Assessment, investigation and management of eczematous disorders

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  • 15  Berardesca E, Distante F. The modulation of skin irritation. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:281–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Corsini E, Galli CL. Cytokines and irritant contact dermatitis. Toxicol Lett 1998;102–103:277–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 22  Russell Jones R. The histogenesis of eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:213–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 24  Thyssen JP, Carlsen BC, Menné T, et al. Filaggrin null mutations increase the risk and persistence of hand eczema in subjects with atopic dermatitis: results from a general population study. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:115–20. Pubmed link
  • 25  De Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, et al. Loss‐of‐function polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: a case–control study. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:621–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Novak N, Baurecht H, Schafer T, et al. Loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene and allergic contact sensitization to nickel. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1430–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Calnan CD. Eczema for me. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1968;54:54–64.
  • 28  Young AW. Dynamics of autosensitisation dermatitis. A clinical and microscopic concept of autoeczematisation. Arch Dermatol 1958;77:495–9. Cross Ref link
  • 29  Cunningham MJ, Zone JJ, Petersen MJ, et al. Circulating activated (DR‐positive) T lymphocytes in a patient with auto‐eczematisation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;13:1039–41. Cross Ref link
  • 30  Kasteler JS, Peterson MJ, Vance JE, Zone JJ. Circulating activated T lymphocytes in autoeczematization. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:795–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Gonzalez‐Amaro R, Baranda L, Abud‐Mendoza C, et al. Auto‐eczematization is associated with abnormal immune recognition of autologous skin antigens. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:56–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Fehr BS, Takashima A, Bergstresser PR, Cruz PD, Jr. T cells reactive to keratinocyte antigens are generated during induction of contact hypersensitivity in mice. A model for autoeczematization in humans? Am J Contact Dermatitis 2000;11:145–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Cronin E. Contact dermatitis. VII: Reactions to contact allergens given orally and systemically. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:104–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  De Groot AC, ed. Patch Testing. Test concentrations and vehicles for 2800 allergens. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.
  • 35  Wilkinson DS. The role of contact allergy in hand eczema. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1970;56:19–27.
  • 36  Bruynzeel DP, Maibach HI. Excited skin syndrome (angry back). Arch Dermatol 1986;122:323–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Hjorth N, Roed‐Peterson J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:28–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Reitamo S, Rustin M, Ruzicka T, et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment compared with that of hydrocortisone butyrate ointment in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109:547–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Ashcroft DM, Chen LC, Garside R, et al. Topical pimecrolimus for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;Issue 4:CD005500. Pubmed link
  • 40  Schmitt J, von Kobyletzki L, Svensson A, Apfelbacher C. Efficacy and tolerability of proactive treatment with topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors for atopic eczema: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:415–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Reynolds NJ, Franklin V, Gray JC. Narrow‐band ultraviolet B and broad‐band ultraviolet A phototherapy in adult atopic eczema: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2001;357:2012–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Gambichler T, Othlinghaus N, Tomi NS, et al. Medium‐dose ultraviolet (UV) A1 vs. narrowband UVB phototherapy in atopic eczema: a randomized crossover study. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:652–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Fölster‐Holst R, et al. Prednisolone vs. ciclosporin for severe adult eczema. An investigator‐initiated double‐blind placebo‐controlled multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 2010;162:661–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Meggitt SJ, Gray JC, Reynolds NJ. Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate‐to‐severe atopic eczema: a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:839–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Schram ME, Roekevisch E, Leeflang MM, et al. A randomized trial of methotrexate versus azathioprine for severe atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:353–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Neuber K, Schwartz I, Itschert G, Dieck AT. Treatment of atopic eczema with oral mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:385–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9‐cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema (CHE) refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:808–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nummular dermatitis

