of Malassezia folliculitis in three adult patients in an intensive care unit: a previously unrecognized nosocomial infection. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:453–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 96 One case of confluent and reticulate papillomatosis (Gougerot–Carteaud). Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1980;60:269–71. , , .
- 97 Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis (Gougerot–Carteaud) and Pityrosporum orbiculare. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:841–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 98 Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis (Gougerot–Carteaud). Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1973;53:381–4. , , .
- 99 Improvement of psoriasis of the scalp with ketoconazole. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:370–1.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Superficial mycoses caused by other species
Tinea nigra
- 100 Phaeoannellomyces and the Phaeococcomycetaceae: a new dematiaceous blastomycete taxa. Sabouraudia 1985;23:179–88.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 101 Cladosporium castellani is a synonym of Stenella araguata. Mycotaxon 1978;7:415–18. , .
- 102 Tinea nigra: report of twelve cases in Venezuela. Mycopathologia 2005;160:235–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 103 Tinea nigra palmaris. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:904–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 104 Tinea nigra palmaris: differentiation from malignant melanoma or junctional nevi. Cutis 1998;62:45–6.Pubmed link , .
- 105 Tinea nigra: report of four cases observed in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and a review of Brazilian literature. Mycopathologia 1994;126:157–62.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 106 Tinea nigra: treatment with topical ketoconazole. Cutis 1993;52:209–11.Pubmed link .
- 107 Tinea nigra: successful treatment with topical butenafine. An Bras Dermatol 2012;87:939–41.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Black piedra
- 108 Black piedra in West Malaysia. Aust J Dermatol 1977;18:45–7.Cross Ref link , , .
- 109 Piedra noire chez des chimpanzées du Zaire. Sabouraudia 1975;13:58–62.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 110 Black piedra among the Zoro indians from Amazonia (Brazil). Mycopathologia 1989;107:57–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 111 Morphology of Piedraia hortae. Sabouraudia 1975;13:157–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 112 Black piedra: the first case treated with terbinafine (Lamisil). Br J Dermatol 1994;130(Suppl. 43):26–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
White piedra
- 113 White piedra and Trichosporon species in equatorial Africa: 1. History and clinical aspects: an analysis of 449 superficial inguinal specimens. Mycoses 1994;37:249–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 114 White piedra. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:602–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 115 Trichosporosis (white piedra): four cases in the United States. J Assoc Milit Dermatol 1983;9:27–9. , .
- 116 Genital white piedra: epidemiology, microbiology and therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:982–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 117 White piedra. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:208–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 118 White piedra: a case with evidence of spread by contact. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1986;80:87.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 119 A new Brevibacterium sp. isolated from infected genital hair of patients with white piedra. J Med Microbiol 1993;39:255–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 120 White piedra: evidence for a synergistic infection. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:355–63.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 121 Trichosporon on humans: a practical account. Mycoses 1994;37:3–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 122 Mycoflora of the human dermal surface. Can J Microbiol 1984;30:1205–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Otomycosis
- 123 The myth of otomycosis. JAMA 1965;191:129–36.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 124 Otomycosis: prevalence, clinical symptoms, therapeutic procedures. Mycoses 2001;44:472–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 125 Otomycosis: clinical features and treatment implications. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;135:787–91.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 126 Les otomycoses. Dermatologica 1970;141:138–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 127 Atypical invasive external otitis from Aspergillus. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988;114:1024–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 128 Auricular chromomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:87–9. , , .
- 129 Auricular sporotrichosis in a brick mason. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1229–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 130 Otomycosis: a new line of treatment. Castellania 1977;5:215–16. , .
- 131 Long‐term follow‐up of otomycosis and its treatment with bifonazole. J Med Vet Mycol 1993;31:435–47.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Miscellaneous superficial mycoses caused by saprophytic moulds
- 132 Invasion of the skin by filamentous non‐dermatophyte fungi. Br J Dermatol 1968;80:282–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
DERMATOPHYTOSIS
Classification, General description
- 133 Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:920–4.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 134 Application of PCR to the identification of dermatophyte fungi. J Med Microbiol 2000;49:493–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 135 The genus Arthroderma and its later synonym Nannizzia. Mycotaxon 1986;25:505–18. , , , .
- 136 Molecular taxonomy of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol 1999;37:315–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 137 The curious adventure of Trichophyton equinum in the realm of molecular biology: a modern fairy tale. Med Mycol 2004;42:397–403.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 138 Ribosomal RNA gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 equences of asexual, anthropophilic dermatophytes related to Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:4005–11.Pubmed link , , , .
- 139 Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and agents of superficial mycosis. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, et al., eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th edn. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2003:1798–819.
- 140 Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol 2006;44:199–209.Pubmed link , , .
- 141 Dermatophytes: natural groupings based on the form of the spores and accessory organs. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1934;30:337–62.Cross Ref link .
- 142 Mycology. In: Rook A, ed. Recent Advances in Dermatology, Vol. 3. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1973:33–47. , .
- 143 Analysis of the dermatophyte species isolated in the British Isles between 1980 and 2005 and review of worldwide dermatophyte trends over the last three decades. Med Mycol 2007;45:131–41.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 144 Medical Mycology: the Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988. .
- 145 Advances in dermatophytes and dermatophytosis. J Med Vet Mycol 1992;30(Suppl. 1):29–39.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 146 The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:240–59.Pubmed link , .
Basic biology
- 147 A clinical, mycological and immunological survey of dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:61–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 148 The pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouinii and Microsporum canis. J Invest Dermatol 1952;18:231–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 149 Mycology Online. Dermatophytsis. University of Adelaide. http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Mycoses/Cutaneous/Dermatophytosis (last accessed October 2014).
- 150 The adherence of dermatophyte microconidia and arthroconidia to human keratinocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:529–34.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 151 Adherence of arthroconidia and germlings of anthropophilic and zoophilic varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes to human corneocytes as an early event in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:231–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 152 Invasion of nails in vitro by certain dermatophytes. J Invest Dermatol 1957;28:261–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 153 Identification of novel secreted proteases during extracellular proteolysis by dermatophytes at acidic pH. Proteomics 2011;11:4422–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 154 Differential gene expression in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae in vitro versus during infection. Microbiology 2010;156:884–95.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 155 Comparative studies on keratinase production of Trichophyton mentagrophytes of animal origin. Mycoses 1995;38:205–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 156 Cutaneous defences against dermatophytes and yeasts. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:317–55.Pubmed link , .
