Erythema multiforme

    Definition and terminology

    • 1  Bastuji‐Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. A clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 2  Roujeau JC. The spectrum of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification. J Invest Dermatol 1994;102:S2830. Cross Ref link
    • 3  Assier H, Bastuji‐Garin S, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens–Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:53943. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 4  Roujeau JC. Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severity variants of the same disease which differs from erythema multiforme. J Dermatol 1997;24:7269. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 5  Auquier‐Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:101924. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 6  Stevens AH, Johnson FC. A new eruptive fever associated with stomatitis and ophthalmia: report of two cases in children. Am J Dis Child 1922;24:5267. Cross Ref link
    • 7  Côté B, Wechsler J, Bastuji‐Garin S, et al. Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:126872. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 8  Lyell A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an eruption resembling scalding of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1956;68:35561. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9  Revuz JE, Roujeau JC. Advances in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1996;15:25866. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10  Wolkenstein P, Revuz J. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Dermatol Clin 2000;18: 48595, ix. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 11  Stern RS, Albengres E, Carlson J, et al. An international comparison of case definition of severe adverse cutaneous reactions to medicines. Drug Saf 1993;8:6977. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12  Ruiz‐Maldonado R. Acute disseminated epidermal necrosis types 1, 2, and 3: study of 60 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:62335. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Aetiology

      Immunology

      • 13  Duvic M, Reisner EG, Dawson DV, et al. HLA‐B15 associates with erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:4936. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 14  Kämpgen E, Burg G, Wank R. Association of herpes simplex virus‐induced erythema multiforme with the human leucocyte antigen Dqw3. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:13725. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 15  Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Brown J, et al. Recurrent erythema multiforme: tissue typing in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:5325. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 16  Bushkell LL, Mackel SE, Jordan RE. Erythema multiforme: direct immuno‐fluorescence studies and detection of circulating immune complexes. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:3724. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 17  Kazmierowski JA, Wuepper KD. Erythema multiforme: clinical spectrum and immunopathogenesis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1981;4:4553. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 18  Matsuoka LY, Wortsmann J, Stanley JR. Epidermal autoantibodies in erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:67780. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 19  Foedinger D, Stericzky B, Elbe A, et al. Autoantibodies against desmoplakin I and II define a subset of patients with erythema multiforme major. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:101216. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 20  Fukiwake N, Moroi Y, Urabe K, et al. Detection of autoantibodies to desmoplakin in a patient with oral erythema multiforme. Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:23841. Pubmed link
      • 21  Larcher C, Gasser A, Hattmannstorfer R, et al. Interaction of HSV‐1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cultured dermal microvascular endothelial cells: a potential model for the pathogenesis of HSV‐1 induced erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:1506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 22  Brice S, Krzemien D, Weston W, et al. Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:1837. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 23  Aslanzadeh J, Helm KF, Espy MJ, et al. Detection of HSV‐specific DNA in biopsy of patients with erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:1923. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 24  Aurelian L, Ono F, Burnett J. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): a viral disease with an autoimmune component. Dermatol Online J 2003;9:1. Pubmed link
      • 25  Ono F, Sharma BK, Smith CC, et al. CD34 cells in the peripheral blood transport herpes simplex virus DNA fragments to the skin of patients with erythema multiforme (HAEM). J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:121524. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 26  Gober MD, Laing JM, Burnett JW, Aurelian L. The herpes simplex virus gene Pol expressed in herpes‐associated erythema multiforme lesions upregulates/activates SP1 and inflammatory cytokines. Dermatology 2007;215:97106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 27  Bruynzeel L, Van der Raaij EMH, Boorsma DM, et al. Increased adherence to keratinocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes of a patient with drug‐induced erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1992;129:459. Cross Ref link
      • 28  Inachi S, Mizutani H, Shimizu M. Epidermal apoptotic cell death in erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: contribution of perforin‐positive cell infiltration. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:8459. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 29  Spandau U, Brocker EB, Kampgen E, Gillitzer R. CC and CXC chemokines are differentially expressed in erythema multiforme in vivo. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:102733. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Triggering factors

