Part 4, Reference for Chapter 47: Reactive Inflammatory Erythemas
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Erythema multiforme
Definition and terminology
- 1 A clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:92–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 2 The spectrum of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a clinical classification. J Invest Dermatol 1994;102:S28–30. Cross Ref link .
- 3 Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens–Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:539–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 4 Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severity variants of the same disease which differs from erythema multiforme. J Dermatol 1997;24:726–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 5 Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1019–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 6 A new eruptive fever associated with stomatitis and ophthalmia: report of two cases in children. Am J Dis Child 1922;24:526–7. Cross Ref link , .
- 7 Clinicopathologic correlation in erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1268–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 8 Toxic epidermal necrolysis: an eruption resembling scalding of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1956;68:355–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 9 Advances in toxic epidermal necrolysis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1996;15:258–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 10 Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Dermatol Clin 2000;18: 485–95, ix. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 11 An international comparison of case definition of severe adverse cutaneous reactions to medicines. Drug Saf 1993;8:69–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 12 Acute disseminated epidermal necrosis types 1, 2, and 3: study of 60 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:623–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
Aetiology
Immunology
- 13 HLA‐B15 associates with erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:493–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 14 Association of herpes simplex virus‐induced erythema multiforme with the human leucocyte antigen Dqw3. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1372–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 15 Recurrent erythema multiforme: tissue typing in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:532–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 16 Erythema multiforme: direct immuno‐fluorescence studies and detection of circulating immune complexes. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:372–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 17 Erythema multiforme: clinical spectrum and immunopathogenesis. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1981;4:45–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 18 Epidermal autoantibodies in erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:677–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 19 Autoantibodies against desmoplakin I and II define a subset of patients with erythema multiforme major. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:1012–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 20 Detection of autoantibodies to desmoplakin in a patient with oral erythema multiforme. Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:238–41. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 21 Interaction of HSV‐1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cultured dermal microvascular endothelial cells: a potential model for the pathogenesis of HSV‐1 induced erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:150–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 22 Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in cutaneous lesions of erythema multiforme. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:183–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 23 Detection of HSV‐specific DNA in biopsy of patients with erythema multiforme by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:19–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 24 Herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐associated erythema multiforme (HAEM): a viral disease with an autoimmune component. Dermatol Online J 2003;9:1. Pubmed link , , .
- 25 CD34 cells in the peripheral blood transport herpes simplex virus DNA fragments to the skin of patients with erythema multiforme (HAEM). J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:1215–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 26 The herpes simplex virus gene Pol expressed in herpes‐associated erythema multiforme lesions upregulates/activates SP1 and inflammatory cytokines. Dermatology 2007;215:97–106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 27 Increased adherence to keratinocytes of peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes of a patient with drug‐induced erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1992;129:45–9. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 28 Epidermal apoptotic cell death in erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome: contribution of perforin‐positive cell infiltration. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:845–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 29 CC and CXC chemokines are differentially expressed in erythema multiforme in vivo. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1027–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
Triggering factors
- 30 Virus as possible aetiologic agent of erythema multiforme exudativum, bullous type. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1949;59:251–62. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 31 Editorial. Recurrent erythema multiforme and herpes simplex virus. Lancet 1989;ii:1311–12.
- 32 Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1992;128:542–5. Cross Ref link , , .
- 33 Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:241–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 34 Recurrent erythema multiforme in association with recurrent Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(Suppl. 5):S118–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 35 Febrile mucocutaneous syndromes (ectodermosis erosiva pleuriorificialis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, etc.) in adenovirus infections. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1967;47:281. .
- 36 Erythema multiforme associated with cytomegalovirus infection in non‐immunosuppressed patients. Dermatology 2001;203:299–302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 37 Persistent erythema multiforme and CMV infection. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:333–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 38 Erythema multiforme associated with acute hepatitis B virus infection. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:137–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 39 Erythema multiforme in infectious mononucleosis. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:345–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 40 Infectious mononucleosis presenting as erythema multiforme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:373–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 41 Orf followed by erythema multiforme. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2006;20:612–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 42 Varicella zoster virus infection associated with erythema multiforme in children. Infection 2001;29:37–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 43 Erythema exsudativum multiforme bei Rickettsiose. Hautarzt 1987;38:432–4. Pubmed link , .
- 44 Erythema multiforme associated with Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:645–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 45 Erythema multiforme associated with inflammatory ringworm on the hand. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:1078–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 46 Histoplasmosis in Montreal during the fall of 1963, with observations on erythema multiforme. Can Med Assoc J 1963;91:1154–60. , , , et al.