- 157 Isolation of a Microsporum canis gene family encoding three subtilisin‐like proteases expressed in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:830–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 158 Dermatophytosis. In: Cox RA, ed. Immunology of Fungal Diseases. Florida: CRC Press, 1989:1–27. .
- 159 Experimental study of resistance to infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes: demonstration of memory T cells. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:205–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 160 Transferrin, iron and dermatophytes. 1. Serum dermatophyte inhibitory component definitely identified as unsaturated transferrin. J Lab Clin Med 1975;86:204–12.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Chronic T. mentagrophytes dermatophytosis of guinea pig skin grafts on nude mice. J Invest Dermatol 1982;79:125–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 162 Drugs affecting Trichophyton rubrum induced neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:228–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 163 Protective roles of the skin against infection: implication of naturally occurring human antimicrobial agents β‐defensins, cathelicidin LL‐37 and lysozyme. J Dermatol Sci 2005;40:157–68.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 164 Dermcidin: a novel human antibiotic peptide secreted by sweat glands. Nature Immunol 2001;2:1133–7.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 165 Fungicidal activity of human neutrophils and monocytes on dermatophyte fungi, Trichophyton quinckeanum and Trichophyton rubrum. Immunology 1986;61:289–95. , .
- 166 Immune responses of patients with tinea imbricata. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:581–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 167 ELISA determined serological reactivity against purified trichophytin in dermatophytosis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1981;61:313–17. , , , et al.
- 168 Cell‐mediated immunity in experimental murine dermatophytosis. II. Adoptive transfer of immunity to dermatophyte infection by lymphoid cells from donors with acute or chronic infections. Immunology 1984;53:405–10. , .
- 169 Acquired immunity to dermatophytosis. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:840–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 170 Model dermatophytosis in naturally infected subjects. Arch Dermatol 1974;110:369–74.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 171 Trichophytin reactions in children with tinea capitis. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:371–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 172 Chronic dermatophyte infections. II. Antibody and cell‐mediated immune responses. Br J Dermatol 1982;106:191–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 173 Interferon‐gamma production in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with tinea pedis: comparison of patients with and without tinea unguium. Med Mycol 2001;39:87–90.Pubmed link , , .
- 174 Possible mechanisms of immune modulation in chronic dermatophytoses: an in vitro study. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:233–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 175 Deep (subcutaneous) dermatophyte infection presenting with unilateral lymphoedema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:385–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , et al.
Pathophysiology
- 176 Interdigital athletes foot: the interaction of dermatophytes and residual bacteria. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1466–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 177 Experimental study of resistance to infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes: demonstration of memory T cells. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:205–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 178 Distribution of dermatophytes according to age, ethnic group and sex. Sabouraudia 1974;12:352–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 179 Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to tinea imbricata. Lancet 1977;i:13–5.Cross Ref link , .
- 180 STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:54–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 181 Deep dermatophytosis and inherited CARD9 deficiency. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1704–14.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 182 Genetic predictors of susceptibility to cutaneous fungal infections: a pilot genome wide association study to refine a candidate gene search. J Dermatol Sci 2012;67:147–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 183 Dermatophytosis and HIV infection: a study in homosexual men. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988;68:53–9. , , , et al.
- 184 A comparative study of dermatophytosis in coal miners and dermatological outpatients. Br J Indust Med 1983;40:353–5. , , , et al.
- 185 Occlusion, carbon dioxide and fungal skin infections. Lancet 1978;1:360–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 186 Interactions of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and micrococci on skin culture. J Invest Dermatol 1979;72:133–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Identification
- 187 De Hoog GS, Guarro J, Gene J, Figueras MJ, eds. Atlas of Clinical Fungi. Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures/Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2000.
- 188 Laboratory Handbook of Dermatophytes. Belmont, CA: Star, 1997. , , , et al.
- 189 Diagnostic de Laboratoire en Mycologie Medicale. Paris: Maloine, 1987. , , .
- 190 Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. Infect Genet Evol 2013;20:336–51.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 191 A glabrous Microsporum canis in Greater London. Sabouraudia 1981;19:71–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Management
- 192 Current status of the identification and management of tinea capitis. Pediatrics 1983;72:625–31.Pubmed link , , .
- 193 Hay RJ, Del Palacio Hernanz A, eds. First symposium on terbinafine. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:97–127.Cross Ref link
- 194 Allylamine antifungal drugs. In: Borgers M, Hay R, Rinaldi MG, eds. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol. 4. New York: Springer, 1992:158–88.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 195 Levels of terbinafine in plasma, stratum corneum, dermis–epidermis (without stratum corneum), sebum, hair and nails during and after 250 mg terbinafine orally once daily for 7 and 14 days. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:121–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 196 A randomised treatment duration‐finding study of terbinafine in onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(Suppl. 39):36–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 197 Treatment of dermatophyte infection of the finger‐ and toenails with terbinafine (SF 86–327, Lamisil), an orally active fungicidal agent. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:753–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 198 Cutaneous mycoses in children. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(Suppl. 46):7–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 199 Itraconazole: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1989;37:310–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 200 Hay RJ, ed. Itraconazole. Manchester: Adis, 1994.
- 201 Post‐treatment itraconazole levels in the nail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;131:919–22. , , , et al.
- 202 Itraconazole in the treatment of dermatophytoses: a comparison of two daily dosages. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):104–8.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 203 Itraconazole in the treatment of tinea capitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:559–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 204 Griseofulvin. In: Speller DCE, ed. Antifungal Chemotherapy. Chichester: Wiley, 1980:149–82. .
- 205 Traitment des dermatophyties du cuir chevelu par une dose unique de griséofulvine; essai d'une dose reduite. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1974;54:477–81.Pubmed link , .
- 206 Jones HE, ed. Ketoconazole Today: a Review of Clinical Experience. Manchester: Adis, 1987.
- 207 Treatment of tinea capitis – griseofulvin versus fluconazole – a comparative study. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2013;11:737–42.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 208 Fluconazole resistant candidiasis in an HIV cohort. AIDS 1994;8:787–92.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 209 Topical treatment of nail and skin infections with miconazole, a new broad‐spectrum antimycotic. Mykosen 1971;14:187–91.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 210 Clotrimazole (Bay b 5097): in vitro and clinical pharmacological studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972;2:423–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 211 Comparison of clotrimazole cream, Whitfield's ointment and nystatin ointment for the topical treatment of ringworm infections, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and candidiasis. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:297–303.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 212 A clinical double blind trial of topical miconazole and clotrimazole against superficial fungal infection and erythrasma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:225–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 213 Efficacy of topical antifungals in the treatment of dermatophytosis: a mixed‐treatment comparison meta‐analysis involving 14 treatments. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:341–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 214 Imidazoles as medically important antifungal agents: an overview. Drugs Today 1984;20:325–49. .