      • 30  Anderson JA, Bolin V, Sutow WW, et al. Virus as possible aetiologic agent of erythema multiforme exudativum, bullous type. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1949;59:25162. Cross Ref link
      • 31  Editorial. Recurrent erythema multiforme and herpes simplex virus. Lancet 1989;ii:131112.
      • 32  Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Leigh IM. Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1992;128:5425. Cross Ref link
      • 33  Sontheimer RD, Garibaldi RA, Kruegger GG. Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:2414. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 34  Grosber M, Alexandre M, Poszepczynska‐Guigné E, et al. Recurrent erythema multiforme in association with recurrent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(Suppl. 5):S11819. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 35  Strom J. Febrile mucocutaneous syndromes (ectodermosis erosiva pleuriorificialis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, etc.) in adenovirus infections. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1967;47:281.
      • 36  Seishima M, Oyama Z, Yamamura M. Erythema multiforme associated with cytomegalovirus infection in non‐immunosuppressed patients. Dermatology 2001;203:299302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 37  Wanner M, Pol‐Rodriguez M, Hinds G, et al. Persistent erythema multiforme and CMV infection. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:3336. Pubmed link
      • 38  Olut AI, Erkek E, Ozunlu H, Ozsakarya F. Erythema multiforme associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:1378. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 39  Williamson DM. Erythema multiforme in infectious mononucleosis. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:3456. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 40  Hughes T, Burrows NP. Infectious mononucleosis presenting as erythema multiforme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:3734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 41  Schmidt E, Weissbrich B, Bröcker EB, et al. Orf followed by erythema multiforme. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:61213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 42  Prais D, Grisuru‐Soen G, Barzilai A, Amir J. Varicella zoster virus infection associated with erythema multiforme in children. Infection 2001;29:379. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 43  Lang MH, Wehrenberg O. Erythema exsudativum multiforme bei Rickettsiose. Hautarzt 1987;38:4324. Pubmed link
      • 44  Salim A, Young E. Erythema multiforme associated with Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:6456. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 45  Gilaberte Y, Coscojuela C, García‐Prats MD, Mairal MP. Erythema multiforme associated with inflammatory ringworm on the hand. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:10789. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 46  Leznoff A, Frank H, Telner P, et al. Histoplasmosis in Montreal during the fall of 1963, with observations on erythema multiforme. Can Med Assoc J 1963;91:115460.
      • 47  Sellers TF, Price WN, Newberry WM. An epidemic of erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum caused by histoplasmosis. Ann Intern Med 1965;62:124462. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 48  Fraser‐Andrews EA, Morris‐Jones R, Novakovic L, Hawk JL. Erythema multiforme following polymorphic light eruption: a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:2324. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 49  Warin AP. Case 2: diagnosis – erythema multiforme as a presentation of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:1078. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 50  Carswell WA. A case of sarcoidosis presenting with erythema multiforme. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;106:4624. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 51  Davis J, Pack GT. Erythema multiforme following deep X‐ray therapy. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1952;66:418. Cross Ref link
      • 52  Nawalkjha PL, Mathur NK, Malhotra YK, et al. Severe erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome) following telecobalt therapy. Br J Radiol 1972;45:7689. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 53  Yoshitake T, Nakamura K, Shioyama Y, et al. Erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome following radiotherapy. Radiat Med 2007;25:2730. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Drug reactions