  • 48  Bendl BJ. Nummular eczema of stasis origin: a morphological pattern of diverse etiology. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:129–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Shelley WB, ed. Consultations in Dermatology, Vol II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1974;172–5.
  • 50  Johnson M‐LT, Roberts J. Prevalence of Dermatological Disease Among Persons 1–74 Years of Age. No. PHS 79–1660. Washington, DC: US Department of Health Education, National Center for Health Statistics, 1978.
  • 51  Carr R, Berke M, Becker SW. Incidence of atopy in patients with various neurodermatoses. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:20–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Hellgren L, Mobacken H. Nummular eczema. Clinical and statistical data. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1969;49:189–96.
  • 53  Kreuger GG. IgE levels in nummular eczema and ichthyosis. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:56–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Ackerman AB, ed. Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1978:499–506.
  • 55  Elder D, ed. Lever's Histopathology of the Skin, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1997:209–16.
  • 56  Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. The case for steroid–antibiotic combinations. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:179–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Wachs GN, Maibach H. Co‐operative double blind trial of an antibiotic–corticoid combination in impetiginized atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:323–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RH. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. IV: Cytotoxic effect of antibacterial antibody on skin cells acquiring bacterial antigens. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:493–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Fleming C, Parry E, Forsyth A, Kemmett D. Patch testing in discoid eczema. Contact Dermatitis 1997;36:261–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Rollins TG. From xerosis to nummular dermatitis. JAMA 1968;206:637. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Aoyama H, Tanaka M, Hara M, et al. Nummular eczema: an addition of senile xerosis and unique cutaneous reactivities to enviromental aeroallergens. Dermatology 1999;199:135–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 62  Higgins EM, DuVivier AW. Cutaneous disease and alcohol misuse. Br Med Bull 1994;50:85–98. Pubmed link
  • 63  Morrow DM, Rapaport MJ, Strick RA. Hypersensitivity to aloe. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1064–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Le Coz CJ. Contact nummular (discoid) eczema from depilating cream. Contact Dermatitis 2002;42:111–12. Cross Ref link
  • 65  Adachi A, Horikawa T, Takashima T, Ichihashi M. Mercury‐induced nummular dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:383–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Church R. Eczema provoked by methyldopa. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:373–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Wilkinson SM, Smith AG, Davis MJ, et al. Pityriasis rosea and discoid eczema: dose related reactions to treatment with gold. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51:881–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Calnan CD, Meara RH. Discoid eczema – dry type. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1956;37:26–8.
  • 69  Sulzberger MB, Garbe W. Nine cases of distinctive exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1937;36:247–72. Cross Ref link
  • 70  Sulzbeger MB. Distinctive exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis (Sulzberger and Garbe) re‐examined – 1978. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:13–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Rongioletti F, Corbella L, Rebora A. Exudative discoid and lichenoid chronic dermatosis (Sulzberger–Garbe). A fictional disease? Int J Dermatol 1989;28:40–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Cowan MA. Nummular eczema – a review, follow‐up and analysis of 325 cases. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1961;41:453–60.
  • 73  Khurana S, Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Gupta S. Patch testing in discoid eczema. J Dermatol 2002;29:763–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Bonamonte D, Foti C, Vestita M, et al. Nummular eczema and contact allergy: a retrospective study. Dermatitis 2012;23:153–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 75  Roberts H, Orchard D. Methotrexate is a safe and effective treatment for paediatric discoid (nummular) eczema: a case series of 25 children. Australas J Dermatol 2010;51:128–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Asteatotic eczema

  • 76  Kimura N, Nakagami G, Takehara K, et al. Prevalence of asteatosis and asteatotic eczema among elderly residents in facilities covered by long‐term care insurance. J Dermatol 2013;40:770–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Warin AP. Eczéma craquelé as the presenting feature of myxoedema. Br J Dermatol 1973;89:289–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Weismann K, Wadskov S, Mikkelson HI. Acquired zinc deficiency dermatosis in man. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1509–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Horri I, Nakayama Y, Obata M, et al. Stratum corneum hydration and amino‐acid content in xerotic skin. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:587–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Tezuka T. Electron microscopic changes in xerosis senilis epidermis. Dermatologica 1983;166:59–61. Cross Ref link
  • 81  Onken HD, Moyer CA. The water barrier in human epidermis. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:584–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Anonymous. Winter skin. Lancet 1990;335:226.
  • 83  Caplan RM. Superficial haemorrhagic fissures of the skin. Arch Dermatol 1970;101:442–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Greist MC, Epinette WW. Cimetidine‐induced xerosis and asteatotic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:253–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Björnberg J. Erythema craquelé provoked by corticosteroids on normal skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:147–51.
  • 86  Barker DJ, Cotterill JA. Generalised eczéma craquelé as a presenting feature of lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1977;97:323–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Van Voorst Vader PC, Folkers E, van Rhenen DJ. Craquelé‐like eruption in angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:370. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Greenwood R. Generalised eczéma craquelé as a presenting feature of adenocarcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1983;109:277–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 89  Ridley CM. Eczéma craquelé and systemic carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:246. Cross Ref link
  • 90  Schulz P, Bunselmeyer B, Bräutigam M, Luger TA. Pimecrolimus cream 1% is effective in asteatotic eczema: results of a randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study in 40 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:90–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dermatitis and eczema of the hands

