Definition

• 1  Darier J. Précis de Dermatologie, p. 118. Paris: Masson, 1909.
• 2  Weedon D. The lichenoid tissue reaction. Int J Dermatol 1982;21(4):203–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 3  Boyd AS, Neldner KH. Lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25(4):593–619. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Lichen planus

Introduction and general description

• 4  Gorouhi F, Davari P, Fazel N. Cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus: a comprehensive review of clinical subtypes, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis. Sci World J 2014;2014:742826. Cross Ref link
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• 6  Schmidt H. Frequency, duration and localization of lichen planus. A study based on 181 patients. Acta Derm Venereol 1961;41:164–7. Pubmed link
• 7  Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. Lichen planus: a clinical and epidemiological study. J Dermatol 2000;27(9):576–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 8  Daramola OO, Ogunbiyi AO, George AO. Evaluation of clinical types of cutaneous lichen planus in anti‐hepatitis C virus seronegative and seropositive Nigerian patients. Int J Dermatol 2003;42(12):933–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 9  Balasubramaniam P, Ogboli M, Moss C. Lichen planus in children: review of 26 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33(4):457–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 10  Kumar RR, Hay KD. Demographic analysis of oral lichen planus presentations to Auckland Oral Medicine Clinic from 1999 to 2006. NZ Dent J 2010;106(3):113–14.