      • 54  Kauppinen K. Cutaneous reactions to drugs: with special reference to severe mucocutaneous bullous eruptions and sulphonamides. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52(Suppl. 68):189.
      • 55  Huff JC, Weston WL, Tonnesen MG. Erythema multiforme. A critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:76375. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 56  Stewart MG, Duncan NO, III, Franklin DJ, et al. Head and neck manifestations of erythema multiforme in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111:23642. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 57  Gebel K, Hornstein OP. Drug‐induced oral erythema multiforme: results of a long‐term retrospective study. Dermatologica 1984;168:3540. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 58  Nethercott JR, Choi BC. Erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome): chart review of 123 hospitalized patients. Dermatologica 1985;171:38396. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 59  Fabbri P, Panconesi E. Erythema multiforme (‘minus’ and ‘maius’) and drug intake. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:47989. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 60  Rzany B, Hering O, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:611. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 61  Oh SW, Lew W. Erythema multiforme induced by acetaminophen: a recurrence at distant sites following patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:567. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 62  Ernst EJ, Egge JA. Celecoxib‐induced erythema multiforme with glyburide cross‐reactivity. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:63740. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 63  Sarkar R, Kaur C, Kanwar AJ. Erythema multiforme due to rofecoxib. Dermatology 2002;204:3045. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 64  Thirion L, Nikkels AF, Piérard GE. Etoricoxib‐induced erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption. Dermatology 2008;216:2278. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 65  Prieto A, De Barrio M, Pérez C. Piroxicam‐induced erythema multiforme. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:263. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 66  Perez A, Cabrerizo S, de Barrio M, et al. Erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption from amoxycillin and allopurinol. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:11314. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 67  Kumar A, Edward N, White MI, et al. Allopurinol, erythema multiforme, and renal insufficiency. BMJ 1996;312:1734. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 68  Lin GL, Chiu CH, Lin SK. Quetiapine‐induced erythema multiforme minor: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:6689. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 69  Desarkar P, Nizamie SH. Risperidone‐induced erythema multiforme minor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:5045. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 70  Balldin J, Berggren U, Heijer A, Mobacken H. Erythema multiforme caused by lithium. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:101516. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 71  Ford HE, Jenike MA. Erythema multiforme associated with trazadone therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:2945. Pubmed link
      • 72  Gales BJ, Gales MA. Erythema multiforme and angioedema with indapamide and sertraline [Letter]. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:11819. Pubmed link
      • 73  Lineberry TW, Peters GE, Jr, Bostwick JM. Bupropion‐induced erythema multiforme. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:6646. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 74  Ejaz AA, Walsh JS, Wasiluk A. Erythema multiforme associated with candesartan cilexetil. South Med J 2004;97:61415. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 75  Burger DE, Goyal S. Erythema multiforme from metformin. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:1537. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 76  De Frutos C, de Barrio M, Tornero P, et al. Erythema multiforme from sulfaguanidine. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:1867. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 77  Peña AL, Henriquezsantana A, Gonzalez‐Seco E, et al. Exudative erythema multiforme induced by hydroxyzine. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:1945. Pubmed link
      • 78  Horiuchi Y. Erythema multiforme caused by the H2‐blocker, roxatidine. J Dermatol 2000;27:3523. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 79  Garty BZ, Offer I, Livni E, Danon YL. Erythema multiforme and hypersensitivity myocarditis caused by ampicillin. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:7301. Pubmed link
      • 80  Padial MA, Barranco P, Lopez‐Serrano C. Erythema multiforme to vancomycin. Allergy 2000;55:1201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 81  Nettis E, Giordano D, Pierluigi T, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like rash in a patient sensitive to ofloxacin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 2002;82:3956. Cross Ref link
      • 82  Pierce TH, Vig SJ, Ingram PM. Ceftazidime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;12(Suppl. A):215. Cross Ref link
      • 83  Thami GP, Kaur S, Kanwar AJ. Erythema multiforme due to griseofulvin with positive re‐exposure test. Dermatology 2001;203:845. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 84  Todd P, Halpern S, Munro DD. Oral terbinafine and erythema multiforme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:2478. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 85  Gupta AK, Kopstein JB, Shear NH. Hypersensitivity reaction to terbinafine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:101819. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 86  Katz SK, Medenica MM, Kobayashi K, et al. Erythema multiforme induced by suramin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:2923. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 87  Remich SA, Otieno W, Polhemus ME, et al. Bullous erythema multiforme after treatment with Malarone, a combination antimalarial composed of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride. Trop Doct 2008;38:1901. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 88  Scully C, Diz Dios P. Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies. Oral Dis 2001;7:20510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 89  Borrás‐Blasco J, Navarro‐Ruiz A, Borrás C, Casterá E. Adverse cutaneous reactions associated with the newest antiretroviral drugs in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:87988. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 90  Wojnarowska F, Greaves MW, Peachey RDG, et al. Progesterone‐induced erythema multiforme. J R Soc Med 1985;78:4078. Pubmed link
      • 91  Suzuki R, Matsumura Y, Kambe N, et al. Erythema multiforme due to progesterone in a low‐dose oral contraceptive pill. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:3701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 92  Reynolds NJ, Sansom JE. Erythema multiforme during danazol therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:140. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 93  Lavabre C, Chevalier X, Larget‐Piet B. Erythema multiforme after intradural injection of prednisolone acetate. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31:71718. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 94  Sachs B, Renn C, al Masaoudi T, Merk HF. Fenoterol‐induced erythema exudativum multiforme‐like exanthem: demonstration of drug‐specific lymphocyte reactivity in vivo and in vitro. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:3689. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 95  Hall VC, El‐Azhary RA, Bouwhuis S, Rajkumar SV. Dermatologic side effects of thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:54852. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 96  Sendur MA, Kilickap S. Stevens–Johnson syndrome after treatment with capecitabine. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008;20:2023. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 97  MacGregor JL, Silvers DN, Grossman ME, Sherman WH. Sorafenib‐induced erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:5278. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 98  Blanes M, Silvestre JF, Albares MP, et al. Erythema multiforme due to methotrexate reproduced with patch test. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:1645. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 99  Mori T, Sato N, Watanabe R, et al. Erythema exsudativum multiforme induced by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell donor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;26:23940. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 100  Tan WP, Goh BK, Tan SH. Extensive erythema multiforme‐like eruption due to traditional Chinese herbal drug ‘Dong Ling Hou Tong Pian’. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:2913. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 101  Wolfsen HC, Ng CS. Cutaneous consequences of photodynamic therapy. Cutis 2002;69:1402. Pubmed link
      • 102  Frederiksen MS, Brenøe E, Trier J. Erythema multiforme minor following vaccination with paediatric vaccines. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:1545. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 103  Bernardini ML, D'Angelo G, Oggiano N, et al. Erythema multiforme following live attenuated trivalent measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86:35960. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 104  Karincaog'lu Y, Aki T, Erguvan‐Onal R, Seyhan M. Erythema multiforme due to diphtheria‐pertussis‐tetanus vaccine. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:3345. Cross Ref link
      • 105  Studdiford J, Oppenheim L, McCann E, Altshuler M. Erythema multiforme after meningitis vaccine: patient safety concerns with repeat immunization. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:165861. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 106  Loche F, Schwarze HP, Thedenat B, et al. Erythema multiforme associated with hepatitis B immunization. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:1678. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 107  Frey SE, Couch RB, Tacket CO, et al. Clinical responses to undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. N Engl J Med 2002;346:126574. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 108  Karakaya G, Sahin S, Fuat Kalyoncu A. Erythema multiforme: as a complication of allergen‐specific immunotherapy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2001;29:2768. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Topical agents triggering erythema multiforme‐like reactions