- 215 The imidazoles. In: Speller DCE, ed. Antifungal Chemotherapy. Chichester: Wiley, 1980:107–48. .
- 216 Topical treatment of onychomycosis with amorolfine 5% nail lacquer: comparative efficacy and tolerability of once and twice weekly use. Dermatology 1992;182(Suppl.):21–4.Cross Ref link .
Tinea corporis
- 217 Epidemiology of ringworm (dermatophytosis). Semin Dermatol 1985;4:185–200. .
- 218 Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. Mycopathologia 2008;166:335–52.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18478365 , , .
- 219 Epidemiology and emerging patterns of dermatophyte species. In: McGinnis MR, ed. Current Topics in Medical Mycology. New York: Springer, 1985;1:208–34.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 220 Dermatophytosis in Kashmir, India. Mykosen 1987;30:135–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 221 Cutaneous Trichophyton mentagrophytes infections in Vietnam. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:135–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 222 Generalized Microsporum audouinii infection and depressed cellular immunity associated with a missing plasma factor for lymphocyte blastogenesis. Am J Med 1977;63:991–1000.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 223 The question of immunity in ringworm infection. Ann NY Acad Sci 1960;89:178–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 224 Ringworm contracted from cattle in western New York State. Arch Dermatol 1966;94:35–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 225 Infection with Trichophyton rubrum. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:208–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 226 Widespread Trichophyton rubrum granulomas treated with griseofulvin. Arch Dermatol 1960;81:779–85.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 227 Nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis due to Trichophyton rubrum. Arch Dermatol 1954;64:258–77.Cross Ref link , .
- 228 Tinea imbricata. In: Van den Bossche H, Hay RJ, Rinaldi M, eds. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol. 2. New York: Springer, 1987:55–72. .
- 229 Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to tinea imbricata. Lancet 1977;1:13–15.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 230 Tinea imbricata in a British nurse. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:232–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 231 Endemic tinea imbricata: a study on Goodenough Island, Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med 1984;78:246–51.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 232 La maladie dermatophytique: observations Algeriene récentes. Bull Soc Fr Pathol Exotique 1984;77:637–48. , .
- 233 Microbiological and molecular diagnosis of deep localized cutaneous infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:323–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 234 Deep (subcutaneous) dermatophyte infection presenting with unilateral lymphoedema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:385–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 235 Trichophyton violaceum abscesses. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:177–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 236 Deep dermatophytosis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Cutis 2001;67:457–62.Pubmed link , , .
Tinea capitis
- 237 Tinea Capitis. London: Mosby Wolfe, 1999.
- 238 Tinea capitis in schoolchildren in London. Hautarzt 1977;28:32–4.Pubmed link , .
- 239 Tinea capitis: a current perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:1–20.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 240 Current situation of tinea capitis in southeastern Austria. Clin Dermatol 2002;20:183–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 241 Distribution of dermatophytes causing tinea capitis in Africa. Trop Geogr Med 1978;26:101–20. .
- 242 Incidence of dermatophytosis in Kuwait. Sabouraudia 1979;17:131–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 243 Tinea capitis. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:23–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 244 Tinea capitis in south‐east London: a new pattern of infection with public health implications. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:955–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 245 European Confederation of Medical Mycology Working Party on Tinea Capitis. Tinea capitis in Europe: new perspective on an old problem. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:229–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , ;
- 246 Hairbrush technique in detection and eradication of non‐fluorescent scalp ringworm. BMJ 1963;ii:363–5.Cross Ref link .
- 247 An institutional survey of tinea capitis in Harare, Zimbabwe and a trial of miconazole cream versus Whitfield's ointment in its treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:371–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 248 The pathogenesis of tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouinii and Microsporum canis. J Invest Dermatol 1952;18:231–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 249 Tinea capitis due to Microsporum audouinii and M. canis. Arch Dermatol 1955;71:313–48.Cross Ref link .
- 250 Favus: 20 indigenous cases in Province of Quebec. Arch Dermatol 1973;114:1647–8.Cross Ref link , .
- 251 Tinea capitis in school children in East Nigeria. Mykosen 1986;29:132–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 252 The carrier state of tinea capitis in Nigeria. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:219–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 253 Epidemiology of ringworm (dermatophytosis). Semin Dermatol 1985;4:185–200. .
- 254 Tinea capitis in the elderly. Int J Dermatol 1980;19:220–1.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 255 Tinea capitis in an elderly woman. Clin Exp Dermatol 1979;4:247–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 256 Tinea capitis in southeast London: an outbreak of Trichophyton tonsurans infection. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:139–45.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 257 Mycetoma caused by Microsporum audouinii. Am J Clin Pathol 1980;73:447–54.Pubmed link , .
- 258 Trichophytin reactions in children with tinea capitis. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:371–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 259 Mycology, bacteriology and histopathology of suppurative ringworm. Arch Dermatol 1957;69:441–8.Cross Ref link , .
- 260 An epidemic of infection with Trichophyton tonsurans revealed in a 20‐year‐old survey of fungal infections in Chicago. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:322–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 261 The diagnosis and treatment of tinea capitis due to Trichophyton tonsurans. Int J Dermatol 1985;24:426–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 262 Tinea capitis in the Netherlands. Mycoses 1990;33:46–50.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 263 Evaluation of the carrier state in juvenile tinea capitis caused by Trichophyton tonsurans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1209–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 264 Tinea capitis in the adult and adolescent. Arch Dermatol 1952;66:9–40.Cross Ref link .
- 265 Non‐fluorescent tinea capitis in Charleston, SC: a diagnostic problem. JAMA 1979;242:1765–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 266 Onychomycosis due to Trichophyton soudanense. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:221–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 267 Trichophyton soudanense infection in and outside Africa. Br J Dermatol 1968;80:140–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
- 268 Dermatophytoses in South Africa. Sabouraudia 1973;11:279–82.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 269 Human favus in Quebec. Dermatologica 1962;125:369–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 270 Tinea capitis in Philadelphia. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:521–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 271 Current status of the identification and management of tinea capitis. Paediatrics 1983;72:625–31. , , .
- 272 Health Protection Agency. Tinea Capitis in the United Kingdom: a Report on its Diagnosis, Management and Prevention. HPA Publications, 2008. http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/hpawebfile/hpaweb_c/1194947321499 (last accessed October 2014).