Pathophysiology

• 11  Bramanti TE, Dekker NP, Lozada‐Nur F, Sauk JJ, Regezi JA. Heat shock (stress) proteins and gamma delta T lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995;80(6):698–704. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 12  Gotoh A, Hamada Y, Shiobara N, et al. Skew in T cell receptor usage with polyclonal expansion in lesions of oral lichen planus without hepatitis C virus infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2008;154(2):192–201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 13  Hasseus B, Jontell M, Brune M, Johansson P, Dahlgren UI. Langerhans cells and T cells in oral graft versus host disease and oral lichen planus. Scan J Immunol 2001;54(5):516–24. Cross Ref link
• 14  Wenzel J, Peters B, Zahn S, et al. Gene expression profiling of lichen planus reflects CXCL9+‐mediated inflammation and distinguishes this disease from atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(1):67–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 15  Gassling V, Hampe J, Acil Y, Braesen JH, Wiltfang J, Hasler R. Disease‐associated miRNA‐mRNA networks in oral lichen planus. PLOS One 2013;8(5):e63015. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 16  Terlou A, Santegoets LA, van der Meijden WI, et al. An autoimmune phenotype in vulvar lichen sclerosus and lichen planus: a Th1 response and high levels of microRNA‐155. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(3 Pt 1):658–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 17  Shen Z, Gao X, Ma L, Zhou Z, Shen X, Liu W. Expression of Foxp3 and interleukin‐17 in lichen planus lesions with emphasis on difference in oral and cutaneous variants. Arch Dermatol Res 2014;306(5):441–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 18  Dutz JP. T‐cell‐mediated injury to keratinocytes: insights from animal models of the lichenoid tissue reaction. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129(2):309–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 19  Breathnach SM, Katz SI. Immunopathology of cutaneous graft‐versus‐host disease. Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9(4):343–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 20  Liddle BJ, Cowan MA. Lichen planus‐like eruption and nail changes in a patient with graft‐versus‐host disease. Br J Dermatol 1990;122(6):841–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  Garcia FVMJ, Pascual‐Lopez M, Elices M, Dauden E, Garcia‐Diez A, Fraga J. Superficial mucoceles and lichenoid graft versus host disease: report of three cases. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82(6):453–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 22  Shiohara T. The lichenoid tissue reaction. An immunological perspective. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10(3):252–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 23  Fayyazi A, Schweyer S, Soruri A, et al. T lymphocytes and altered keratinocytes express interferon‐gamma and interleukin 6 in lichen planus. Arch Dermatol Res 1999;291(9):485–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Sugerman PB, Satterwhite K, Bigby M. Autocytotoxic T‐cell clones in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(3):449–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Villarroel Dorrego M, Correnti M, Delgado R, Tapia FJ. Oral lichen planus: immunohistology of mucosal lesions. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(7):410–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Kawamura E, Nakamura S, Sasaki M, et al. Accumulation of oligoclonal T cells in the infiltrating lymphocytes in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32(5):282–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 27  Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13(4):350–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 28  Zhao ZZ, Sugerman PB, Walsh LJ, Savage NW. Expression of RANTES and CCR1 in oral lichen planus and association with mast cell migration. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(3):158–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 29  Iijima W, Ohtani H, Nakayama T, et al. Infiltrating CD8+ T cells in oral lichen planus predominantly express CCR5 and CXCR3 and carry respective chemokine ligands RANTES/CCL5 and IP‐10/CXCL10 in their cytolytic granules: a potential self‐recruiting mechanism. Am J Pathol 2003;163(1):261–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 30  Little MC, Griffiths CE, Watson RE, Pemberton MN, Thornhill MH. Oral mucosal keratinocytes express RANTES and ICAM‐1, but not interleukin‐8, in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions induced by amalgam fillings. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28(1):64–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 31  Zhao ZZ, Sugerman PB, Zhou XJ, Walsh LJ, Savage NW. Mast cell degranulation and the role of T cell RANTES in oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 2001;7(4):246–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 32  Shiohara T, Moriya N, Nagashima M. The lichenoid tissue reaction. A new concept of pathogenesis. Int J Dermatol 1988;27(6):365–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 33  Yamamoto T, Osaki T. Characteristic cytokines generated by keratinocytes and mononuclear infiltrates in oral lichen planus. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104(5):784–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 34  Yamamoto T, Nakane T, Osaki T. The mechanism of mononuclear cell infiltration in oral lichen planus: the role of cytokines released from keratinocytes. J Clin Immunol 2000;20(4):294–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 35  Deguchi M, Aiba S, Ohtani H, Nagura H, Tagami H. Comparison of the distribution and numbers of antigen‐presenting cells among T‐lymphocyte‐mediated dermatoses: CD1a+, factor XIIIa+, and CD68+ cells in eczematous dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus and graft‐versus‐host disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2002;294(7):297–302. Pubmed link
• 36  Musso T, Scutera S, Vermi W, et al. Activin A induces Langerhans cell differentiation in vitro and in human skin explants. PLOS One 2008;3(9):e3271. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 37  Zhou XJ, Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Seymour GJ. Intra‐epithelial CD8+ T cells and basement membrane disruption in oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(1):23–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Zhou XJ, Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in oral lichen planus. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28(2):72–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 39  Ammar M, Mokni M, Boubaker S, El Gaied A, Ben Osman A, Louzir H. Involvement of granzyme B and granulysin in the cytotoxic response in lichen planus. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(7):630–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 40  Kim SG, Chae CH, Cho BO, et al. Apoptosis of oral epithelial cells in oral lichen planus caused by upregulation of BMP‐4. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35(1):37–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 41  Chen Y, Zhang W, Geng N, Tian K, Jack Windsor L. MMPs, TIMP‐2, and TGF‐beta1 in the cancerization of oral lichen planus. Head Neck 2008;30(9):1237–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Segura S, Rozas‐Munoz E, Toll A, et al. Evaluation of MYC status in oral lichen planus in patients with progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):106–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  Lu R, Zhang J, Sun W, Du G, Zhou G. Inflammation‐related cytokines in oral lichen planus: an overview. J Oral Pathol Med 2013. Pubmed link
• 44  Abell E, Presbury DG, Marks R, Ramnarain D. The diagnostic significance of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposition in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1975;93(1):17–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 45  Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Varothai S, Pinkaew S, Sutthipinittharm P. Direct immunofluorescence study in patients with lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(12):1237–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Camisa C, Neff JC, Olsen RG. Use of indirect immunofluorescence in the lupus erythematosus/lichen planus overlap syndrome: an additional diagnostic clue. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11(6):1050–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Mora RG, Nesbitt LT, Jr, Brantley JB. Lichen planus pemphigoides: clinical and immunofluorescent findings in four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8(3):331–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Kolde G, Wesendahl C, Stein H, Reichart PA. Oral lichen planus: diagnostic immunofluorescence testing on routine histological material. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(2):374–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Oliver GF, Winkelmann RK, Muller SA. Lichenoid dermatitis: a clinicopathologic and immunopathologic review of sixty‐two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(2 Pt 1):284–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 50  Toll A, Gilaberte M, Gallardo F, Iglesias M, Barranco C, Pujol RM. Multiple and extensive lichen planus‐like keratoses: an underestimated cutaneous eruption observed in patients with intense sun damage. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(4):472–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 51  Al‐Hoqail IA, Crawford RI. Benign lichenoid keratoses with histologic features of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathologic description of a clinically significant histologic pattern. J Cutan Pathol 2002;29(5):291–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Dalton SR, Baptista MA, Libow LF, Elston DM. Lichenoid tissue reaction in malignant melanoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;117(5):766–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Dalton SR, Fillman EP, Altman CE, et al. Atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations in benign lichenoid keratosis. Hum Pathol 2003;34(7):706–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Patil S, Khandelwal S, Rahman F, Kaswan S, Tipu S. Epidemiological relationship of oral lichen planus to hepatitis C virus in an Indian population. Oral Health Dent Manage 2012;11(4):199–205.
• 55  Pilli M, Penna A, Zerbini A, et al. Oral lichen planus pathogenesis: a role for the HCV‐specific cellular immune response. Hepatology 2002;36(6):1446–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 56  Daramola OO, George AO, Ogunbiyi AO, Otegbayo JA. Hepatitis B virus in Nigerians with lichen planus. West Afr J Med 2004;23(2):104–6. Pubmed link
• 57  Rubsam K, Schroll A, Weisenseel P, Multhaup S, Ruzicka T, Prinz JC. Lichen planus and hepatitis virus infections: causal association? J Deut Dermatol Gesellschaft 2011;9(6):464–8.
• 58  De Vries HJ, van Marle J, Teunissen MB, et al. Lichen planus is associated with human herpesvirus type 7 replication and infiltration of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(2):361–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 59  Mizukawa Y, Horie C, Yamazaki Y, Shiohara T. Detection of varicella‐zoster virus antigens in lesional skin of zosteriform lichen planus but not in that of linear lichen planus. Dermatology 2012;225(1):22–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 60  Pourshahidi S, Fakhri F, Ebrahimi H, et al. Lack of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and oral lichen planus. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012;13(5):1745–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 61  Rebora A, Rongioletti F, Drago F, Parodi. Lichen planus as a side effect of HBV vaccination. Dermatology 1999;198(1):1–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Limas C, Limas CJ. Lichen planus in children: a possible complication of hepatitis B vaccines. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(3):204–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Ragaz A, Ackerman AB. Evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of lichen planus. New observations and correlations of clinical and histologic findings. Am J Dermatopathol 1981;3(1):5–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Patterson JW. The spectrum of lichenoid dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18(2):67–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Neppelberg E, Johannessen AC, Jonsson R. Apoptosis in oral lichen planus. Eur J Oral Sci 2001;109(5):361–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 66  Black MM, Wilson‐Jones E. The role of the epidermis in the histopathogenesis of lichen planus. Histochemical correlations. Arch Dermatol 1972;105(1):81–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Da Silva Fonseca LM, do Carmo MA. Identification of the AgNORs, PCNA and ck16 proteins in oral lichen planus lesions. Oral Dis 2001;7(6):344–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Summerly R, Jones EW. The microarchitecture of Wickham's dtriae. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1964;50:157–61. Pubmed link
• 69  Ebner H, Erlach E, Gebbart W. [Blister formation in lichen planus: electronmicroscopical observations.] Arch Dermatol Forsch 1973;247(2):193–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 70  Ebner H, Gebhart W. Light and electron microscopic differentiation of amyloid and colloid or hyaline bodies. Br J Dermatol 1975;92(6):637–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Ebner H, Gebhart W. Light and electron microscopic studies on colloid and other cytoid bodies. Clin Exp Dermatol 1977;2(4):311–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Lupton GP, Goette DK. Lichen planus with plasma cell infiltrate. Arch Dermatol 1981;117(2):124–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 73  Roustan G, Hospital M, Villegas C, Sanchez Yus E, Robledo A. Lichen planus with predominant plasma cell infiltrate. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16(3):311–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Horn RT, Jr, Goette DK, Odom RB, Olson EG, Guill MA. Immunofluorescent findings and clinical overlap in two cases of follicular lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7(2):203–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Matta M, Kibbi AG, Khattar J, Salman SM, Zaynoun ST. Lichen planopilaris: a clinicopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22(4):594–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Shklar G. Erosive and bullous oral lesions of lichen planus: histologic studies. Arch Dermatol 1968;97(4):411–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Karatsaidis A, Schreurs O, Helgeland K, Axell T, Schenck K. Erythematous and reticular forms of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions differ in pathological features related to disease activity. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32(5):275–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Odukoya O, Gallagher G, Shklar G. A histologic study of epithelial dysplasia in oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1985;121(9):1132–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Wu D, Wang L, Sun M, et al. CIITA rs4774 and rs6498122 polymorphisms are associated with oral lichen planus in Chinese people: a case–control study. Eur J Oral Sci 2013;121(2):69–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 80  Jin X, Wang J, Zhu L, et al. Association between –308 G/A polymorphism in TNF‐alpha gene and lichen planus: a meta‐analysis. J Dermatol Sci 2012;68(3):127–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 81  Kuraishi N, Nagai Y, Hasegawa M, Ishikawa O. Lichenoid drug eruption with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis due to imatinib mesylate: a case report and a review of the literature. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90(1):73–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Tessari G, Barba A, Schena D. Lichen ruber planus following the administration of human anti‐hepatitis B virus immunoglobulins. Acta Derm Venereol 1996;76(2):154. Pubmed link
• 83  Asarch A, Gottlieb AB, Lee J, et al. Lichen planus‐like eruptions: an emerging side effect of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha antagonists. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61(1):104–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Martin MD, Broughton S, Drangsholt M. Oral lichen planus and dental materials: a case–control study. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48(6):331–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  Lopez‐Jornet P, Camacho‐Alonso F. Do metal restorations in mouth alter clinical and histological appearance of oral lichen planus? NY State Dent J 2008;74(6):40–3.
• 86  Reichart PA, Schmidtberg W, Samaranayake LP, Scheifele C. Betel quid‐associated oral lesions and oral Candida species in a female Cambodian cohort. J Oral Pathol Med 2002;31(8):468–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Stoopler ET, Parisi E, Sollecito TP. Betel quid‐induced oral lichen planus: a case report. Cutis 2003;71(4):307–11. Pubmed link
• 88  Brancaccio RR, Cockerell CJ, Belsito D, Ostreicher R. Allergic contact dermatitis from color film developers: clinical and histologic features. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28(5 Pt 2):827–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Liden C. Lichen planus in relation to occupational and non‐occupational exposure to chemicals. Br J Dermatol 1986;115(1):23–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Kawamura T, Fukuda S, Ohtake N, Furue M, Tamaki K. Lichen planus‐like contact dermatitis due to methacrylic acid esters. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(2):358–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 91  Guillet G, Coindre M, Levillain P, Guillet MH. [Lichenoid dermatitis resulting from sensitization to dimethylfumarate: atypical presentation of “Chinese sofa dermatitis”.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009;136(3):279–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 92  Vergilis‐Kalner IJ, Sharma V, Sethi A. Lichen planus arising in radiation therapy treatment sites. Cutis 2008;82(5):353–5. Pubmed link
• 93  Lundqvist EN, Wahlin YB, Bergdahl M, Bergdahl J. Psychological health in patients with genital and oral erosive lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(6):661–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 94  Gavic L, Cigic L, Biocina Lukenda D, Gruden V, Gruden Pokupec JS. The role of anxiety, depression, and psychological stress on the clinical status of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2014;43(6):410–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