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  • 92  Smith HR, Armstrong DK, Wakelin SH, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of hand dermatitis at the St John's contact dermatitis clinic 1983–97. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:284–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Agrup G. Hand eczema with other dermatoses in South Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1969;49(Suppl. 61):28–37.
  • 94  Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Bruynzeel DP, de Boer EM. Ascertainment of hand dermatitis using a symptom‐based questionnaire; applicability in an industrial population. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:202–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Meding B, Jarvholm B. Incidence of hand eczema – a population‐based retrospective study. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122:873–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menne T. The epidemiology of hand eczema in the general population – prevalence and main findings. Contact Dermatitis 2010;62:75–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Lammintausta T, Kalimo K, Havu VK. Occurrence of contact allergy and hand eczema in hospital ‘wet work’. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:84–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Uter W, Pfhalberg A, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. Risk of hand dermatitis among hairdressers versus office workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25:450–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Meding B, Liden C, Berglind N. Self‐diagnosed dermatitis in adults. Results from a population survey in Stockholm. Contact Dermatitis 2001:45:341–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Sinha A, Harrison PV. Latex glove allergy among hospital employees: a study in the north‐west of England. Occup Med (Oxf) 1998;48:405–10. Cross Ref link
  • 101  Cronin E. Clinical patterns of hand eczema in women. Contact Dermatitis 1985;13:153–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  Lee HJ, Ha SJ, Ahn WK, et al. Clinical evaluation of atopic hand dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:102–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Miller RM, Coger RW. Skin conductance conditioning with dyshidrotic eczema patients. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:435–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 104  Bryld LE, Agner T, Kyvik KO, et al. Hand eczema in twins: a questionnaire investigation. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:298–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Forsbeck M, Skog E, Asbrink E. Atopic hand dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:9–13.
  • 106  Thyssen JP, Carlsen BC, Menné T, et al. Filaggrin null mutations increase the risk and persistence of hand eczema in subjects with atopic dermatitis: results from a general population study. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:115–20. Pubmed link
  • 107  Thyssen JP, Ross‐Hansen K, Johansen JD, et al. Filaggrin loss‐of function mutation R501X and 2282del4 carrier status is associated with fissured skin on the hands: results from a cross‐sectional population study. Br J Dermatol 2011;166:46–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Landeck L, Visser M, Skudlik C, et al. Clinical course of occupational irritant contact eczema of the hands in relation to filaggrin genotype status and atopy. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1302–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  De Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, et al. Loss‐of‐function polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: a case–control study. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:621–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Molin S, Vollmer S, Weiss EH, et al. Filaggrin mutations may confer susceptibility to chronic hand eczema characterized by combined allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:801–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Meding B, Swanbeck G. Epidemiology of different types of hand eczema in an industrial city. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1989;69:227–33.
  • 112  Duarte I, Terumi Nakano J, Lazzarini R. Hand eczema: evaluation of 250 patients. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1998;9:216–23. Pubmed link
  • 113  Hjorth N, Roed Petersen J. Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. Contact Dermatitis 1976;2:28–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Hamann CP. Natural rubber latex protein sensitivity: a review. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1993;4:4–21. Cross Ref link
  • 115  Christensen OB, Möller H. External and internal exposure to the antigen in the hand eczema of nickel allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1975;1:136–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 116  Fisher AA. Possible role of diet in pompholyx and nickel dermatitis – a critical survey. Cutis 1978;22:412–14. Pubmed link
  • 117  Uter W, Gefeller O, Schwanitz HJ. An epidemiological study of the influence of season (cold and dry air) on the occurrence of irritant skin changes of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:266–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Finlay AY, Khan GK. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) – a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:210–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 119  Agner T, Andersen KE, Brandao FM, et al. Hand eczema severity and quality of life: a cross‐sectional, multicentre study of hand eczema patients. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59:43–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 120  Bleumink KE. Contact dermatitis to garlic. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1973;247:117–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Hjorth N. Gut eczema in slaughterhouse workers. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4:49–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Goransson K. Occupational contact urticaria to fresh cow and pig blood in slaughtermen. Contact Dermatitis 1982;7:281–2. Cross Ref link
  • 123  Cordoba S, Sanchez‐Perez J, Garcia‐Diez A. Ring dermatitis as a clinical presentation of fragrance sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:242. Pubmed link
  • 124  Gerwig T, Winer MN. Radioactive jewelry as a cause of cutaneous tumor. JAMA 1968;205:595–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Coenraads PJ, Van Der Walle H, Thestrup‐Pedersen K, et al. Construction and validation of a photographic guide for assessing severity of chronic hand dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Paulden M, Rodgers M, Griffin S, et al. Alitretinoin for the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Health Technol Assess 2010;14(Suppl. 1):39–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alitretinoin for the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. NICE technology appraisal guidance TA177. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/ta177 (last accessed June 2015).
  • 128  Schwanitz HJ, Uter W. Interdigital dermatitis: sentinel skin damage in hair dressers. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1011–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Meding B, Wrangsjo K, Jarvholm B. Fifteen‐year follow‐up of hand eczema: persistence and consequences. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:975–980. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 130  Mourisden HIT, Faber O. Penetration of protective gloves by allergens and irritants. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1973;57:230.
  • 131  Wigger‐Alberti W, Maraffio B, Wernli M, Elsner P. Self‐application of a protective cream. Pitfalls of occupational skin protection. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:861–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 132  Wigger‐Alberti W, Elsner P. Do barrier creams and gloves prevent or provoke contact dermatitis. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1998;9:100–6. Pubmed link
  • 133  Bauer A, Schmitt J, Bennett C, et al. Interventions for preventing occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;Issue 6:CD004414. Pubmed link
  • 134  Veien NK, Olholm Larsen P, Thestrup‐Pederson K, Schou G. Long term intermittent treatment of chronic hand eczema with mometasone furoate. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:882–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 135  Schnopp C, Remling R, Möhrenschlager M, et al. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) and mometasone furoate in treatment of dyshidrotic palmar eczema: a randomized, observer‐blinded trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:73–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Epstein E. Hand dermatitis: practical management and current concepts. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:395–424. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 137  Lindelof B, Wrangsjo K, Liden S. A double‐blind study of Grenz ray therapy in chronic eczema of the hands. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:77–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 138  Odia S, Vocks E, Rakoski J, Ring J. Successful treatment of dyshidrotic hand eczema using tap water iontophoresis with pulsed direct current. Acta Derm Venereol 1996;76:472–4. Pubmed link
  • 139  Ruzicka T, Lynde CW, Jemec GB, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral alitretinoin (9‐cis retinoic acid) in patients with severe chronic hand eczema (CHE) refractory to topical corticosteroids: results of a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:808–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Ingram JR, Batchelor JM, Williams HC. Alitretinoin: a potential advance in the management of severe chronic hand eczema. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:314–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 141  Thestrup‐Pedersen K, Andersen KE, Menne T, Veien NK. Treatment of hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms (eczema keratoticum) with oral acitretin. A single‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:353–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 142  Granlund H, Erkko P, Eriksson E, et al. Comparison of cyclosporine and topical betamethasone‐17,21‐dipropionate in the treatment of severe chronic hand eczema. Acta Derm Venereol 1996;76:371–6. Pubmed link
  • 143  Agarwal US, Besarwal RK. Topical clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream alone and in combination with azathioprine in patients with chronic hand eczema: an observer blinded randomized comparative trial. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2013;79:101–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 144  Rosen K, Mobacken H, Swanbeck G. Chronic eczematous dermatitis of the hands; a comparison of PUVA and UVB treatment. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1987;67:48–54.
  • 145  Behrens S, von Kobyletzki G, Gruss C, et al. PUVA‐bath photochemotherapy (PUVA‐soak therapy) of recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 1999;15:47–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dermatitis and eczema of the lower legs