- 47 An epidemic of erythema multiforme and erythema nodosum caused by histoplasmosis. Ann Intern Med 1965;62:1244–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 48 Erythema multiforme following polymorphic light eruption: a report of two cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:232–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 49 Case 2: diagnosis – erythema multiforme as a presentation of autoimmune progesterone dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:107–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 50 A case of sarcoidosis presenting with erythema multiforme. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972;106:462–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 51 Erythema multiforme following deep X‐ray therapy. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1952;66:41–8. Cross Ref link , .
- 52 Severe erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome) following telecobalt therapy. Br J Radiol 1972;45:768–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 53 Erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome following radiotherapy. Radiat Med 2007;25:27–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Drug reactions
- 54 Cutaneous reactions to drugs: with special reference to severe mucocutaneous bullous eruptions and sulphonamides. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52(Suppl. 68):1–89. .
- 55 Erythema multiforme. A critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:763–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 56 Head and neck manifestations of erythema multiforme in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1994;111:236–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 57 Drug‐induced oral erythema multiforme: results of a long‐term retrospective study. Dermatologica 1984;168:35–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 58 Erythema multiforme (Stevens–Johnson syndrome): chart review of 123 hospitalized patients. Dermatologica 1985;171:383–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 59 Erythema multiforme (‘minus’ and ‘maius’) and drug intake. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:479–89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 60 Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 61 Erythema multiforme induced by acetaminophen: a recurrence at distant sites following patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2005;53:56–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 62 Celecoxib‐induced erythema multiforme with glyburide cross‐reactivity. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:637–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 63 Erythema multiforme due to rofecoxib. Dermatology 2002;204:304–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 64 Etoricoxib‐induced erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption. Dermatology 2008;216:227–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 65 Piroxicam‐induced erythema multiforme. Contact Dermatitis 2004;50:263. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 66 Erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption from amoxycillin and allopurinol. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:113–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 67 Allopurinol, erythema multiforme, and renal insufficiency. BMJ 1996;312:173–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 68 Quetiapine‐induced erythema multiforme minor: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26:668–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 69 Risperidone‐induced erythema multiforme minor. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:504–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 70 Erythema multiforme caused by lithium. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:1015–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 71 Erythema multiforme associated with trazadone therapy. J Clin Psychiatry 1985;46:294–5. Pubmed link , .
- 72 Erythema multiforme and angioedema with indapamide and sertraline [Letter]. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994;51:118–19. Pubmed link , .
- 73 Bupropion‐induced erythema multiforme. Mayo Clin Proc 2001;76:664–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , Jr, .
- 74 Erythema multiforme associated with candesartan cilexetil. South Med J 2004;97:614–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 75 Erythema multiforme from metformin. Ann Pharmacother 2004;38:1537. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 76 Erythema multiforme from sulfaguanidine. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:186–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 77 Exudative erythema multiforme induced by hydroxyzine. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:194–5. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 78 Erythema multiforme caused by the H2‐blocker, roxatidine. J Dermatol 2000;27:352–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 79 Erythema multiforme and hypersensitivity myocarditis caused by ampicillin. Ann Pharmacother 1994;28:730–1. Pubmed link , , , .
- 80 Erythema multiforme to vancomycin. Allergy 2000;55:1201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 81 Erythema multiforme‐like rash in a patient sensitive to ofloxacin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 2002;82:395–6. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 82 Ceftazidime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 1983;12(Suppl. A):21–5. Cross Ref link , , .