      • 109  Wiedemeyer K, Enk A, Jappe U. Erythema multiforme following allergic contact dermatitis: case report and literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:55961. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 110  Lengrand F, Tellart AS, Segard M, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption: an unusual presentation of primula contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 111  Bonamonte D, Filotico R, Mastrandrea V, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from primin. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59:1746. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 112  Werchniak AE, Schwarzenberger K. Poison ivy: an underreported cause of erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51(Suppl. 5):S15960. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 113  Jovanovic M, Mimica‐Dukic N, Poljacki M, Boza P. Erythema multiforme due to contact with weeds: a recurrence after patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:1725. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 114  Athanasiadis GI, Pfab F, Klein A, et al. Erythema multiforme due to contact with laurel oil. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:11618. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 115  Hong SJ, Chang CH. Erythema multiforme‐like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54:11820. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 116  Agrup G, Cronin E. Contact dermatitis X. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:42833. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 117  Fisher AA. Erythema multiforme‐like eruptions due to topical medications. II. Cutis 1986;37:15861. Pubmed link
      • 118  Perret CM, Steijlen PM, Zaun H, Happle R. Erythema multiforme‐like lesions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Dermatologica 1990;180:57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 119  Stingeni L, Caraffini S, Assalve D, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from budesonide. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:1545. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 120  Calista D, Schianchi S. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption induced by contact dermatitis caused by topical corticosteroids. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2008;143:2278. Pubmed link
      • 121  Newman JM, Rindler JM, Bergfeld WF. Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with topical nitrogen mustard therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:11214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 122  Mateo MP, Velasco M, Miquel FJ, de la Cuadra J. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption following allergic contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones in herbal medicine. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:44950. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 123  Koch P, Bahmer FA. Erythema multiforme‐like, urticarial papular and plaque eruptions from bufexamac: report of four cases. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:97101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 124  Kerre S, Busschots A, Dooms‐Goossens A. Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis due to phenylbutazone. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:21314. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 125  Silvestre JF, Betlloch I, Guijarro J, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption on the application site of a nitroglycerin patch, followed by widespread erythema multiforme. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:299300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 126  Khanna M, Qasem K, Sasseville D. Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme‐like id reaction. Am J Contact Dermat 2000;11:23842. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 127  Balato A, Patruno C, Balato N, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption because of para‐phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58:656. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 128  Jappe U, Hausen BM, Petzoldt D. Erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption and depigmentation following allergic contact dermatitis from a paint‐on henna tattoo, due to para‐phenylenediamine contact hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:24950. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 129  Sidwell RU, Francis ND, Basarab T, Morar N. Vesicular erythema multiforme‐like reaction to para‐phenylenediamine in a henna tattoo. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25:2014. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 130  Izu K, Hino R, Isoda H, et al. Photocontact dermatitis to ketoprofen presenting with erythema multiforme. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:71013. Pubmed link
      • 131  Lu CY, Sun CC. Localized erythema‐multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from rubber gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:31112. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 132  Inanir I. Erythema multiforme associated with blister beetle dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:175. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 133  Fisher AA. Erythema multiforme‐like eruptions due to topical miscellaneous compounds. III. Cutis 1986;37:2624. Pubmed link
      • 134  Heras‐Mendaza F, Casado‐Fariñas I, Paredes‐Gascón M, Conde‐Salazar L. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption due to an irritant contact dermatitis from a glyphosate pesticide. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59:546. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 135  Hata M, Tokura Y, Takigawa M. Erythema multiforme‐like eruption associated with contact dermatitis to cutting oil. Eur J Dermatol 2001;11:2478. Pubmed link
      • 136  Akita H, Washimi Y, Akamatsu H, et al. Erythema multiforme‐like occupational contact dermatitis due to bisphenol A. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Pathology