  • 146  Coon MM, Willis PW, Keller JB. Venous thromboembolism and other venous disease in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Circulation 1973;48:839–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 147  Da Silva A, Widmer LK, Martin H, et al. Varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency: prevalence and risk factors in 4376 subjects in the Basel Study II. Vasa 1974;3:118–25. Pubmed link
  • 148  Burton JL. Venous hypertension, fibrin and leg ulcers. Br J Dermatol 1983;109:229–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 149  Browse NL, Burnand KC. The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet 1982;ii:243–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 150  Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, et al. Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis. BMJ 1988;296:1726–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 151  Heng MC. The post‐phlebitic syndrome. Int J Dermatol 1987;26:14–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 152  Fontaine R. Remarks concerning venous thrombosis and its sequelae. Surgery 1957;41:6–25. Pubmed link
  • 153  Piulachs P, Vidal‐Barraquerr F. Pathogenic study of varicose veins. Angiology 1953;4:59–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 154  Hopkins NFG. Positron emission tomography in venous ulceration and liposclerosis: a study of regional tissue function. BMJ 1983;286:333–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 155  Thomas PRS, Nash GB, Dormandy JA. White cell accumulation in dependent legs of patients with venous hypertension: a possible mechanism for trophic changes in the skin. BMJ 1988;296:1693–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 156  Peschen M, Lahaye T, Henning B, et al. Expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 in the skin is modulated in progressing stages of chronic venous insufficiency. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1999;79:27–32. Cross Ref link
  • 157  Bilen N, Apaydin R, Harova G, et al. Stasis dermatitis of the hand associated with an iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23:208–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 158  Boyle J, Burton JL. Pseudo‐Kaposi sarcoma. Lancet 1986;ii:921. Cross Ref link
  • 159  Bahmer FZ. Immunohistologische Charakterisierung stauungsdermatotisch veränderter Unterschenkelhaut. Z Hautkr 1987;62:1056–63. Pubmed link
  • 160  Fagrell B, Steirnstedt G, Ostergen J. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (Herxheimer) can often mimic a peripheral vascular disorder. Acta Med Scand 1986;220:485–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 161  Dissemond J, Knab J, Lehnen M, et al. Successful treatment of stasis dermatitis with topical tacrolimus. Vasa 2004;33:260–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dermatitis and eczema of specified sites