History and clinical presentation

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• 97  Anstey A, Marks R. Colocalization of lichen planus and vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 1993;128(1):103–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 98  Sanchez‐Perez J, Rios Buceta L, Fraga J, Garcia‐Diez A. Lichen planus with lesions on the palms and/or soles: prevalence and clinicopathological study of 36 patients. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(2):310–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 99  Higgins CR, Handfield‐Jones S, Black MM. Erosive, flexural lichen planus – an uncommon variant. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(2):169–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 100  Long CC, Finlay AY. Multiple linear lichen planus in the lines of Blaschko. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(2):275–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 101  Vogel PS, James WD. Lichen planus of the eyelid: an unusual clinical presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(4):638–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 102  Sharma R, Singhal N. Lichen planus of the eyelids. A report of 5 cases. Dermatol Online J 2001;7(1):5. Pubmed link
• 103  Itin PH, Schiller P, Gilli L, Buechner SA. Isolated lichen planus of the lip. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(6):1000–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 104  Cecchi R, Giomi A. Isolated lichen planus of the lip. Australas J Dermatol 2002;43(4):309–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 105  Yu TC, Kelly SC, Weinberg JM, Scheinfeld NS. Isolated lichen planus of the lower lip. Cutis 2003;71(3):210–12. Pubmed link
• 106  Lucke T, Fallowfield M, Burden D. Lichen planus associated with milia. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24(4):266–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 107  Kim JH, Krivda SJ. Lichen planus confined to a radiation therapy site. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46(4):604–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 108  Kanwar AJ, Ghosh S, Dhar S, Kaur S. Oral lesions of lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 1993;32(1):76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 109  Hornstein OP, Stuhler C, Schirner E, Simon M, Jr. [Lichen ruber and diabetes mellitus – pathogenetic relations?] Hautarzt 1984;35(6):287–91. Pubmed link
• 110  Smith MJ. Oral lichen planus and diabetes mellitus: a possible association. J Oral Med 1977;32(4):110–12. Pubmed link

Lichen planus principally involving mucous membranes

• 111  Warin RP, Crabb HS, Darling AI. Lichen planus of the mouth. BMJ 1958;1(5077):983–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 126  Keate RF, Williams JW, Connolly SM. Lichen planus esophagitis: report of three patients treated with oral tacrolimus or intraesophageal corticosteroid injections or both. Dis Esophagus 2003;16(1):47–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 128  Chandan VS, Murray JA, Abraham SC. Esophageal lichen planus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132(6):1026–9. Pubmed link
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• 130  Porter WM, Dinneen M, Hawkins DA, Bunker CB. Erosive penile lichen planus responding to circumcision. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(3):266–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 132  Edwards L. Vulvar lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1989;125(12):1677–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 136  Kirtschig G, Van Der Meulen AJ, Ion Lipan JW, Stoof TJ. Successful treatment of erosive vulvovaginal lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(3):625–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 137  Lotery HE, Galask RP. Erosive lichen planus of the vulva and vagina. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101(5 Pt 2):1121–5. Pubmed link
• 138  Watsky KL. Erosive perianal lichen planus responsive to tacrolimus. Int J Dermatol 2003;42(3):217–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 141  Marren P, Millard P, Chia Y, Wojnarowska F. Mucosal lichen sclerosus/lichen planus overlap syndromes. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(1):118–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Lichen planopilaris

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• 144  Graham Little EG. Folliculitis decalvans et atrophicans. Proc R Soc Med 1915;8(Dermatol Sect):139–41. Pubmed link
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• 146  Horn RT, Jr, Goette DK, Odom RB, Olson EG, Guill MA. Immunofluorescent findings and clinical overlap in two cases of follicular lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7(2):203–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 147  Ghislain PD, Van Eeckhout P, Ghislain E. Lassueur–Graham Little–Piccardi syndrome: a 20‐year follow‐up. Dermatology 2003;206(4):391–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 148  Viglizzo G, Verrini A, Rongioletti F. Familial Lassueur–Graham‐Little–Piccardi syndrome. Dermatology 2004;208(2):142–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 150  Kossard S, Lee MS, Wilkinson B. Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia: a frontal variant of lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36(1):59–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 151  MacDonald A, Clark C, Holmes S. Frontal fibrosing alopecia: a review of 60 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(5):955–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Hypertrophic lichen planus