      • 137  Ackerman AB. Dermal and epidermal types of erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:795.
      • 138  Bedi TR, Pinkus H. Histopathological spectrum of erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:24350. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 139  Rzany B, Hering O, Mockenhaupt M, et al. Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:611. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 140  Paquet P, Pierard GE. Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:12732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 141  Huff JC, Weston WL, Tonneson MG. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983:18:76375. Cross Ref link
      • 142  Lozada‐Nur F, Gorsky M, Silverman S. Oral erythema multiforme: clinical observation and treatment of 95 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989;67:3640. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Clinical features

      • 143  Huff JC, Weston WL. Recurrent erythema multiforme. Medicine 1989;68:13340. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 144  Huff JC, Weston WL, Tonnesen MG. Erythema multiforme: a critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:76375. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 145  Bastuji‐Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. A clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 146  Auquier‐Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:101924. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 147  Johnston GA, Ghura HS, Carter E, Graham‐Brown RA. Neonatal erythema multiforme major. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:6614. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 148  Torrelo A, Moreno M, De Prada I, et al. Erythema multiforme in a neonate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(Suppl. 5):789. Cross Ref link
      • 149  Rasmussen JE. Erythema multiforme in children. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:1816. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 150  Murphy GM. Diseases associated with photosensitivity. J Photochem Photobiol B 2001;64:938. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 151  Lin JH, Sheu HM, Lee JY. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with erythema multiforme‐like lesions. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:4758. Pubmed link
      • 152  Drago F, Parodi A, Rebora A. Persistent erythema multiforme: report of new cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:3669. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 153  Pavlovic MD, Karadaglic DM, Kandolf LO, Mijuskovic ZP. Persistent erythema multiforme: a report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:548. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 154  Micalizzi C, Farris A. Erythema multiforme along Blaschko's lines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000;14:2034. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 155  Abraham Z, Feuerman EJ, Schafer I, Feinmesser M. Disseminated granuloma annulare following erythema multiforme minor. Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:23841. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 156  Rowell NR, Beck JS, Anderson JR. Lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme‐like lesions. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:17680. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 157  Zeitouni NC, Funaro D, Cloutier RA et al. Redefining Rowell's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:3436. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 158  Shteyngarts AR, Warner MR, Camisa C. Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: does Rowell's syndrome exist? J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:7737. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 159  Ydogan K, Karadogan S, Balaban Adim S, Tunali S. Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:6217. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 160  Shadid NH, Thissen CA, van Marion AM, et al. Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: Rowell's syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(Suppl. 3):302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 161  Duarte AF, Mota A, Pereira M, et al. Rowell syndrome – case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Online J 2008;14:15. Pubmed link
      • 162  Armstrong AW, Fazeli A, Yeh SW, et al. Vancomycin‐induced linear IgA disease manifesting as bullous erythema multiforme. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:3937. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 163  Beer K, Beer MS, Appelbaum D. Granuloma annulare masquerading as erythema multiforme. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:6947. Pubmed link
      • 164  Kempton J, Wright JM, Kerins C, Hale D. Misdiagnosis of erythema multiforme: a literature review and case report. Pediatr Dent 2012;34:33742. Pubmed link
      • 165  Burnett JW, Laing JM, Aurelian L. Acute skin eruptions that are positive for herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase in patients with stem cell transplantation: a new manifestation within the erythema multiforme reactive dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:9027. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Management