Tinea barbae
- 273 Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections Mycopathologia. 2008;166:335–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 274 Tinea incognito. BMJ 1968;iii:216–21. , .
- 275 Proposals for the Prevention and Control of Dermatophytoses Common to Man and Animals. WHO Dococument No. Zoon/83.62. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993. , .
Tinea faciei
- 276 Lupus erythematosus‐like tinea of the face (tinea faciale). JAMA 1971;215:2091–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 277 Tinea faciei. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:250–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 278 Tinea faciei coexistent with discoid lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:121–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 279 Tinea faciale mimicking seborrheic dermatitis in a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med 1986;314:315–16.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Tinea pedis
- 280 Tinea pedis: a source of infection in the family. Arch Dermatol 1957;75:270–1.Cross Ref link , , .
- 281 Foot infection in swimming baths. BMJ 1973;3:260–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 282 A clinical, mycological and immunological survey of dermatophytes. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:61–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 283 Tinea pedis as a public health problem. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:705–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 284 Trichophyton rubrum infection in families. BMJ 1959;i:744–6. .
- 285 Chronic dermatophyte infections. I. Clinical and mycological features. Br J Dermatol 1982;106:1–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 286 A comparative study of dermatophytosis in coal miners and dermatological outpatients. Br J Indust Med 1983;40:353–5. , , , et al.
- 287 An experimental study of the tinea pedis and onychomycosis of the foot. Arch Dermatol 1957;76:70–9.Cross Ref link , .
- 288 Interdigital athlete's foot: the interaction of dermatophytes and residual bacteria. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1466–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 289 Persistent mycosis of the nails caused by Trichophyton violaceum. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1967;47:34–6. .
- 290 Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. Mycopathologia 2008;166:335–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 291 Foot ringworm in coal miners. Br J Indust Med 1957;14:22–9. , .
- 292 Studies in the epidemiology of tinea pedis. I and II. Tinea pedis in school children. BMJ 1959;i:1442–5, 1446–8.Cross Ref link , .
- 293 The descriptive epidemiology of tinea pedis in the community. Australas J Dermatol 1996;37:178–84.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961583 , , .
- 294 Foot infection in coal miners: a reassessment. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:405–13.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 295 Tinea pedis: the relationship between symptoms and host characteristics. Microbiol Ecol Health Dis 1988;1:131–8.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 296 Epidemiology and emerging patterns of dermatophyte species. In: Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol. 1. New York: Springer, 1985:208–34.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 297 Cutaneous Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in Vietnam. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:135–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
Tinea manuum
- 298 Mycotic infections of the hands. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1956;36:272–8. .
- 299 Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma: incidence of dermatophyte infections and the results of treatment with retinoic acid. Acta Dermatol Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:254–7. , .
Tinea cruris
- 300 Infection with Trichophyton rubrum. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:208–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 301 Trichophyton rubrum infection according to age, anatomical distribution and sex. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:171–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 302 Epidemiologic surveillance of cutaneous fungal infection in the United States from 1999 to 2002. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:748–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 303 Scrotal dermatophytosis. Br J Dermatol 1967;79:339–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 304 Treatment of dermatophytoses and pityriasis versicolor with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):S109–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 305 The frequency of causative dermatophytes in Egypt. Int J Dermatol 1981;20:431–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 306 Distribution of dermatophytes according to age, ethnic group and sex. Sabouraudia 1974;12:352–61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes
- 307 Onychomycosis: the Current Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. Oxford: Taylor & Francis, 2006.Cross Ref link , , , .
- 308 Nails and fungi. Br J Dermatol 1976;74:697–701.Cross Ref link .
- 309 Transverse net in the diagnosis of onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1947;58:385–8.Cross Ref link .
- 310 Dermatophyte onychomycosis in children. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:203–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 311 Trichophyton entrance sites in the nails of man. In: Drouhet E, ed. Proceedings of the Vth Congress of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. Paris: Institut Pasteur, 1971:111–12. .
- 312 An improved method for the isolation of fungi from onychomycosis. Br J Dermatol 1973;88:273–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 313 Fungi in nails. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:198–207.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 314 Fungi in toe nails. J Invest Dermatol 1969;53:140–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 315 Onychomycosis: a proposed revision of the clinical classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:1219–27.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21501889 , .
- 316 Mycological tests and onychomycosis. J Clin Pathol 1968;21:729–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 317 Superficial white onychomycosis. Sabouraudia 1966;5:99–103.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 318 et al. Onychomycosis and AIDS. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:337–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , ,
- 319 Primary onycholysis of the big toe nails: review of 133 cases. Br J Dermatol 1982;106:529–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 320 Onychomycosis in the laboratory. Mykosen 1978;21(Suppl. 1):125–8. , .
- 321 Nail infections. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:41–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 322 Molecular biology techniques for identifying dermatophytes and their possible use in diagnosing onychomycosis in human toenail: a review. J Am Podiatric Med Assoc 2007;97:134–44.Cross Ref link .
- 323 Onychomycosis: current treatment and future challenges. Br J Dermatol 1999;141(Suppl. 56):1–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 324 Double blind, randomised study of continuous terbinafine compared with intermittent itraconazole in treatment of toenail onychomycosis. The LION Study Group. BMJ 1999;318:1031–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 325 The treatment of fungus and yeast infections of nails by the method of chemical removal. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7:272–6.Cross Ref link , .
- 326 The evaluation of bifonazole 12% and 40% urea paste in the management of onychomycosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:164–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 327 A randomized trial of amorolfine 5% solution nail lacquer combined with oral terbinafine compared with terbinafine alone in the treatment of dermatophytic toenail onychomycoses affecting the matrix region. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1177–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Steroid‐modified tinea
- 328 Tinea incognito as a source for an epidemic of Trichophyton violaceum infection in a dermatologic ward. Int J Dermatol 1983;22:39–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 329 Tinea incognito. BMJ 1968;iii:216–21. , .
- 330 In situ microbiology of the stratum corneum. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:216–21.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 331 Dermatophytosis confined to irradiated skin: a case report. Int J Radiol Oncol Biol Phys 1988;14:825–6.Cross Ref link .
- 332 Differential staining of fungi in clinical specimens using a fluorescent whitening agent (Blankophor). Mykosen 1987;30:21–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Dermatophytide reactions
- 333 Dermatophytid: a misdiagnosed entity. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:404–8. , .