    Dermatitis and eczema of the eyelids

    • 162  Guin JD. Eyelid dermatitis: a report of 215 patients. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:87–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 163  Amin KA, Belsito DV. The aetiology of eyelid dermatitis: a 10‐year retrospective analysis. Contact Dermatitis 2006;55:280–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 164  Guin JD. Clinical presentations of patients sensitive to natural rubber latex. Dermatitis 2004;15:192–6. Pubmed link
    • 165  Dewachter P, Mouton‐Faivre C. Anaesthetists should be aware of delayed hypersensitivity to phenylephrine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007;51:637–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Juvenile plantar dermatosis

    • 166  Ashton RE, Griffiths WA. Juvenile plantar dermatosis – atopy or footwear? Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:529–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 167  Mackie RM. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Semin Dermatol 1982;1:67–75.
    • 168  Neering H, Van Dijk E. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1978;58:531.
    • 169  Stankler L. Juvenile plantar dermatosis in identical twins. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:585–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 170  Shrank AB. Aetiology of juvenile plantar dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:641–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 171  Young E. Forefoot eczema – further studies and a review. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:523–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 172  Schultz H, Zachariae H. The Trafuril test in recurrent juvenile eczema of hands and feet. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52:398–400.
    • 173  Graham RM, Verbov JL, Vickers CFH. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:468. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 174  Lim KB, Tan T, Rajan VS. Dermatitis palmaris sicca – a distinctive pattern of hand eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:553–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 175  Jones SK, English JSC, Forsyth A, et al. Juvenile plantar dermatosis – an eight year follow‐up of 102 patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:5–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 176  Kint A. Dermatitis plantaris sicca. Dermatologica 1982;165:500–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 177  Millard LG, Gould DG. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1977;2:186–7. Cross Ref link
    • 178  Möller H. Atopic winter feet in children. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52:401–5.
    • 179  Shipley DR, Kennedy CT. Juvenile plantar dermatosis responding to topical tacrolimus ointment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:453–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Miscellaneous specified eczematous dermatoses

      Infective dermatitis

      • 180  Nilsson E, Henning C, Hjoreitsson M‐L. Density of the microflora in hand eczema before and after topical treatment with a potent corticosteroid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:192–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 181  Goodfield M. C‐reactive protein levels in venous ulceration: an indication of infection? J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:1048–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 182  Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RH. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. Titre and immunoglobulin class of antibodies to staphylococci and micrococci. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:285–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 183  Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RH. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. IV: cytotoxic effect of antibacterial antibody on skin cells acquiring bacterial antigens. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:493–506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 184  Welbourn E, Champion RH, Parish WE. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in generalized eczema. I: bacterial culture, skin tests, and immunofluorescent detection of immunoglobulins and bacterial antigens. Br J Dermatol 1976;94:619–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 185  Welbourn E, Champion RH, Parish WE. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. III: Arthus‐like responses in bacterial antigens in the absence of specific antibody. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:379–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 186  Skov L, Olsen JV, Giornd R, et al. Application of staphylococcal enterotoxin B on normal and atopic skin induces upregulation of T cells by a superantigen‐mediated mechanism. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:820–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 187  Rockl H. Mikrobiele Genese von Ekzemen. Hautarzt 1964;15:398–9.
      • 188  Leyden JJ, Kligman AM. Interdigital athlete's foot. The interaction of dermatophytes and resident bacteria. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1466–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 189  Weismann K, Hjorth N. Microbial eczema of the feet. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:330–7. Cross Ref link

      Infective dermatitis of children associated with human T‐cell leukaemia virus 1 infection

      • 190  Sweet RD. A pattern of eczema in Jamaica. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:93–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 191  Walshe M. Infective dermatitis in Jamaican children. Br J Dermatol 1967;79:229–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 192  LaGrenade L, Hanchard B, Fletcher V, et al. Infective dermatitis of Jamaican children: a marker for HTLV‐1 infection. Lancet 1990;336:1345–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 193  Hanchard B, LaGrenade L, Carberry C, et al. Childhood infective dermatitis evolving into adult T‐cell leukaemia after 17 years. Lancet 1991;338:1593–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 194  LaGrenade L. HTLV‐1, infective dermatitis, and tropical spastic paraparesis. Mol Neurobiol 1994;8:147–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 195  LaGrenade L, Manns A, Fletcher V, et al. Clinical pathologic and immunologic features of human T‐lymphotrophic virus type‐1 associated infective dermatitis in children. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:439–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Post‐traumatic eczema