• 154  Sharma VK, Achar A, Ramam M, Singh MK. Multiple cutaneous horns overlying lichen planus hypertrophicus. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(2):424–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 155  Badell A, Marcoval J, Gallego I, Moreno A, Peyri J. Keratoacanthoma arising in hypertrophic lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(2):380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 156  Chave TA, Graham‐Brown RA. Keratoacanthoma developing in hypertrophic lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(3):592.
• 157  Yesudian P, Rao R. Malignant transformation of hypertrophic lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 1985;24(3):177–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Lichen planus of the palms and soles, Actinic lichen planus, Lichen planus pigmentosus, Annular lichen planus

• 161  Sanchez‐Perez J, Rios Buceta L, Fraga J, Garcia‐Diez A. Lichen planus with lesions on the palms and/or soles: prevalence and clinicopathological study of 36 patients. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(2):310–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 162  Sait MA, Garg BR. Punctate keratoses of palms in lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 1986;25(9):592–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 163  Gunduz K, Inanir I, Turkdogan P, Sacar H. Palmoplantar lichen planus presenting with vesicle‐like papules. J Dermatol 2003;30(4):337–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 164  Cram DL, Kierland RR, Winkelmann RK. Ulcerative lichen planus of the feet. Bullous variant with hair and nail lesions. Arch Dermatol 1966;93(6):692–701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 165  Sonnex TS, Eady RA, Sparrow GP, Mayou B. Ulcerative lichen planus associated with webbing of the toes. J R Soc Med 1986;79(6):363–5. Pubmed link
• 166  Kilaimy M. Lichen planus subtropicus. Arch Dermatol 1976;112(9):1251–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 167  Singh OP, Kanwar AJ. Lichen planus in India: an appraisal of 441 cases. Int J Dermatol 1976;15:752–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 168  Peretz E, Grunwald MH, Halevy S. Annular plaque on the face. Actinic lichen planus (ALP). Arch Dermatol 1999;135(12):1543, 1646. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 169  Bouassida S, Boudaya S, Turki H, Gueriani H, Zahaf A. [Actinic lichen planus: 32 cases.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1998;125(6–7):408–13. Pubmed link
• 170  Meads SB, Kunishige J, Ramos‐Caro FA, Hassanein AM. Lichen planus actinicus. Cutis 2003;72(5):377–81. Pubmed link
• 171  Skowron F, Grezard P, Merle P, Balme B, Perrot H. Erythematosus actinic lichen planus: a new clinical form associated with oral erosive lichen planus and chronic active hepatitis B. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(5):1032–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 172  Isaacson D, Turner ML, Elgart ML. Summertime actinic lichenoid eruption (lichen planus actinicus). J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4(4):404–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 173  Salman SM, Kibbi AG, Zaynoun S. Actinic lichen planus. A clinicopathologic study of 16 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20(2 Pt 1):226–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 174  Salman SM, Khallouf R, Zaynoun S. Actinic lichen planus mimicking melasma. A clinical and histopathologic study of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18(2 Pt 1):275–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 175  Verhagen AR, Koten JW. Lichenoid melanodermatitis. A clinicopathological study of fifty‐one Kenyan patients with so‐called tropical lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1979;101(6):651–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 176  Bhutani LK, Bedi TR, Pandhi RK, Nayak NC. Lichen planus pigmentosus. Dermatologica 1974;149(1):43–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 177  Kanwar AJ, Kaur S. Lichen planus pigmentosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(4 Pt 1):815. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 178  Kanwar AJ, Dogra S, Handa S, Parsad D, Radotra BD. A study of 124 Indian patients with lichen planus pigmentosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28(5):481–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 179  Pock L, Jelinkova L, Drlik L, et al. Lichen planus pigmentosus‐inversus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15(5):452–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 180  Kashima A, Tajiri A, Yamashita A, Asada Y, Setoyama M. Two Japanese cases of lichen planus pigmentosus‐inversus. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(7):740–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 181  Laskaris GC, Papavasiliou SS, Bovopoulou OD, Nicolis GD. Lichen planus pigmentosus of the oral mucosa: a rare clinical variety. Dermatologica 1981;162(1):61–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 182  Sassolas B, Zagnoli A, Leroy JP, Guillet G. Lichen planus pigmentosus associated with acrokeratosis of Bazex. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19(1):70–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 183  Mehregan DA, Van Hale HM, Muller SA. Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty‐five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(6 Pt 1):935–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 184  Annessi G, Lombardo G, Gobello T, Puddu P. A clinicopathologic study of scarring alopecia due to lichen planus: comparison with scarring alopecia in discoid lupus erythematosus and pseudopelade. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21(4):324–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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'Mixed' lichen planus/discoid lupus erythematosus disease patterns

• 186  Potts ED, Rowell NR. Lichen planus: a distinct entity from lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol 1981;61(5):413–16. Pubmed link
• 187  Nieboer C. The reliability of immunofluorescence and histopathology in the diagnosis of discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1987;116(2):189–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 188  Copeman PW, Schroeter AL, Kierland RR. An unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1970;83(2):269–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 189  Davies MG, Gorkiewicz A, Knight A, Marks R. Is there a relationship between lupus erythematosus and lichen planus? Br J Dermatol 1977;96(2):145–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 190  Nagy E, Szakaly I. [Discoid lupus erythematosus or lichen planus?] Z Hautkr 1978;53(17):599–603. Pubmed link
• 191  Piamphongsant T, Sawannapreecha S, Arangson PG, Sawchome Y, Kullavanijaya P. Mixed lichen planus–lupus erythematosus disease. J Cutan Pathol 1978;5(4):209–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 192  Romero RW, Nesbitt LT, Jr, Reed RJ. Unusual variant of lupus erythematosus or lichen planus. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunofluorescent studies. Arch Dermatol 1977;113(6):741–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 193  Uitto J, Santa‐Cruz DJ, Eisen AZ, Leone P. Verrucous lesion in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus. Clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence studies. Br J Dermatol 1978;98(5):507–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 195  Grabbe S, Kolde G. Coexisting lichen planus and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(3):249–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Bullous lichen planus and lichen planus pemphigoides