- 83 Erythema multiforme due to griseofulvin with positive re‐exposure test. Dermatology 2001;203:84–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 84 Oral terbinafine and erythema multiforme. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:247–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 85 Hypersensitivity reaction to terbinafine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:1018–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 86 Erythema multiforme induced by suramin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:292–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 87 Bullous erythema multiforme after treatment with Malarone, a combination antimalarial composed of atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride. Trop Doct 2008;38:190–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 88 Orofacial effects of antiretroviral therapies. Oral Dis 2001;7:205–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 89 Adverse cutaneous reactions associated with the newest antiretroviral drugs in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008;62:879–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 90 Progesterone‐induced erythema multiforme. J R Soc Med 1985;78:407–8. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 91 Erythema multiforme due to progesterone in a low‐dose oral contraceptive pill. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:370–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 92 Erythema multiforme during danazol therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1992;17:140. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 93 Erythema multiforme after intradural injection of prednisolone acetate. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31:717–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 94 Fenoterol‐induced erythema exudativum multiforme‐like exanthem: demonstration of drug‐specific lymphocyte reactivity in vivo and in vitro. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:368–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 95 Dermatologic side effects of thalidomide in patients with multiple myeloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:548–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 96 Stevens–Johnson syndrome after treatment with capecitabine. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2008;20:202–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 97 Sorafenib‐induced erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:527–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 98 Erythema multiforme due to methotrexate reproduced with patch test. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:164–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 99 Erythema exsudativum multiforme induced by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in an allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell donor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;26:239–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 100 Extensive erythema multiforme‐like eruption due to traditional Chinese herbal drug ‘Dong Ling Hou Tong Pian’. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:291–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 101 Cutaneous consequences of photodynamic therapy. Cutis 2002;69:140–2. Pubmed link , .
- 102 Erythema multiforme minor following vaccination with paediatric vaccines. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:154–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 103 Erythema multiforme following live attenuated trivalent measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccine. Acta Derm Venereol 2006;86:359–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 104 Erythema multiforme due to diphtheria‐pertussis‐tetanus vaccine. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:334–5. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 105 Erythema multiforme after meningitis vaccine: patient safety concerns with repeat immunization. Pharmacotherapy 2006;26:1658–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 106 Erythema multiforme associated with hepatitis B immunization. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:167–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 107 Clinical responses to undiluted and diluted smallpox vaccine. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1265–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 108 Erythema multiforme: as a complication of allergen‐specific immunotherapy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2001;29:276–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Topical agents triggering erythema multiforme‐like reactions
- 109 Erythema multiforme following allergic contact dermatitis: case report and literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:559–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 110 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption: an unusual presentation of primula contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 111 Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from primin. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59:174–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 112 Poison ivy: an underreported cause of erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51(Suppl. 5):S159–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 113 Erythema multiforme due to contact with weeds: a recurrence after patch testing. Contact Dermatitis 2003;48:17–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 114 Erythema multiforme due to contact with laurel oil. Contact Dermatitis 2007;57:116–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 115 Erythema multiforme‐like generalized allergic contact dermatitis caused by Alpinia galanga. Contact Dermatitis 2006;54:118–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 116 Contact dermatitis X. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:428–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 117 Erythema multiforme‐like eruptions due to topical medications. II. Cutis 1986;37:158–61. Pubmed link .
- 118 Erythema multiforme‐like lesions: a rare side effect of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone. Dermatologica 1990;180:5–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 119 Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from budesonide. Contact Dermatitis 1996;34:154–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 120 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption induced by contact dermatitis caused by topical corticosteroids. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2008;143:227–8. Pubmed link , .
- 121 Stevens–Johnson syndrome associated with topical nitrogen mustard therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:112–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 122 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption following allergic contact dermatitis from sesquiterpene lactones in herbal medicine. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:449–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 123 Erythema multiforme‐like, urticarial papular and plaque eruptions from bufexamac: report of four cases. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31:97–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 124 Erythema multiforme‐like contact dermatitis due to phenylbutazone. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:213–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 125 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption on the application site of a nitroglycerin patch, followed by widespread erythema multiforme. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:299–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 126 Allergic contact dermatitis to tea tree oil with erythema multiforme‐like id reaction. Am J Contact Dermat 2000;11:238–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 127 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption because of para‐phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58:65–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 128 Erythema‐multiforme‐like eruption and depigmentation following allergic contact dermatitis from a paint‐on henna tattoo, due to para‐phenylenediamine contact hypersensitivity. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:249–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 129 Vesicular erythema multiforme‐like reaction to para‐phenylenediamine in a henna tattoo. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25:201–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 130 Photocontact dermatitis to ketoprofen presenting with erythema multiforme. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:710–13. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 131 Localized erythema‐multiforme‐like contact dermatitis from rubber gloves. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:311–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 132 Erythema multiforme associated with blister beetle dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2002;46:175. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 133 Erythema multiforme‐like eruptions due to topical miscellaneous compounds. III. Cutis 1986;37:262–4. Pubmed link .
- 134 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption due to an irritant contact dermatitis from a glyphosate pesticide. Contact Dermatitis 2008;59:54–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 135 Erythema multiforme‐like eruption associated with contact dermatitis to cutting oil. Eur J Dermatol 2001;11:247–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 136 Erythema multiforme‐like occupational contact dermatitis due to bisphenol A. Contact Dermatitis 2001;45:305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Pathology
- 137 Dermal and epidermal types of erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:795. .