- 334 Fungus antigens and their importance as sensitizers in the general population. Ann NY Acad Sci 1950;50:1362–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Superficial mycoses caused by Neoscytalidium species
- 335 Fungal infection of skin and nails by Hendersonula toruloidea. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:98–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 336 Infection of the feet and nails with Hendersonula toruloidea. Sabouraudia 1970;8:72–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 337 Scytalidium and scytalidiosis: what's new in 2012? J Mycol Med 2013;23:40–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 338 Onychomycosis due to Hendersonula toruloidea in Nigeria. J Med Vet Mycol 1986;24:239–41.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 339 Clinical features of superficial fungal infections caused by Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinum. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:677–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 340 Hendersonula toruloidea and Scytalidium hyalinum infections in Tobago. Br J Dermatol 1984;111:371–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 341 Foot infections caused by Hendersonula toruloidea in coal miners. J Med Vet Mycol 1989;27:169–79.Cross Ref link , .
- 342 Hendersonula toruloidea as an agent of mycotic foot infection in Gabon. J Med Vet Mycol 1990;28:215–23.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 343 Skin infections due to Hendersonula toruloidea, Scytalidium hyalinum, Fusarium solani and dermatophytes in cement factory workers. J Mycol Med 1992;2:197–201. , .
- 344 Prevalence of foot diseases in outpatients attending the Institute of Dermatology, Bangkok, Thailand. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29:87–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 345 Hendersonula toruloidea infection of the nails in Caucasians. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10:444–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 346 The infection of human skin and nail by Scytalidium species. In: Borgers M, ed. Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol. 4. New York: Springer, 1991:1–42. .
- 347 Morphological and physiological studies of isolates of Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass cultured from human skin and nail samples. J Med Vet Mycol 1988;26:25–39.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 348 Scytalidium dimidiatum causing recalcitrant subcutaneous lesions produces melanin. J Clin Micro 2004;42:3789–94.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Onychomycosis caused by other non‐dermatophyte moulds
- 349 Mycology of nail disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:S68–74.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 350 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis in nails. Dermatologica 1980;161:259–64.Cross Ref linkPubmed link
- 351 Onychomycosis, tinea pedis and tinea manuum caused by non‐dermatophytic filamentous fungi. Mycoses 1989;32:609–19.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 352 Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice. Report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology. BMJ 1995;311:1277–81.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 353 Toenail infection by Onychocola canadensis gen. et sp. nov. J Med Vet Mycol 1990;28:405–17.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 354 New records of nail and skin infection due to Onychocola canadensis and description of its teleomorph Arachnomyces nodosetosus sp. nov. J Med Vet Mycol 1994;32:275–85.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 355 Itraconazole and terbinafine treatment of some non‐dermatophyte molds causing onychomycosis of the toes and a review of the literature. J Cut Med 2001;5:206–10. , , .
- 356 New therapeutic options for onychomycosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:1131–42.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 357 Fungal infections of the nail. Semin Dermatol 1991;10:41–53.Pubmed link .
Candidosis
Classification, Basic biology
- 358 Candida and Candidosis. London: Baillière Tindall, 1988. .
- 359 Microbiology of Human Skin, 2nd edn. London: Lloyd‐Luke, 1980. .
- 360 Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright, 1990.
- 361 Kaufman RH, ed. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a symposium. J Reprod Med 1986;31:639–72.Pubmed link
- 362 Candidosis of the genital tract in non‐pregnant women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1985;19:237–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 363 Vaginal yeast growth and contraceptive practices. Obstet Gynecol 1971;38:343–9.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 364 Number of sites of perinatal Candida colonization and neutropenia are associated with nosocomial candidemia in the neonatal intensive care unit patient. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010;11:240–5.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19794324 , , , et al.
- 365 Ecology of Candida albicans in candidiasis of the groin. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:154–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 366 Fungaemia and funguria after oral administration of Candida albicans. Lancet 1969;i:598–9.Cross Ref link , , .
- 367 Epidemiological investigation of patients with vulvovaginal candidosis: application of a resistogram method for strain differentiation of Candida albicans. Br J Vener Dis 1979;55:357–61.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 368 Antigenic variability between Candida albicans blastospores isolated from healthy subjects and patients with Candida infection. Sabouraudia 1982;20:173–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 369 Carriage frequency, intensity of carriage, and strains of oral yeast species vary in the progression to oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus‐positive individuals. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:341–50.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 370 Outbreak of systemic Candida albicans in an intensive care unit caused by cross infection. BMJ 1985;290:746–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 371 Molecular epidemiology of recurrent oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus‐positive patients: evidence for two patterns of recurrence. J Infect Dis 1993;168:463–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 372 Switching systems in Candida albicans and their possible roles in oral candidiasis. In: MacKenzie IC, Squier CA, Dabelsteen D, eds. Oral Mucosal Diseases: Biology, Etiology and Therapy. Denmark: Laegeforeningens‐Forlag, 1987:52–9. , , , et al.
Pathophysiology
- 373 Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence 2013;4:119–28.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 374 The regulation of cellular differentiation in the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans. Bioessays 1986;5:5–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 375 Host–parasite interactions underlying non‐secretion of blood group antigens and susceptibility to infection by Candida albicans. In: Lark DL, ed. Protein Carbohydrate Interactions in Biological Systems. London: Academic, 1986:231–3. , , , et al.
- 376 Adhesion to surfaces. In: Rose AH, Harrison JS, eds. The Yeasts, Vol. 2. London: Academic, 1987:239–80. .
- 377 Relationship between cell surface composition, adherence and virulence of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1984;45:6–12.Pubmed link , .
- 378 Purification and characterisation of the extracellular C3d‐binding protein of Candida albicans. Infect Immun 1990;58:309–14.Pubmed link , .
- 379 Candida and Candidosis. London: Baillière Tindall, 1988.
- 380 Biochemical and physiological parameters on the healthy skin surface of persons with candidal intertrigo and of persons with tinea cruris. Arch Dermatol Res 1976;257:203–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 381 Étude de quelques facteurs de la pathogenese des infections Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 1975;13:263–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 382 Growth of Candida albicans in saliva: stimulation by glucose associated with antibiotics, corticosteroids and diabetes mellitus. J Infect Dis 1971;123:371–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 383 Inhibition of Candida albicans by anaerobic oral flora of mice in vitro. Sabouraudia 1981;19:205–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 384 Comparison of bacterial and fungal adherence to vaginal exfoliated epithelial cells and human vaginal epithelial culture cells. Infect Immun 1982;35:697–701.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 385 Candidal infections and populations of Candida albicans in mouths of diabetics. J Clin Pathol 1981;34:706–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 386 Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents. J Invest Dermatol 1976;66:29–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 387 Experimental infection with Candida albicans. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:69–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 388 Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. I. Candidosis. Dermatologica 1977;154:268–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 389 Mechanisms involved in elimination of organisms in experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections in guinea pigs. J Immunol 1976;117:523–30.Pubmed link , , .