• 196  Sarkany I, Caron GA, Jones HH. Lichen planus pemphigoides. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1964;50:50–5. Pubmed link
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• 198  Ebner H, Erlach E, Gebbart W. [Blister formation in lichen planus: electronmicroscopical observations.] Arch Dermatol Forsch 1973;247(2):193–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 199  Bouloc A, Vignon‐Pennamen MD, Caux F, et al. Lichen planus pemphigoides is a heterogeneous disease: a report of five cases studied by immunoelectron microscopy. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(6):972–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 200  Swale VJ, Black MM, Bhogal BS. Lichen planus pemphigoides: two case reports. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23(3):132–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 201  Demircay Z, Baykal C, Demirkesen C. Lichen planus pemphigoides: report of two cases. Int J Dermatol 2001;40(12):757–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 202  Mora RG, Nesbitt LT, Jr, Brantley JB. Lichen planus pemphigoides: clinical and immunofluorescent findings in four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8(3):331–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 203  Archer CB, Cronin E, Smith NP. Diagnosis of lichen planus pemphigoides in the absence of bullae on normal‐appearing skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17(6):433–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 204  Kuramoto N, Kishimoto S, Shibagaki R, Yasuno H. PUVA‐induced lichen planus pemphigoides. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(3):509–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 206  Stevens SR, Griffiths CE, Anhalt GJ, Cooper KD. Paraneoplastic pemphigus presenting as a lichen planus pemphigoides‐like eruption. Arch Dermatol 1993;129(7):866–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 207  Hsiao CJ, Hsu MM, Lee JY, Chen WC, Hsieh WC. Paraneoplastic pemphigus in association with a retroperitoneal Castleman's disease presenting with a lichen planus pemphigoides‐like eruption. A case report and review of literature. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(2):372–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 208  Prost C, Tesserand F, Laroche L, et al. Lichen planus pemphigoides: an immuno‐electron microscopic study. Br J Dermatol 1985;113(1):31–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 209  Tamada Y, Yokochi K, Nitta Y, Ikeya T, Hara K, Owaribe K. Lichen planus pemphigoides: identification of 180 kd hemidesmosome antigen. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32(5 Pt 2):883–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 210  Zillikens D, Caux F, Mascaro JM, et al. Autoantibodies in lichen planus pemphigoides react with a novel epitope within the C‐terminal NC16A domain of BP180. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113(1):117–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 211  Skaria M, Salomon D, Jaunin F, Friedli A, Saurat JH, Borradori L. IgG autoantibodies from a lichen planus pemphigoides patient recognize the NC16A domain of the bullous pemphigoid antigen 180. Dermatology 1999;199(3):253–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 212  Hsu S, Ghohestani RF, Uitto J. Lichen planus pemphigoides with IgG autoantibodies to the 180 kd bullous pemphigoid antigen (type XVII collagen). J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42(1 Pt 1):136–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 213  Yoon KH, Kim SC, Kang DS, Lee IJ. Lichen planus pemphigoides with circulating autoantibodies against 200 and 180 kDa epidermal antigens. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10(3):212–14. Pubmed link

Lichen nitidus

• 214  Wright AL, McVittie E, Hunter JA. An immunophenotypic study of lichen nitidus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15(4):273–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 215  Smoller BR, Flynn TC. Immunohistochemical examination of lichen nitidus suggests that it is not a localized papular variant of lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(2 Pt 1):232–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 216  Ocampo J, Torne R. Generalized lichen nitidus. Report of two cases treated with astemizol. Int J Dermatol 1989;28(1):49–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 217  Wall LM, Heenan PJ, Papadimitriou JM. Generalized lichen nitidus: a case report. Australas J Dermatol 1985;26(1):36–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 218  Munro CS, Cox NH, Marks JM, Natarajan S. Lichen nitidus presenting as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and nail dystrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(4):381–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 219  Weiss RM, Cohen AD. Lichen nitidus of the palms and soles. Arch Dermatol 1971;104(5):538–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 220  Coulsown IH, Marsden RA, Cook MG. Purpuric palmar lichen nitidus – an unusual though distinctive eruption. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13(5):347–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 221  Prigent F, Cavelier‐Balloy B, Lemarchand‐Venencie F, Civatte J. [Linear lichen nitidus.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1989;116(11):814–15. Pubmed link
• 222  Kellett JK, Beck MH. Lichen nitidus associated with distinctive nail changes. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9(2):201–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 224  Summey BT, Cusack CA. Actinic lichen nitidus. Cutis 2008;81(3):266–8. Pubmed link
• 225  Madhok R, Winkelmann RK. Spinous, follicular lichen nitidus associated with perifollicular granulomas. J Cutan Pathol 1988;15(4):245–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 226  Patrizi A, Di Lernia V, Pauluzzi P. [Generalized lichen niditus, trisomy 21 and congenital megacolon.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991;118(10):725. Pubmed link
• 227  Teixeira VB, Coutinho I, Cardoso JC, Tellhechea O. Generalized lichen nitidus in a boy with Niemann‐Pick disease type B. An Bras Dermatol 2013;88(6):977–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 228  Clausen J, Jacobsen FK, Brandrup F. Lichen nitidus: electron microscopic and immunofluorescence studies. Acta Derm Venereol 1982;62(1):15–19. Pubmed link
• 229  Waisman M, Dundon BC, Michel B. Immunofluorescent studies in lichen nitidus. Arch Dermatol 1973;107(2):200–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 230  Eisen RF, Stenn J, Kahn SM, Bhawan J. Lichen nitidus with plasma cell infiltrate. Arch Dermatol 1985;121(9):1193–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 231  Banse‐Kupin L, Morales A, Kleinsmith DA. Perforating lichen nitidus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9(3):452–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 232  Kato N. Familial lichen nitidus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(4):336–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nékám disease

• 233  Kersey P, Ive FA. Keratosis lichenoides chronica is synonymous with lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7(1):49–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 234  Patrizi A, Neri I, Passarini B, Varotti C. Keratosis lichenoides chronica: a pediatric case. Dermatology 1995;191(3):264–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 235  Margolis MH, Cooper GA, Johnson SA. Keratosis lichenoides chronica. Arch Dermatol 1972;105(5):739–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 236  Masouye I, Saurat JH. Keratosis lichenoides chronica: the centenary of another Kaposi's disease. Dermatology 1995;191(3):188–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 237  Baran R, Panizzon R, Goldberg L. The nails in keratosis lichenoides chronica. Characteristics and response to treatment. Arch Dermatol 1984;120(11):1471–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 238  Haas N, Czaika V, Sterry W. [Keratosis lichenoides chronica following trauma. A case report and update of the last literature review.] Hautarzt2001;52(7):629–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 239  Criado PR, Valente NY, Sittart JA, Juang JM, Vasconcellos C. Keratosis lichenoides chronica: report of a case developing after erythroderma. Australas J Dermatol 2000;41(4):247–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 240  Arata J, Seno A, Tada J, Wada E, Tamaki H, Tamaki M. Peculiar facial erythematosquamous lesions in two siblings with cyclical summer improvement and winter relapse: a variant of keratosis lichenoides chronica? J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28(5 Pt 2):870–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 241  Braun‐Falco O, Bieber T, Heider L. [Chronic lichenoid keratosis: disease variant or disease entity?] Hautarzt1989;40(10):614–22. Pubmed link
• 242  Stefanato CM, Youssef EA, Cerio R, Kobza‐Black A, Greaves MW. Atypical Nékám's disease – keratosis lichenoides chronica associated with porokeratotic histology and amyloidosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(3):274–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Complications