      • 196  Mathias CG. Post‐traumatic eczema. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:35–42. Pubmed link
      • 197  Carr RD, Rau RC. Dermatitis at vein graft site in coronary artery bypass patients. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:814–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 198  Bart RS. Dermatitis at vein graft site. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 199  Hruza LL, Hruza GJ. Saphenous vein graft donor site dermatitis: case reports and literature review. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:609–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Pityriasis alba

      • 200  O'Farrell N. Pityriasis alba. Arch Dermatol 1956;73:376–7. Cross Ref link
      • 201  Wells BT, Whyte BT, Kierland R. Pityriasis alba. A ten‐year survey and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:183–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 202  Zaynoun ST, Aftimos BG, Tenekjian KK. Extensive pityriasis alba: a histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Br J Dermatol 1983;108:83–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 203  Vargos‐Ocampo F. Pityriasis alba: a histologic study. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:870–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 204  In S‐I, Yi SW, Kang HY, et al. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics of pityriasis alba. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:591–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 205  Adamson HG. On a form of chronic superficial dermatitis in circumscribed patches with symmetrical distribution occurring in children. Br J Dermatol 1908;120:109–22. Cross Ref link
      • 206  Bassaly M, Miale A, Prasad AS. Studies on pityriasis alba. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:272–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 207  Kim SK, Kang HY, Lee ES, et al. Clinical and histopathologic characteristics of nevus depigmentosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:423–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 208  Whitmore SE, Simmons‐O'Brien E, Rotter FS. Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:476–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 209  Fujita WH, McCormick CL, Parneix‐Spake A. An exploratory study to evaluate the efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of pityriasis alba. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:700–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Chronic superficial scaly dermatitis

      • 210  Hu CH, Winklemann RK. Digitate dermatosis. A new look at symmetrical small plaque parapsoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:65–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 211  Lambert WE, Everett MA. The nosology of parapsoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5:731–45.
      • 212  Samman PD. The natural history of parapsoriasis en plaques (chronic superficial dermatitis) and prereticulotic poikiloderma. Br J Dermatol 1972;87:405–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 213  Calnan CD, Meara RH. Chronic superficial scaly dermatitis. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1956;37:12–13.
      • 214  Haeffner AC, Smoller BR, Zepter K, Wood GS. Differentiation and clonality of lesional lymphocytes in small plaque parapsoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:321–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 215  Burg G, Dummer R. Small plaque (digitate) parapsoriasis is an ‘abortive cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma’ and is not mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:336–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 216  Ackerman AB. If small plaque (digitate) parapsoriasis is a cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, even an ‘abortive’ one, it must be mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:562–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 217  Hofer A, Cerroni L, Kerl H, Wolf P. Narrowband (311 nm) UV‐B therapy for small plaque parapsoriasis and early‐stage mycosis fungoides. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1377–80. Pubmed link

      Dermatophytide

      • 218  Jillson OF. Dermatophytids and candidids. Semin Dermatol 1983;2:60.
      • 219  Kaaman T, Torssander J. Dermatophytide – a misdiagnosed entity. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:404–8.
      • 220  Peck SM. Fungus antigens and their importance as sensitizers in the general population. Ann NY Acad Sci 1950;50:1362–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 221  Veien NK, Hattel T, Laurberg G. Plantar Trichophyton rubrum infections may cause dermatophytids on the hands. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:403–4.

      Halo dermatitis

      • 222  Meyerson LB. A peculiar papulosquamous eruption involving pigmented naevi. Arch Dermatol 1971;103:510–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 223  Brenan J, Kossard S, Krivanek J. Halo eczema around melanocytic naevi. Int J Dermatol 1985;24:226–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 224  Nicholls DSH, Mason GH. Halo dermatitis around a melanocytic naevus: Meyerson's naevus. Br J Dermatol 1988;118:125–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 225  Weedon D, Farnsworth J. Spongiotic changes in melanocytic naevi. Am J Dermatopathol 1984;6:257–9. Pubmed link
      • 226  Krischer J, Pechere M, Salomon D, et al. Interferon alfa‐2b‐induced Meyerson's nevi in a patient with dysplastic nevus syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:105–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 227  Ramon R, Silvestre JF, Betlloch I, et al. Progression of Meyerson's naevus to Sutton's naevus. Dermatology 2000;200:337–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 228  Rosen R, Paver K, Kossard S. Halo eczema surrounding seborrheic keratosis: an example of perilesional dermatitis. Australas J Dermatol 1990;31:73–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 229  Gallais V, Lacour JP, Perrin C, et al. Halo eczema around a histiocytofibroma: the Meyerson phenomenon. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1993;120:617–20.