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      • 168  Urosevic‐Maiwald M, Kerl K, Harr T, Allemann IB. Dapsone‐induced erythema multiforme with neutropenia in a patient with linear IgA dermatosis: case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2013:10;136971.
      • 169  Enfro L, Grant‐Kels JM, Feder HH, et al. Are systemic steroids indicated in the treatment of erythema multiforme? Pediatr Dermatol 1989;6:4350. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 170  Martinez AE, Atherton DJ. High‐dose systemic corticosteroids can arrest recurrences of severe mucocutaneous erythema multiforme. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:8790. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 171  Chan M, Goldman RD. Erythema multiforme in children: the steroid debate. Can Fam Physician 2013;59:6356. Pubmed link
      • 172  Sokumbi O, Wetter DA. Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:889902. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 173  Huff JC. Therapy and prevention of erythema multiforme with acyclovir. Semin Dermatol 1988;7:21217. Pubmed link
      • 174  Lemak MA, Duvic M, Bean SF. Oral acyclovir for the prevention of herpes‐associated erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 175  Tatnall FM, Schofield JK, Leigh I. A double‐blind placebo controlled trial of continuous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:26770. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 176  Ladizinski B, Carter JB, Lee KC, Aaron DM. Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus‐induced erythema multiforme confounded by previous infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:7079. Pubmed link
      • 177  Molnar I, Matulis M. Arthritis associated with recurrent erythema multiforme responding to oral acyclovir. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21:41517. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 178  Burnett JW, Laing JM, Aurelian L. Acute skin eruptions that are positive for herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase in patients with stem cell transplantation: a new manifestation within the erythema multiforme reactive dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:9027. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 179  Moisson YF, Janier M, Civatte J. Thalidomide for recurrent erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:923. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 180  Conejo‐Mir JS, del Canto S, Muñoz MA, et al. Thalidomide as elective treatment in persistent erythema multiforme; report of two cases. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:404. Pubmed link
      • 181  Chen CW, Tsai TF, Chen YF, Hung CM. Persistent erythema multiforme treated with thalidomide. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:1237. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 182  Pavlovic MD, Karadaglic DM, Kandolf LO, Mijuskovic ZP. Persistent erythema multiforme: a report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:548. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 183  Mahendran R, Grant JW, Norris PG. Dapsone‐responsive persistent erythema multiforme. Dermatology 2000;200:2812. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 184  Davis MD, Rogers RS, III, Pittelkow MR. Recurrent erythema multiforme/ Stevens–Johnson syndrome: response to mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:154750. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 185  Bakis S, Zagarella S. Intermittent oral cyclosporin for recurrent herpes simplex‐associated erythema multiforme. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:1820. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Annular erythema of infancy

      • 186  Peterson AO, Jarratt MD. Annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:1458. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 187  Fried R, Schonberg IL, Litt JZ. Erythema annulare centrifugum (Darier) in a newborn infant. J Pediatr 1957;50:667. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 188  Herbert AA, Esterly NB. Annular erythema in infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:33943. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 189  Helm TN, Bass J, Chang LW, Bergfield WF. Persistent annular erythema in infancy. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10:468. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 190  Toonstra J, de Witt RFE. ‘Persistent’ annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:106972. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 191  Cox NH, McQueen A, Evans TJ, et al. An annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:51013. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 192  Beare JM, Frogatt P, Jones JH, et al. Familial annular erythema. An apparently new dominant mutation. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:5968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 193  Kunz M, Hamm K, Brocker EB, et al. Annular erythema in childhood – a new eosinophilic dermatosis. Hautarzt 1998;49:1314. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 194  Annessi G, Signoretti S, Angelo C, et al. Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:4036. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 195  Patrizi A, Savoia F, Varotti E, et al. Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy. Ped Dermatol 2008;25:25560. Cross Ref link
      • 196  Stachowitz S, Abeck D, Schmidt T, et al. Persistent annular erythema of infancy associated with intestinal Candida colonization. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:4045. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 197  Hammar H. Erythema annulare centrifugum coincident with Epstein–Barr virus infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 1974;63:78892. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 198  Kikuchi I, Ogata K, Inoue S. Pityrosporum infection in an infant with lesions resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:3802. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 199  Puig L, Moreno A, Alomar A, et al. Erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatale: a variant of cutaneous neonatal lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Dermatol 1988;5:11216. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 200  Cogrel O, Boralevi F, Lepreux S, et al. Lymphomatoid annular erythema: a new form of juvenile mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:5656. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 201  Annessi G, Paradisi M, Angelo C, et al. Annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:10296. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Erythema annulare centrifugum