• 243  Mehregan DA, Van Hale HM, Muller SA. Lichen planopilaris: clinical and pathologic study of forty‐five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(6 Pt 1):935–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 244  Annessi G, Lombardo G, Gobello T, Puddu P. A clinicopathologic study of scarring alopecia due to lichen planus: comparison with scarring alopecia in discoid lupus erythematosus and pseudopelade. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21(4):324–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 246  Faulkner CF, Wilson NJ, Jones SK. Frontal fibrosing alopecia associated with cutaneous lichen planus in a premenopausal woman. Australas J Dermatol 2002;43(1):65–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 247  Amato L, Mei S, Massi D, Gallerani I, Fabbri P. Cicatricial alopecia; a dermatopathologic and immunopathologic study of 33 patients (pseudopelade of Brocq is not a specific clinico‐pathologic entity). Int J Dermatol 2002;41(1):8–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 248  Vazquez Garcia J, Perez Oliva N, Peireio Ferreiros MM, Toribio J. Lichen planus follicularis tumidus with cysts and comedones. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17(5):346–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 249  Isaac M, McNeely MC. Dermatitis herpetiformis associated with lichen planopilaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33(6):1050–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 250  Samman PD. The nails in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1961;73:288–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 251  Zaias N. The nail in lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1970;101(3):264–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 252  Tosti A, Peluso AM, Fanti PA, Piraccini BM. Nail lichen planus: clinical and pathologic study of twenty‐four patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28(5 Pt 1):724–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 253  Colver GB, Dawber RP. Is childhood idiopathic atrophy of the nails due to lichen planus? Br J Dermatol 1987;116(5):709–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 255  Arias AM, Yung CW, Rendler S, Soltani K, Lorincz AL. Familial severe twenty‐nail dystrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7(3):349–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 256  Menni S, Piccinno R, Sala F, Crosti C, Dalpozzo V. Twenty‐nail dystrophy of childhood – two cases in one family. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9(6):604–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 257  Tosti A, Bardazzi F, Piraccini BM, Fanti PA. Idiopathic trachyonychia (twenty‐nail dystrophy): a pathological study of 23 patients. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(6):866–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 258  Taniguchi S, Kutsuna H, Tani Y, Kawahira K, Hamada T. Twenty‐nail dystrophy (trachyonychia) caused by lichen planus in a patient with alopecia universalis and ichthyosis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33(5 Pt 2):903–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 259  Scheinfeld NS. Trachyonychia: a case report and review of manifestations, associations, and treatments. Cutis 2003;71(4):299–302. Pubmed link
• 260  Sehgal VN. Twenty nail dystrophy trachyonychia: an overview. J Dermatol 2007;34(6):361–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 261  Baran R, Jancovici E, Sayag J, Dawber RP. Longitudinal melanonychia in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1985;113(3):369–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 262  Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cameli N. Nail changes in lichen planus may resemble those of yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(4):848–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 263  Baran R. Lichen planus of the nails mimicking the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(5):1117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 264  Rode M, Kogoj‐Rode M. Malignant potential of the reticular form of oral lichen planus over a 25‐year observation period in 55 patients from Slovenia. J Oral Sci 2002;44(2):109–11. Pubmed link
• 265  Reichart PA. [Oral precancerous conditions – an overview.] Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2003;7(4):201–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 268  Larsson A, Warfvinge G. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus. Oral Oncol 2003;39(6):630–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 269  Tomb R, El‐Hajj H, Nehme E, Haddad A. [Verrucous carcinoma of the tongue occurring on lesions of lichen planus.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2003;130(1 Pt 1):55–7. Pubmed link
• 270  Warshaw EM, Templeton SF, Washington CV. Verrucous carcinoma occurring in a lesion of oral lichen planus. Cutis 2000;65(4):219–22. Pubmed link
• 271  Lanfranchi‐Tizeira HE, Aguas SC, Sano SM. Malignant transformation of atypical oral lichen planus: a review of 32 cases. Med Oral 2003;8(1):2–9. Pubmed link
• 272  Mignogna MD, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Califano L, Lo Muzio L. Clinical behaviour of malignant transforming oral lichen planus. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002;28(8):838–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 273  Lysitsa S, Samson J, Gerber‐Wicht C, Lang U, Lombardi T. COX‐2 expression in oral lichen planus. Dermatology 2008;217(2):150–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 275  Dwyer CM, Kerr RE, Millan DW. Squamous carcinoma following lichen planus of the vulva. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(2):171–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 276  Jones RW, Rowan DM, Kirker J, Wilkinson EJ. Vulval lichen planus: progression of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia to invasive vulval carcinomas. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;108(6):665–6.
• 277  Hoshi A, Usui Y, Terachi T. Penile carcinoma originating from lichen planus on glans penis. Urology 2008;71(5):816–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 278  Thorne JE, Jabs DA, Nikolskaia OV, Mimouni D, Anhalt GJ, Nousari HC. Lichen planus and cicatrizing conjunctivitis: characterization of five cases. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136(2):239–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Associated conditions