- 390 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: associated abnormalities of iron metabolism. Br J Dermatol 1972;86(Suppl.):88–102.Cross Ref link , .
- 391 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001;20:197–206.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 392 AIRE mutations and human leukocyte antigen genotypes as determinants of the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2568–74.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 393 The fungicidal mechanisms of human monocytes. I. Evidence for myeloperoxidase linked and myeloperoxidase independent candidacidal mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1975;55:338–46.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 394 Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus spores and Candida albicans yeast phase by iron–hydrogen peroxide cytotoxic system: comparison with the myeloperoxide halide system. Infect Immunol 1984;43:1100–2. , .
- 395 Effect of antibodies on the respiration and morphology of Candida albicans. Sabouraudia 1976;14:51–60.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 396 The role of the IL‐12 cytokine family in directing T‐cell responses in oral candidosis. Clin Dev Immunol 2011, doi: 10.1155/2011/697340.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 397 Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect 1987;189:291–5.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 398 Systemic candidiasis in germ free, flora defined and conventional nude and thymus‐bearing mice. J Retic Endothel Soc 1981;29:71–7. , .
- 399 Heterogeneity of human neutrophil phagolysosomes: functional consequences for candidacidal activity. Blood 1984;64:908–17. , .
- 400 Purification, primary structure and antimicrobial activities of a guinea pig neutrophil defensin. Infect Immunol 1987;55:2281–6. , .
- 401 Oral Candida albicans in HIV infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1987;19:291–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 402 Asymptomatic oral Candida albicans carriage in HIV‐infection: frequency and predisposing factors. J Oral Pathol Med 1993;22:57–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 403 Candida and candidiasis in HIV‐infected patients: where commensalism, opportunistic behavior and frank pathogenicity lose their borders. AIDS 2012;26:1457–72.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22472853 , .
- 404 Predictors and prognostic value of oral hairy leukoplakia and oral candidiasis in South African HIV‐infected patients. S Afr Dent J 2001;56:592–6. , , .
- 405 The role of oral candidiasis in survival and hospitalization patterns: analysis of an inner city hospital immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome registry. Am J Med Sci 1993;306:345–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Identification
- 406 Pathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections. Chicago: ASCP, 1987. , .
- 407 Candida and Candidosis. London: Baillière Tindall, 1988.
- 408 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a review. Mycopathologia 1976;60:17–25.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 409 Leukoplakia and oral cancer. J R Soc Med 1969;62:610–14. .
Management
- 410 Candida species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:2656–74.
- 411 Comparison of clotrimazole cream, Whitfield's ointment and nystatin ointment for the topical treatment of ringworm infections, pityriasis versicolor, erythrasma and candidiasis. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:297–303.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 412 Fluconazole: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1990;39:877–916.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 413 Itraconazole: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in superficial and systemic mycoses. Drugs 1989;37:310–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 414 Oral candidal infections and antimycotics. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000;11:172–98.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 415 Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapies on the incidence of opportunistic infections before and after AIDS diagnosis. AIDS 2001;15:347–55.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 416 Fluconazole in the management of oropharyngeal candidosis in a predominantly HIV positive group of patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1988;26:67–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 417 Fluconazole in the management of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:683–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 418 Treatment of chronic dermatophytosis and chronic oral candidosis with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):114–18.Cross Ref link , .
- 419 Oral candidiasis. Am J Med 1984;30:28–33. .
- 420 The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res 1974;82:151–90.Pubmed link .
- 421 Clinical, therapeutic and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;56:388–95.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
Candidosis of the oral mucous membranes
- 422 Classification of oral candidosis. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright, 1990:15–21. , .
- 423 Fluconazole in the management of oropharyngeal candidosis in a predominantly HIV positive group of patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1988;26:67–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 424 Thrush in adult outpatients. Dent Pract Dent Rec 1965;15:361–4. .
- 425 Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. Oral Candidosis. London: Wright, 1990.
- 426 Oral manifestations in 45 HIV‐positive children from northern Thailand. J Oral Pathol Med 2001;30:549–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 427 Oral manifestations of acute leukaemia in children. J Am Dent Assoc 1977;95:1145–50.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 428 Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989;67:292–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 429 Oral candidiasis in high‐risk patients as the initial manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1984;311:354–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 430 Oral candidiasis as a marker for esophageal candidiasis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:54–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 431 Oral candidiasis. Am J Med 1984;30:28–33. .
- 432 The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res 1974;82:151–90.Pubmed link .
- 433 Clinical, therapeutic and pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1983;56:388–95.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 434 Tobacco smoking and denture wearing in oral candidal leukoplakia. Br Dent J 1983;155:340–3.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 435 Leukoplakia and oral cancer. J R Soc Med 1969;62:610–14. .
- 436 Does Candida have a role in oral epithelial neoplasia? J Med Vet Mycol 1989;27:277–94.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 437 Angular cheilitis: a clinical and microbial study. J Oral Pathol 1985;15:213–17.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 438 Median rhomboid glossitis: candidiasis and not a developmental anomaly. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:399–405.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Candidosis of the skin and genital mucous membranes
- 439 Genital candidosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7:343–54.Cross Ref link .
- 440 Cutaneous candidiasis. In: Bodey GP, Fainstein V, eds. Candidiasis. New York: Raven, 1985:227–40. .
- 441 Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1455–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 442 An investigation into the pathogenesis of vulvo‐vaginal candidosis. Sex Transm Inf 2001;77:179–83.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 443 IL‐22 and IDO1 affect immunity and tolerance to murine and human vaginal candidiasis. PLOS Pathog .http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/238535972013:e1003486 , , , et al.
- 444 Candida and Candidosis. London: Baillière Tindall, 1988. .
- 445 Napkin (diaper) dermatitis and gastro‐intestinal carriage of Candida albicans. Br J Dermatol 1981;105:551–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 446 The significance of Candida albicans in denture stomatitis. Scand J Dent Res 1974;82:151–90.Pubmed link .
- 447 Kaposi sarcoma‐like granuloma on diaper dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:605–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 448 Granuloma gluteale infantum. Hautarzt 1971;22:383–8.Pubmed link , .
Candidosis of the nail and paronychium
- 449 Chronic paronychia: short review of 590 cases. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1957;38:29–30. .