      • 202  Harrison PV. The annular erythemas. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:28290. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 203  Tyring SK. Reactive erythemas: erythema annulare centrifugum and erythema gyratum repens. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:1359. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 204  Kim KJ, Chang SE, Choi JH, et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of 66 cases of erythema annulare centrifugum. J Dermatol 2002;29:617. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 205  Bressler GS, Jones RE. Erythema annulare centrifugum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:597602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 206  Mahood JM. Erythema annulare centrifugum: a review of 24 cases with some reference to its association with underlying disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:3837. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 207  Weyers W, Diaz‐Cascajo C, Weyers I. Erythema annulare centrifugum: results of a clinicopathologic study of 73 patients. Am J Dermatopathol 2003;25:45162. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 208  Hurley HJ, Hurley JP. The gyrate erythemas. Semin Dermatol 1984;3:32736.
      • 209  Beare JM, Frogatt P, Jones JH, et al. Familial annular erythema. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:5968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 210  Watsky KL, Hansen T. Annular erythema in identical twins. Cutis 1989;44:13940. Pubmed link
      • 211  Herbert TN, Esterly NB. Annular erythema in infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:33943. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 212  Kavurt S, Aydemir O, Celik U, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in a newborn. Eur J Pediatr 2013;172:8479. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 213  Sugita K, Kabashima K, Tokura Y. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with herpes zoster. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:2056. Pubmed link
      • 214  Furue M, Akasu R, Ohtake N, Tamaki K. Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:6467. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 215  Shelley WB. Erythema annulare centrifugum due to Candida albicans. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:3834. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 216  Hendricks AA, Lu C, Elfenbeing GJ, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with ascaris. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:5825. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 217  Bessis D, Chraibi H, Guillot B, Guilhou JJ. Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by generalised Phthirus pubis infestation. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:1291. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 218  Garcia‐Doval I, Peteiro C, Toiribio J. Amitriptyline‐induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Cutis 1999;63:356. Pubmed link
      • 219  Tsuji T, Nishimura M, Kimura S. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with gold sodium thiomalate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:2827.
      • 220  Hudson LD. Erythema annulare centrifugum: an unusual case due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Cutis 1985;36:12930. Pubmed link
      • 221  Hogan DJ, Blocka KL. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with piroxicam. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:8401. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 222  Halevy S, Cohen AD, Lunenfeld E, Grossman N. Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifested as erythema annulare centrifugum: confirmation of progesterone sensitivity by in vitro interferon‐gamma release. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:31113. Pubmed link
      • 223  Helbling I, Walewska R, Dyer MJ, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:10445. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 224  Woskoff A, Daneziger E, Zamparo DI. Hypereosinophilic syndrome. Centrifugal annular erythema as an initial manifestation. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1978;6:26772. Pubmed link
      • 225  Carlesimo M, Fidanza L, Mari E, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with mantle B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:31920. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 226  Yaniv R, Shpielberg O, Shapiro D, et al. Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:596. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 227  Summerly R. The figurate erythemas and malignancy. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:3703. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 228  Garty B. Erythema annulare centrifugum in a patient with polyglandular autoimmune disease type 1. Cutis 1998;62:2312. Pubmed link
      • 229  Inger‐Housz S, Venutolo E, Pinquier L, et al. Erthema annulare centrifugum and relapsing polychondritis. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2000;127:7359. Pubmed link
      • 230  Katayama I, Asai T, Nishioka K, et al. Annular erythema associated with primary Sjogren's syndrome: analysis of T‐cell subsets in infiltrates. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:121821. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 231  Sack DM, Carle G, Shama SK. Recurrent acute appendicitis with erythema annulare centrifugum. Arch Int Med 1984;144:20902. Cross Ref link
      • 232  Altomare GF, Capella GL, Frigerio E. Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema annulare centrifugum. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:5023. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 233  McKee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR. Erythema annulare centrifugum. In: McKee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR. Pathology of the Skin. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005:2635.
      • 234  Dereure O, Guilhou JJ. Eosinophilic‐like erythema: a clinical subset of Well's eosinophilic cellulitis responding to antimalarial drugs? Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2002;129:7203. Pubmed link
      • 235  Kahofer P, Grabmaier E, Aberer E. Treatment of eosinophilic annular erythema with chloroquine. Acta Dermatovenereol 2000;80:701.
      • 236  Zeimer M, Eisendle K, Zelger B. New concepts on erythema annulare centrifugum: a clinical reaction pattern that does not represent a specific clinicopathological entity. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:11926. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 237  Gniadecki R. Calcipotriol for erythema annulare centrifugum. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:31719. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 238  Rao NG, Pariser RJ. Annular erythema responding to tacrolimus ointment. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;4:4214.