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• 281  Miller TN. Myasthenia gravis, ulcerative colitis and lichen planus. Proc R Soc Med 1971;64(8):807–8. Pubmed link
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• 283  Tan RS. Thymoma, acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia, lichen planus, alopecia areata. Proc R Soc Med 1974;67(3):196–8. Pubmed link
• 284  Al‐Najjar A, Reilly GD, Harrington C. Dermatomyositis and lichen planus – an association or manifestation? Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10(2):174–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 286  Ng PP, Ng SK, Chng HH. Pemphigus foliaceus and oral lichen planus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and thymoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23(4):181–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 287  Koga T, Kubota Y, Kiryu H, Nakayama J, Takeda S, Kono K. Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus with lichen planus‐like eruption and cardiac tamponade. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10(8):620–2. Pubmed link
• 288  Passeron T, Bahadoran P, Lacour JP, et al. Paraneoplastic pemphigus presenting as erosive lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(3):552–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 289  Bowen GM, Peters NT, Fivenson DP, et al. Lichenoid dermatitis in paraneoplastic pemphigus: a pathogenic trigger of epitope spreading? Arch Dermatol 2000;136(5):652–6. Pubmed link
• 290  Calista D. Oral erosive lichen planus associated with thymoma. Int J Dermatol 2001;40(12):762–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 291  Aronson IK, Soltani K, Paik KI, Rubenstein D, Lorincz AL. Triad of lichen planus, myasthenia gravis, and thymoma. Arch Dermatol 1978;114(2):255–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 292  Siponen M, Huuskonen L, Laara E, Salo T. Association of oral lichen planus with thyroid disease in a Finnish population: a retrospective case–control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110(3):319–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 293  Mann RJ, Wallington TB, Warin RP. Lichen planus with late onset hypogammaglobulinaemia: a casual relationship? Br J Dermatol 1982;106(3):357–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 294  Powell FC, Rogers RS, 3rd, Dickson ER. Primary biliary cirrhosis and lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9(4):540–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 295  Sarkany I. The skin–liver connection. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13(3):151–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 296  Chu CY, Yang CY, Huang SF, Lu SC, Wang LF. Lichen planus with xanthomatous change in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(2):377–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 297  Tong DC, Ferguson MM. Concurrent oral lichen planus and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147(2):356–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 298  Rebora A, Rongioletti F. Lichen planus and chronic active hepatitis. A retrospective survey. Acta Derm Venereol 1984;64(1):52–6. Pubmed link
• 299  Rebora A. Hepatitis viruses and lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1994;130(10):1328–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 300  Nagao Y, Tsubone K, Kimura R, et al. High prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with HCV‐associated oral lichen planus. Int J Mol Med 2002;9(3):293–7. Pubmed link
• 301  Epstein O. Lichen planus and liver disease. Br J Dermatol 1984;111(4):473–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 302  Mobacken H, Nilsson LA, Olsson R, Sloberg K. Incidence of liver disease in chronic lichen planus of the mouth. Acta Derm Venereol 1984;64(1):70–3. Pubmed link
• 303  El‐Kabir M, Scully C, Porter S, Porter K, Macnamara E. Liver function in UK patients with oral lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(1):12–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 304  Anonide A, Rebora A. What lichen planus patients die of. A retrospective study. Int J Dermatol 1989;28(8):524–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 305  Romero MA, Seoane J, Varela‐Centelles P, Diz‐Dios P, Garcia‐Pola MJ. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus amongst oral lichen planus patients. Clinical and pathological characteristics. Med Oral 2002;7(2):121–9. Pubmed link
• 306  Ashinoff R, Cohen R, Lipkin G. Castleman's tumor and erosive lichen planus: coincidence or association? Report of a case. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(5 Pt 2):1076–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 307  Hongcharu W, Baldassano M, Gonzalez E. Generalized lichen amyloidosis associated with chronic lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(2 Pt 2):346–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 308  Clarke J, Black MM. Lichenoid tattoo reactions. Br J Dermatol 1979;100(4):451–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 309  Winkelmann RK, Harris RB. Lichenoid delayed hypersensitivity reactions in tattoos. J Cutan Pathol 1979;6(1):59–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Investigations

• 310  Lallas A, Kyrgidis A, Tzellos TG, et al. Accuracy of dermoscopic criteria for the diagnosis of psoriasis, dermatitis, lichen planus and pityriasis rosea. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(6):1198–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 311  Zalaudek I, Argenziano G. Dermoscopy subpatterns of inflammatory skin disorders. Arch Dermatol 2006;142(6):808. Pubmed link
• 312  Ragaz A, Ackerman AB. Evolution, maturation, and regression of lesions of lichen planus. New observations and correlations of clinical and histologic findings. Am J Dermatopathol 1981;3(1):5–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 313  Patterson JW. The spectrum of lichenoid dermatitis. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18(2):67–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 314  Neppelberg E, Johannessen AC, Jonsson R. Apoptosis in oral lichen planus. Eur J Oral Sci 2001;109(5):361–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 315  Black MM, Wilson‐Jones E. The role of the epidermis in the histopathogenesis of lichen planus. Histochemical correlations. Arch Dermatol 1972;105(1):81–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 316  Da Silva Fonseca LM, do Carmo MA. Identification of the AgNORs, PCNA and ck16 proteins in oral lichen planus lesions. Oral Dis 2001;7(6):344–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 317  Summerly R, Jones EW. The microarchitecture of Wickham's striae. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1964;50:157–61. Pubmed link
• 318  Ebner H, Erlach E, Gebbart W. [Blister formation in lichen planus: electronmicroscopical observations.] Arch Dermatol Forsch 1973;247(2):193–205. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 319  Ebner H, Gebhart W. Light and electron microscopic differentiation of amyloid and colloid or hyaline bodies. Br J Dermatol 1975;92(6):637–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 320  Ebner H, Gebhart W. Light and electron microscopic studies on colloid and other cytoid bodies. Clin Exp Dermatol 1977;2(4):311–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 321  Lupton GP, Goette DK. Lichen planus with plasma cell infiltrate. Arch Dermatol 1981;117(2):124–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Roustan G, Hospital M, Villegas C, Sanchez Yus E, Robledo A. Lichen planus with predominant plasma cell infiltrate. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16(3):311–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  Horn RT, Jr, Goette DK, Odom RB, Olson EG, Guill MA. Immunofluorescent findings and clinical overlap in two cases of follicular lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7(2):203–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 324  Matta M, Kibbi AG, Khattar J, Salman SM, Zaynoun ST. Lichen planopilaris: a clinicopathologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22(4):594–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 325  Abell E, Presbury DG, Marks R, Ramnarain D. The diagnostic significance of immunoglobulin and fibrin deposition in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1975;93(1):17–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 326  Shklar G. Erosive and bullous oral lesions of lichen planus: histologic studies. Arch Dermatol 1968;97(4):411–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Karatsaidis A, Schreurs O, Helgeland K, Axell T, Schenck K. Erythematous and reticular forms of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions differ in pathological features related to disease activity. J Oral Pathol Med 2003;32(5):275–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 328  Odukoya O, Gallagher G, Shklar G. A histologic study of epithelial dysplasia in oral lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1985;121(9):1132–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 329  Kulthanan K, Jiamton S, Varothai S, Pinkaew S, Sutthipinittharm P. Direct immunofluorescence study in patients with lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(12):1237–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 330  Camisa C, Neff JC, Olsen RG. Use of indirect immunofluorescence in the lupus erythematosus/lichen planus overlap syndrome: an additional diagnostic clue. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11(6):1050–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 331  Mora RG, Nesbitt LT, Jr, Brantley JB. Lichen planus pemphigoides: clinical and immunofluorescent findings in four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8(3):331–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 332  Kolde G, Wesendahl C, Stein H, Reichart PA. Oral lichen planus: diagnostic immunofluorescence testing on routine histological material. Br J Dermatol 2003;148(2):374–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 333  Oliver GF, Winkelmann RK, Muller SA. Lichenoid dermatitis: a clinicopathologic and immunopathologic review of sixty‐two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21(2 Pt 1):284–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 334  Jang KA, Kim SH, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK. Lichenoid keratosis: a clinicopathologic study of 17 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(3):511–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 335  Morgan MB, Stevens GL, Switlyk S. Benign lichenoid keratosis: a clinical and pathologic reappraisal of 1040 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2005;27(5):387–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 336  Toll A, Gilaberte M, Gallardo F, Iglesias M, Barranco C, Pujol RM. Multiple and extensive lichen planus‐like keratoses: an underestimated cutaneous eruption observed in patients with intense sun damage. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20(4):472–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 337  Al‐Hoqail IA, Crawford RI. Benign lichenoid keratoses with histologic features of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathologic description of a clinically significant histologic pattern. J Cutan Pathol 2002;29(5):291–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 338  Dalton SR, Baptista MA, Libow LF, Elston DM. Lichenoid tissue reaction in malignant melanoma: a potential diagnostic pitfall. Am J Clin Pathol 2002;117(5):766–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 339  Dalton SR, Fillman EP, Altman CE, et al. Atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations in benign lichenoid keratosis. Hum Pathol 2003;34(7):706–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Management