      Murray Williams' warts

      Lichen simplex and lichenification

      • 232  Kinsella LJ, Carney‐Godley K, Feldman E. Lichen simplex chronicus as the initial manifestation of intramedullary neoplasm and syringomyelia. Neurosurgery 1992;30:418–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 233  Robertson IM, Jordan JM, Whitlock FA. Emotions and skin (III) – the conditioning of scratch responses in cases of lichen simplex. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:407–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 234  Singh G. Atopy in lichen simplex (neurodermatitis circumscripta). Br J Dermatol 1973;88:625–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 235  Cormia FE. Basic concepts in the production and management of the psychosomatic dermatoses – II. Br J Dermatol 1951;63:129–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 236  Cowan MA. Neurohistological changes in lichen simplex chronicus. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:562–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 237  Shaffer B, Beerman H. Lichen simplex chronica and its variants. A discussion of certain psychodynamic mechanisms and clinical and histopathologic correlation. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1951;64:340–51. Cross Ref link
      • 238  Marks R, Wells GC. Lichen simplex: morphodynamic correlates. Br J Dermatol 1973;88:249–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 239  Marks R, Wells GC. A histochemical profile of lichen simplex. Br J Dermatol 1973;88:557–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 240  Chey WY, Kim KL, Yoo TY, Lee AY. Allergic contact dermatitis from hair dye and development of lichen simplex chronicus. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51:5–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 241  Berlin C. Lichenificatio gigantea. (Lichenification géante of Brocq and Pautrier). Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1939;39:1012–20. Cross Ref link
      • 242  Konuk N, Koca R, Atik L, et al. Psychopathology, depression and dissociative experiences in patients with lichen simplex chronicus. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2007;29:232–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 243  Drake LA, Millikan LE. The antipruritic effect of 5% doxepin cream in patients with eczematous dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1403–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 244  Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, van der Meer JB. Treatment of prurigo nodularis, chronic prurigo and neurodermatitis circumscripta with topical capsaicin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992;72:463.