      Erythema gyratum repens

      • 239  Gammel JA. Erythema gyratum repens. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1953;66:494505. Cross Ref link
      • 240  Thomson J, Stankler L. Erythema gyratum repens. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:40611. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 241  Thomas I, Schwartz RA. Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes: uncommon presentations. Clin Dermatol 2005;23:593600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 242  Boyd AS, Neldner KH, Menter A. Erythema gyratum repens: a paraneoplastic eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:75762. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 243  Eubanks LE, McBurney E, Reed R. Erythema gyratum repens. Am J Med Sci 2001;321:3025. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 244  Rongioletti F, Fausti V, Parodi A. Erythema gyratum repens is not an obligate paraneoplastic disease: a systematic review of the literature and personal experience. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2014;28:11215. Cross Ref link
      • 245  Kawakami T, Saito R. Erythema gyratum repens unassociated with underlying malignancy. J Dermatol 1995;22:5879. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 246  Almaani N, Robson A, Sarkany R, Griffiths WA. Erythema gyratum repens associated with pityriasis rubra pilaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:1614. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 247  Breathnach SM, Wilkinson JD, Black MM. Erythema gyratum repens‐like figurate eruption in bullous pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7:4016. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 248  Holt PJA, Davies MG. Erythema gyratum repens – an immunologically mediated dermatosis? Br J Dermatol 1977;96:3437. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Erythema marginatum

      • 249  Dajani AS, Ayoub E, Bierman FZ, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever: Jones criteria updated 1992. Circulation 1993;87:3027. Cross Ref link
      • 250  Abt AF. Erythema annulare rheumaticum. Am J Med Sci 1935;190:82433. Cross Ref link
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      • 254  Green ST, Hamlet NW, Willocks L, et al. Psittacosis presenting with erythema marginatum‐like lesions – a case report and a historical review. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:2257. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 255  Starr JC, Brasher GW. Erythema marginatum preceding hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1974;53:3525. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 256  Farkas H, Harmat G, Fáy A, et al. Erythema marginatum preceding an acute oedematous attack of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:3767. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 257  Troyer C, Grossman ME, Silvers DN. Erythema marginatum in rheumatic fever: early diagnosis by skin biopsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:7248. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Necrolytic migratory erythema

      • 258  Guillausseau PJ, Villet R, Kalloustian E, et al. Les glucagonomes. Aspects cliniques, biologiques, anatomopathologiques et tHÉrapeutiques (revue générale de 130 cas). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1982;6:102941. Pubmed link
      • 259  Soga J, Yakuwa Y. Glucagonomas/diabetico‐dermatogenic syndrome (DDS): a statistical evaluation of 407 reported cases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 1998;5:31219. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 260  Chastain MA. The glucagonoma syndrome: a review of its features and discussion of new perspectives. Am J Med Sci 2001;321:30620. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 261  Mullens EA, Cohen PR. Iatrogenic necrolytic migratory erythema: a case report and review of nonglucagonoma‐associated necrolytic migratory erythema. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:86673. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 262  Van Beek AP, de Haas ERM, van Vloten WA, et al. The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: a clinical review. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:5317. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 263  Eldor R, Glaser B, Fraenkel M, et al. Glucagonoma and glucagonoma syndrome – cumulative experience with an elusive endocrine tumour. Clin Endocrinol 2011;74:5938. Cross Ref link
      • 264  Virani S, Prajapati V, Devani A, et al. Octreotide‐responsive necrolytic migratory erythema in a patient with pseudoglucagonoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:e446. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 265  Yao JC, Eisner MP, Leary C, et al. Population‐based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:3492500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 266  Frankton S, Bloom SR. Glucagonomas. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1996;10:697705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 267  Abraira C, DeBartolo M, Katzen R, Lawrence AM. Disappearance of glucagonoma rash after surgical resection but not during dietary normalization of serum amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:3515. Pubmed link
      • 268  Hashizume T, Kiryu H, Noda K, et al. Glucagonoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:37783. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 269  Hunt SJ, Narus VT, Abell E. Necrolytic migratory erythema: dyskeratotic dermatitis, a clue to early diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:4737. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 270  Halvorson SAC, Gilbert E, Hopkins RS, et al. Putting the pieces together: necrolytic migratory erythema and the glucagonoma syndrome. J Gen Intern Med 2013;28:15259. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 271  Tabibian JH, Gerstenblith MR, Tedford RJ, et al. Necrolytic acral erythema as a cutaneous marker of hepatitis C: report of two cases and review. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:273543. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 272  Strosberg JR, Cheema A, Weber J, et al. Prognostic validity of a novel American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:30449. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 273  Chu QD, Al‐Kasspooles MF, Smith JL, et al. Is glucagonoma of the pancreas a curable disease? Int J Pancreatol 2001;29:15562. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 274  Dourakis SP, Alexopoulou A, Georgousi KK, et al. Glucagonoma syndrome: survival 21 years with concurrent liver metastases. Am J Med Sci 2007;334:2257. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 275  Yao JC, Shah MH, Ito T, et al. Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011;364:51423. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 276  Raymond E, Dahan L, Raoul J‐L, et al. Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011;364:50113. Cross Ref link Pubmed link