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• 341  Irvine C, Irvine F, Champion RH. Long‐term follow‐up of lichen planus. Acta Derm Venereol 1991;71(3):242–4. Pubmed link
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• 345  Cooper SM, Wojnarowska F. Influence of treatment of erosive lichen planus of the vulva on its prognosis. Arch Dermatol 2006;142(3):289–94. Pubmed link
• 346  Cheng S, Kirtschig G, Cooper S, Thornhill M, Leonardi‐Bee J, Murphy R. Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;Issue 2:CD008092. Pubmed link
• 347  Kellett JK, Ead RD. Treatment of lichen planus with a short course of oral prednisolone. Br J Dermatol 1990;123(4):550–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 348  Lodi G, Carrozzo M, Furness S, Thongprasom K. Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(5):938–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 349  Laurberg G, Geiger JM, Hjorth N, et al. Treatment of lichen planus with acitretin. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study in 65 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24(3):434–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 350  Gonzalez E, Momtaz TK, Freedman S. Bilateral comparison of generalized lichen planus treated with psoralens and ultraviolet A. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10(6):958–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 351  Pavlotsky F, Nathansohn N, Kriger G, Shpiro D, Trau H. Ultraviolet‐B treatment for cutaneous lichen planus: our experience with 50 patients. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2008;24(2):83–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 352  Kanwar AJ, De D. Methotrexate for treatment of lichen planus: old drug, new indication. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27(3):e410–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 353  Sehgal VN, Abraham GJ, Malik GB. Griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus. A double‐blind controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 1972;87(4):383–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 354  Sehgal VN, Bikhchandani R, Koranne RV, Nayar M, Saxena HM. Histopathological evaluation of griseofulvin therapy in lichen planus. A double‐blind controlled study. Dermatologica 1980;161(1):22–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 355  Omidian M, Ayoobi A, Mapar MA, Feily A, Cheraghian B. Efficacy of sulfasalazine in the treatment of generalized lichen planus: randomized double‐blinded clinical trial on 52 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24(9):1051–4. Pubmed link
• 356  Warnakulasuriya S, Kovacevic T, Madden P, et al. Factors predicting malignant transformation in oral potentially malignant disorders among patients accrued over a 10‐year period in South East England. J Oral Pathol Med 2011;40(9):677–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 357  Voute AB, Schulten EA, Langendijk PN, Kostense PJ, van der Waal I. Fluocinonide in an adhesive base for treatment of oral lichen planus. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1993;75(2):181–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 358  Tyldesley WR, Harding SM. Betamethasone valerate aerosol in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1977;96(6):659–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Malhotra AK, Khaitan BK, Sethuraman G, Sharma VK. Betamethasone oral mini‐pulse therapy compared with topical triamcinolone acetonide (0.1%) paste in oral lichen planus: a randomized comparative study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(4):596–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 360  Boisnic S, Branchet MC, Pascal F, Ben Slama L, Rostin M, Szpirglas H. [Topical tretinoin in the treatment of lichen planus and leukoplakia of the mouth mucosa. A clinical evaluation.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994;121(6–7):459–63. Pubmed link
• 361  Giustina TA, Stewart JC, Ellis CN, et al. Topical application of isotretinoin gel improves oral lichen planus. A double‐blind study. Arch Dermatol 1986;122(5):534–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 362  Petruzzi M, De Benedittis M, Grassi R, Cassano N, Vena G, Serpico R. Oral lichen planus: a preliminary clinical study on treatment with tazarotene. Oral Dis 2002;8(6):291–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 363  Buajeeb W, Kraivaphan P, Pobrurksa C. Efficacy of topical retinoic acid compared with topical fluocinolone acetonide in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997;83(1):21–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 364  Radfar L, Wild RC, Suresh L. A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105(2):187–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 365  Gorouhi F, Solhpour A, Beitollahi JM, et al. Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream versus triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57(5):806–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 366  Chainani‐Wu N, Madden E, Lozada‐Nur F, Silverman S, Jr. High‐dose curcuminoids are efficacious in the reduction in symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(5):752–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 367  Nolan A, Badminton J, Maguire J, Seymour RA. The efficacy of topical hyaluronic acid in the management of oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2009;38(3):299–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 368  Mousavi F, Sherafati S, Mojaver YN. Ignatia in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Homeopathy 2009;98(1):40–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 369  Agha‐Hosseini F, Borhan‐Mojabi K, Monsef‐Esfahani HR, Mirzaii‐Dizgah I, Etemad‐Moghadam S, Karagah A. Efficacy of purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Phytother Res 2010;24(2):240–4. Pubmed link
• 370  Saawarn N, Shashikanth MC, Saawarn S, Jirge V, Chaitanya NC, Pinakapani R. Lycopene in the management of oral lichen planus: a placebo‐controlled study. Indian J Dent Res 2011;22(5):639–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Xiong C, Li Q, Lin M, et al. The efficacy of topical intralesional BCG‐PSN injection in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial. J Oral Pathol Med 2009;38(7):551–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 372  Wu Y, Zhou G, Zeng H, Xiong CR, Lin M, Zhou HM. A randomized double‐blind, positive‐control trial of topical thalidomide in erosive oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110(2):188–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 375  Mansourian A, Momen‐Heravi F, Saheb‐Jamee M, Esfehani M, Khalilzadeh O, Momen‐Beitollahi J. Comparison of aloe vera mouthwash with triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% on oral lichen planus: a randomized double‐blinded clinical trial. Am J Med Sci 2011;342(6):447–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 376  Sperling LC, Nguyen JV. Commentary: treatment of lichen planopilaris: some progress, but a long way to go. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62(3):398–401. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 382  Becherel PA, Bussel A, Chosidow O, Rabian C, Piette JC, Frances C. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for chronic erosive lichen planus. Lancet 1998;351(9105):805. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 384  Wright AL, McVittie E, Hunter JA. An immunophenotypic study of lichen nitidus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15(4):273–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 385  Arizaga AT, Gaughan MD, Bang RH. Generalized lichen nitidus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27(2):115–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 386  Randle HW, Sander HM. Treatment of generalized lichen nitidus with PUVA. Int J Dermatol 1986;25(5):330–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 392  Lang PG, Jr. Keratosis lichenoides chronica. Successful treatment with psoralen‐ultraviolet‐A therapy. Arch Dermatol 1981;117(2):105–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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