- 450 Chronic paronychia: microbiology and histopathology. Arch Dermatol 1962;86:324–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 451 Diseases sometimes associated with psoriasis. I. Candidosis. Dermatologica 1977;154:268–72.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 452 Onychomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:263–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 453 Candida onychomycosis: an evaluation of the role of Candida species in nail disease. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:47–58.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 454 Treatment of chronic dermatophytosis and chronic oral candidosis with itraconazole. Rev Infect Dis 1987;9(Suppl. 1):114–18.Cross Ref link , .
- 455 Antenatal infections with Candida species. Arch Dis Child 1982;57:528–35.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 456 Fetal inflammatory responses in second trimester candidal chorioamnionitis. Early Hum Dev 1985;11:1–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Other Candida diseases
Candida allergy
- 457 Candida and Candidosis. London: Baillière Tindall, 1988.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis
- 458 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: a clinical classification. Proc R Soc Med 1973;66:801–2.Pubmed link .
- 459 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with abnormalities of iron metabolism. Br J Dermatol 1972;86(Suppl. 8):88–102.Cross Ref link , .
- 460 Dermatological manifestations of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:1088–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , , .
- 461 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: model building in cellular immunology. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:955–78.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 462 Anti‐interferon autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1. PLOS Med 2006;3:e289.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 463 Familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. J Med Genet 1972;9:642–3.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 464 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: immunological studies of three generations of a single family. Am J Med 1979;67:948–59.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 465 Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2006;91:2843–50.Cross Ref link .
- 466 The autoimmune regulator: a key toward understanding the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy. Keio J Med 2001;50:225–39.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 467 Autoantibodies to melanocytes: occurrence in patients with vitiligo and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:705–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 468 The expression of autoimmune polyglandular disease type 1 appears associated with several HLA‐A antigens but not with HLA‐DR. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:1152–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 469 Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis associated with hypothyroidism: a distinct syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:24–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 470 STAT1 mutations in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:54‐61.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 471 Generalized cutaneous candidiasis associated with diffuse myopathy and thymoma. JAMA 1968;204:351–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 472 et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis of late onset, thymoma and myopathy: report of 4 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:59–74.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , ,
- 473 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis associated with malignant thymoma and systemic lupus erythematosus with hypergammaglobulinemia: a case report and literature review. Cutis 2006;78:57–60.Pubmed link .
- 474 A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1727–35.Cross Ref linkhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19864672 , , , et al.
- 475 Mannan specific and mannan induced T‐cell suppressive activity in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis. J Clin Immunol 1987;7:400–10.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 476 Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, from bench to bedside. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:260–5.Pubmed link , , , , .
- 477 Transfer factor in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Biotherapy 1996:9:97–103.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 478 Thymic transplantation in a case of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Lancet 1971;ii:898–900.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
Subcutaneous mycoses
Identification
- 479 Pathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infection. Chicago: ASPC, 1987. , .
- 480 Atlas of Fungal Pathology. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1990.
- 481 Sobel Essentials of Clinical Mycology. New York: Springer, 2011.Cross Ref link , , .
- 482 Anaissie EJ, McGinnis MR, Pfaller MA, eds. Clinical Mycology. Amsterdam: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier 2009.
Sporotrichosis
- 483 Sporothrix schenckii complex and sporotrichosis, an emerging health problem. Future Microbiol 2011;6:85–102.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 484 Sporotrichosis. Clin Dermatol 2007;25:181–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 485 Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:974‐80.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 486 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii infection) in the New South Wales mid‐north coast, 2000–2010. Med J Aust 2012;196:588–90.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 487 The epidemiology of sporotrichosis in the Transvaal. Sabouraudia 1970;6:231–6. .
- 488 Cutaneous sporotrichosis in forestry workers: epidemic due to contaminated sphagnum moss. JAMA 1978;240:232–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 489 Endemic sporotrichosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14:145–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 490 et al. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis: a study of 304 cases in Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:451–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , ,
- 491 El cuerpo asteroide de la esporotricosis: especifidad y diferenciacion de otras formas asteroides. Biomedica 1985;5:11–23.Cross Ref link .
- 492 An atypical strain of Sporothrix from South Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 1968;96:39–44.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 493 Survey of 260 cases of sporotrichosis. Dermatologica 1986;172:203–13.Cross Ref link , , .
- 494 Cutaneous sporotrichosis: clinical study of nine cases utilizing an improved technique for demonstration. Arch Pathol 1964;78:613–17.Pubmed link , .
- 495 Esporotricosis en individuos con esporotricina positiva previa. Rev Invest Salud Publica 1971;31:53–5.Pubmed link , .
- 496 Comparison of isolates of Sporothrix schenckii obtained from fixed cutaneous lesions with isolates from other types of lesions. J Infect Dis 1979;139:422–31. .
- 497 Multiarticular sporotrichosis. JAMA 1978;240:556–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 498 Disseminated sporotrichosis in a patient with HIV infection after treatment for acquired factor VIII inhibitor. JAMA 1986;256:3125–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 499 Demonstration of pathogenic fungi in formalin fixed tissue by immunofluorescence. Am J Clin Pathol 1969;52:420–32.Pubmed link , .
- 500 Sporotrichosis of the skin with spontaneous cure. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:261–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 501 Itraconazole therapy in lymphangitic and cutaneous sporotrichosis. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:413–17.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 502 Sporotrichosis. Clin Infect Dis 1999;29:231–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Mycetoma
- 503 Mycetoma: a thorn in the flesh. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2004;98:3–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 504 Environmental occurrence of Madurella mycetomatis, the major agent of human eumycetoma in Sudan. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1031–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 505 Mycetoma caused by Madurella mycetomatis: a completely neglected medico‐social dilemma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2013;764:179–89.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 506 The mycetomas: clinical features, pathology, etiology and epidemiology. Contrib Microbiol Immunol 1977;4:1–39.Pubmed link , , .
- 507 1987:66–73. . Micetomas: la experiencia mexicana. Problemas actuales. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mycetomas. Taxco,
- 508 Actinomycetoma in the United States. Rev Infect Dis 1981;3:1139–50.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 509 Mycetoma (Madura foot) in the United Kingdom: a survey of forty‐four cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:553–63.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 510 The association between the interleukin‐10 cytokine and CC chemokine ligand 5 polymorphisms and mycetoma granuloma formation. Med Mycol 2013;51:527–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 511 Black grain mycetoma: a study of the chemistry, formation and significance of the tissue grain in Madurella mycetomi infection. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:297–303.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 512 Ultrastructural and immunogenic changes in the formation of mycetoma grains. J Med Vet Mycol 1986;25:39–46.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 513 Mycetoma. London: Heinemann Medical, 1973. , .