      Erythroderma

      • 245  Sigurdsson V, Steegmans PHA, van Vloten WA. The incidence of erythroderma: a survey among all dermatologists in the Netherlands. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:675–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 246  Akhyani M, Ghodsi ZS, Toosi S, Dabbaghian H. Erythroderma: a clinical study of 97 cases. BMC Dermatol 2005;5:5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 247  Abrahams I, McCarthy JT, Sanders SL. 101 cases of exfoliative dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:96–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 248  Botella‐Estrada R, Sanmartin O, Oliver V, et al. Erythroderma: a clinico‐pathological study of 56 cases. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1503–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 249  Hasan T, Jansen CT. Erythroderma: a follow‐up of 50 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:836–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 250  Rosen T, Chappell R, Drucker C. Exfoliative dermatitis: presenting sign of internal malignancy. South Med J 1979;72:652–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 251  Nicolis GD, Helwig WB. Exfoliative dermatitis. A clinicopathological study of 135 cases. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:788–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 252  Wong KS, Wong SN, Tham SN, et al. Generalised exfoliative dermatitis: a clinical study of 108 patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1988;17:520–3. Pubmed link
      • 253  Holme SA, Roberts DL. Erythroderma associated with St John's wort. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1127–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 254  Morrison JG. Sarcoidosis in a child presenting as erythroderma with keratotic spines. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:93–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 255  Marsch WC, Stuttgen G. Generalized Hailey–Hailey disease. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:553. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 256  Tappeiner G, Konrad K, Holubar K. Erythrodermic bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;6:489–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 257  Bach M. Dermatological signs in the toxic shock syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:343–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 258  De Spain J, Clark DP. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus presenting as erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:388–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 259  Bernengo MG, Levi L, Zina G. Skin lesions in angio‐immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. Br J Dermatol 1981;104:131–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 260  Pierson JC, Taylor JS. Erythrodermic dermatomyositis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:136. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 261  Sakakibara T, Ida T, Mannouji E, et al. Post‐transfusion graft‐versus‐host disease following open heart surgery: report of six cases. J Cardiovasc Surg 1989;30:687–91.
      • 262  Janniger CK, Gascon P, Schwartz RA, et al. Erythroderma as the initial presentation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dermatologica 1991;183:143–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 263  Sadick NS, McNutt NS, Kaplan MH. Papulosquamous dermatoses of AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:1270–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 264  Griffiths TW, Stevens SR, Cooper KD. Acute erythroderma as an exclusion criterion for idiopathic CD4+ T lymphocytopenia. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1530–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 265  Walsh NMG, Prokopetz R, Tron VA, et al. Histopathology in erythroderma: review of a series of cases by multiple observers. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:419–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 266  Sentis HJ, Willemze R, Scheffer E. Histopathologic studies of Sézary syndrome and erythrodermic mycosis fungoides: a comparison with benign forms of erythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:1217–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 267  Abel EA, Lindae ML, Hoppe TR, et al. Benign and malignant forms of cutaneous erythroderma: cutaneous immunophenotypic characteristics. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:1089–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 268  Asai T, Horiuchi Y. Senile erythroderma with serum hyper‐IgE. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:225–8. Cross Ref link
      • 269  Boyd AS, Menter A. Erythrodermic psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:985–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 270  Cherny S, Mraz S, Su L, et al. Heteroduplex analysis of T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement as an adjuvant diagnostic tool in skin biopsies for erythroderma. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:351–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 271  Cordel N, Lenormand B, Courville P, et al. Detection of clonal T‐cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement with the use of PCR‐DGGE for diagnosis of erythroderma. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2001;128:220–3.
      • 272  Russell‐Jones R, Whittaker S. T‐cell receptor gene analysis in the diagnosis of Sézary syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:254–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 273  Wilson DC, Jester JD, King LE. Erythroderma and exfoliative dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:67–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 274  King LE. Erythroderma. Who, where, when, why and how? Arch Dermatol 1994;130:1545–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 275  King LE, Dufresne RG, Lovett G, Rosin MA. Erythroderma: review of 82 cases. South Med J 1986;79:1210–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 276  Thestrup‐Pederson K, Halkier‐Sorenson L, Sogaard H, Zacharie H. The red man syndrome: exfoliative dermatitis of unknown aetiology. A description and follow‐up of 38 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:1307–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 277  Ofuji S, Furukawa F, Miyachi Y, et al. Papuloerythroderma. Dermatologica 1984;16:125–30. Cross Ref link
      • 278  Bech‐Thomsen N, Thomsen K. Ofuji's papuloerythroderma: a study of 17 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23:79–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 279  Farthing CF, Staughton RCD, Harper JI, Rowland Payne CME, Copeman PWM. Papuloerythroderma – a further case with the ‘deck chair sign’. Dermatologica 1986;172:65–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 280  Grobb JJ, Collet‐Villette AM, Horchowski N, et al. Ofuji papuloerythroderma. Report of a case with T‐cell skin lymphoma and discussion of the nature of this disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:927–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 281  Ofuji S. Papuloerythroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:697. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 282  Schepers C, Malvehy J, Azon‐Masoliver A, et al. Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji: a report of two cases including the first European case associated with visceral carcinoma. Dermatology 1996;193:131–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 283  Nishijima S. Papuloerythroderma associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:1115–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 284  Dwer CM, Chapman RS, Smith GD. Papuloerythroderma and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Dermatology 1994;188:326–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 285  Shah M, Reid WA, Layton AM. Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma presenting as papuloerythroderma – a case and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:161–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 286  Tan YK, Tan KC, Ong BH. Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:160–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 287  Garcia‐Patos V, Repiso T, Rodriguez‐Cano L, Castells A. Ofuji papuloerythroderma in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dermatology 1996;192:164–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 288  Lonnee ER, Toonstra J, van der Putte SCJ, et al. Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji in a HIV‐infected patient. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:489–504. Cross Ref link
      • 289  Azon‐Masoliver A, Casado J, Brunet J, et al. Ofuji's papuloerythroderma following choledocholithiasis with secondary sepsis: complete resolution with surgery. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998:23:84–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 290  Quemeneur T, Ghislain PD, Morant C, et al. Ofuji's papuloerythroderma: two cases treated with azathioprine. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2002;129:213–15.
      • 291  Sommer S, Henderson CA. Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji responding to treatment with cyclosporin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:293–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 292  Fujii K, Kanno Y, Ohgo N. Etretinate therapy for papuloerythroderma. Eur J Dermatol 1999;9:610–13. Pubmed link
      • 293  Fox RH. Temperature regulation in erythroderma. J R Coll Physicians Lond 1967;1:372–9.
      • 294  Leading Article. Haemodynamics of extensive skin disease. Lancet 1983;i:1144.
      • 295  Krook G. Hypothermia in patients with exfoliative dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1960;40:142.
      • 296  Freedberg IM, Baden HP. The metabolic response to exfoliation. J Invest Dermatol 1962;38:277–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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