- 514 Mycetoma. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:215–25.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 515 Mycetoma of the head and neck. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986;35:594–600.Pubmed link , , .
- 516 Diagnosis and treatment of mycetoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:107–11.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 517 New radiographic classification of bone involvement in pedal mycetoma. Am J Roentgenol 2003;180:665–8.Cross Ref link , .
- 518 MRI of mycetoma of the foot: two cases demonstrating the dot‐in‐circle sign. Skeletal Radiol 2003;32:179–83.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , .
- 519 Lymph‐node involvement in mycetoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1972;66:165–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 520 MR and other imaging methods in the investigation of mycetomas. Acta Radiol 2001;42:24–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 521 Mycetoma of the foot caused by Fusarium solani: identification of the etiologic agent by DNA sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2004;41:1805–8.Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 522 Medical management of mycetoma. WHO Bull 1976;54:303–10. .
- 523 Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral voriconazole. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:1067–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Chromoblastomycosis
- 524 Chromoblastomycosis. Clin Dermatol 2007;25:188–94.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 525 Chromoblastomycosis and related infections. Int J Dermatol 1975;14:27–32.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 526 Chromomycosis in Zaire. Int J Dermatol 1985;24:302–7.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 527 Chromoblastomycosis: a retrospective study of 325 cases on Amazonic Region (Brazil). Mycopathologia 1999;143:171–5.Cross Ref link , , .
- 528 The frequent isolation of Phialophora verrucosa and Phialophora pedrosoi from natural sources. Sabouraudia 1972;10:266–73.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 529 Chromoblastomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis: new concepts, diagnosis and mycology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:1–16.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 530 Chromoblastomycosis: a review of 100 cases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:585–92.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 531 Revisiting the clinical and histopathological aspects of patients with chromoblastomycosis from the Brazilian Amazon region. Arch Med Res 2013;44:302–6.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 532 Transepithelial elimination of cutaneous chromomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1231–2.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 533 Transepithelial elimination in chromomycosis. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:400–1.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 534 Itraconazole pulse therapy in chromoblastomycosis. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:220–2.Pubmed link , .
- 535 Chromoblastomycosis caused by Fonsecaea: clinicopathology, susceptibility and molecular identification of seven consecutive cases in southern China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:1023–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 536 Six years' experience in treatment of chromomycosis with 5‐fluorocytosine. Int J Dermatol 1978;17:414–18.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 537 Successful treatment of chromomycosis with topical heat therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:615–19.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Phaeohyphomycosis
- 538 A Colour Atlas and Text Book of the Histopathology of Mycotic Diseases. London: Wolfe, 1980:92–8. , , .
- 539 Phaeohyphomycosis. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:147–53.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 540 Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis (mycotic cyst). Clin Dermatol 2012;30:425–31.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Lobomycosis
- 541 Lobomycosis in Venezuela. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:180–5.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 542 Lobomycosis. Clin Dermatol 2012;30:420–4.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 543 Lobomycosis: risk of zoonotic transmission from dolphins to humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013;13:689–93.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 544 Lacazia loboi gen. nov., comb. nov., the etiologic agent of lobomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2031–3.Pubmed link , , .
Rhinosporidiosis
- 545 Rhinosporidiosis: what is the cause? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005;18:113–18.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 546 Rhinosporidiosis in Uganda: a review of 51 cases. East Afr Med J 1978;55:582–6.Pubmed link , .
- 547 Rhinosporidiosis. Arch Otolaryngol 1976;102:308–12.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 548 Three cases of rhinosporidiosis in Ghana. Ghana Med J 1966;5:63–4. , .
- 549 Recurrent rhinosporidiosis in man: case reports. Mycopathologia 1981;73:79–82.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 550 Ultrastructure of Rhinosporidium seeberi. Int J Dermatol 1973;12:20–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
Subcutaneous mycosis due to Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus
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- 552 Clinical, epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of entomophthromycosis. Ann Soc Belge Med Trop 1972;52:329–42. .
- 553 Nasal granuloma caused by Entomophthora coronata. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1967;16:31–3.Pubmed link , , .
- 554 Histopathological identification of Entomophthora phycomycosis. Arch Pathol 1970;90:583–7.Pubmed link , , .
- 555 Phycomycosis: a clinicopathologic study of fifty‐one cases. Lab Invest 1962;11:963–85.Pubmed link , , .
- 556 Rhinofacial entomophthoramycosis; a case series and review of the literature. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2010;41:928–35.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 557 A review of zygomycosis due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Eur J Epidemiol 1999;15:923–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link .
- 558 Entomophthoromycosis caused by Basidiobolus ranarum in tropical northern Australia. Pathology 2012;44:375–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 559 Rhinophycomycosis entomophthorae. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1674–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 560 Disseminated infection with Conidiobolus incongruens. Sabouraudia 1983;21:323–30.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 561 Rhinoentomophthoromycosis: report of the first two cases observed in Costa Rica (Central America) and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1981;30:1078–84.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 562 Severe conidiobolomycosis complicating induction chemotherapy in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005;129:447–9.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
Systemic mycoses
Histoplasmosis
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- 564 Phylogeography of the fungal pathogen. Histoplasma capsulatum. Mol Ecol 2003;12:3383–401.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 565 An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD‐B and histoplasmin in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969;99(Suppl.):1–132.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 566 Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine 1981;60:231–66.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , .
- 567 Cutaneous histoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a report of three cases from Trinidad. Trop Geogr Med 1988;40:153–7.Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 568 Maculopapular rash in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:1454–7. , , .
- 569 Disseminated histoplasmosis. Medicine 1980;59:1–33.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
- 570 Oral histoplasmosis: diagnostic complications and treatment. Oral Surg 1983;55:597–600.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
- 571 Skin lesions in histoplasmosis. Clin Dermatol 2012;30:592–8.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , .
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Blastomycosis
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Coccidioidomycosis
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Paracoccidioidomycosis
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Infections caused by Talaromyces marneffei
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Cryptococcosis
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Systemic candidosis
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Mucormycosis
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Unusual causes of skin lesions among opportunistic systemic mycoses
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Cutaneous infection caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci
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Infections caused by Pythium insidiosum
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Protothecosis
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- 655 Cutaneous protothecosis. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:1749–52.Cross Ref linkPubmed link , , , et al.
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