- 138 Histopathological spectrum of erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:243–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 139 Histopathological and epidemiological characteristics of patients with erythema exudativum multiforme major, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:6–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 140 Erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a comparative study. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:127–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 141 J Am Acad Dermatol 1983:18:763–75. Cross Ref link , , .
- 142 Oral erythema multiforme: clinical observation and treatment of 95 patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989;67:36–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Clinical features
- 143 Recurrent erythema multiforme. Medicine 1989;68:133–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 144 Erythema multiforme: a critical review of characteristics, diagnostic criteria and causes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:763–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 145 A clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:92–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 146 Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1019–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 147 Neonatal erythema multiforme major. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:661–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 148 Erythema multiforme in a neonate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(Suppl. 5):78–9. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 149 Erythema multiforme in children. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:181–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 150 Diseases associated with photosensitivity. J Photochem Photobiol B 2001;64:93–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 151 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis with erythema multiforme‐like lesions. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:475–8. Pubmed link , , .
- 152 Persistent erythema multiforme: report of new cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:366–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 153 Persistent erythema multiforme: a report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:54–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 154 Erythema multiforme along Blaschko's lines. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000;14:203–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 155 Disseminated granuloma annulare following erythema multiforme minor. Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:238–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 156 Lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme‐like lesions. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:176–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 157 Redefining Rowell's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:343–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , et al.
- 158 Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: does Rowell's syndrome exist? J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:773–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 159 Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:621–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 160 Lupus erythematosus associated with erythema multiforme: Rowell's syndrome. Int J Dermatol 2007;46(Suppl. 3):30–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Rowell syndrome – case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Online J 2008;14:15. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 162 Vancomycin‐induced linear IgA disease manifesting as bullous erythema multiforme. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:393–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 163 Granuloma annulare masquerading as erythema multiforme. J Drugs Dermatol. 2013;12:694–7. Pubmed link , , .
- 164 Misdiagnosis of erythema multiforme: a literature review and case report. Pediatr Dent 2012;34:337–42. Pubmed link , , , .
- 165 Acute skin eruptions that are positive for herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase in patients with stem cell transplantation: a new manifestation within the erythema multiforme reactive dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:902–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Management
- 166 Erythema multiforme in children. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:181–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 167 Erythema multiforme: a practical approach to recent advances. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19:82–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 168 Dapsone‐induced erythema multiforme with neutropenia in a patient with linear IgA dermatosis: case report and review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2013:10;1369–71. , , , .
- 169 Are systemic steroids indicated in the treatment of erythema multiforme? Pediatr Dermatol 1989;6:43–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 170 High‐dose systemic corticosteroids can arrest recurrences of severe mucocutaneous erythema multiforme. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:87–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 171 Erythema multiforme in children: the steroid debate. Can Fam Physician 2013;59:635–6. Pubmed link , .
- 172 Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of erythema multiforme: a review for the practicing dermatologist. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:889–902. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 173 Therapy and prevention of erythema multiforme with acyclovir. Semin Dermatol 1988;7:212–17. Pubmed link .
- 174 Oral acyclovir for the prevention of herpes‐associated erythema multiforme. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:50–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 175 A double‐blind placebo controlled trial of continuous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:267–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 176 Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus‐induced erythema multiforme confounded by previous infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:707–9. Pubmed link , , , .
- 177 Arthritis associated with recurrent erythema multiforme responding to oral acyclovir. Clin Rheumatol 2002;21:415–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 178 Acute skin eruptions that are positive for herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase in patients with stem cell transplantation: a new manifestation within the erythema multiforme reactive dermatoses. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:902–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 179 Thalidomide for recurrent erythema multiforme. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:92–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 180 Thalidomide as elective treatment in persistent erythema multiforme; report of two cases. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:40–4. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 181 Persistent erythema multiforme treated with thalidomide. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:123–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 182 Persistent erythema multiforme: a report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:54–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 183 Dapsone‐responsive persistent erythema multiforme. Dermatology 2000;200:281–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 184 Recurrent erythema multiforme/ Stevens–Johnson syndrome: response to mycophenolate mofetil. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1547–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 185 Intermittent oral cyclosporin for recurrent herpes simplex‐associated erythema multiforme. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:18–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Annular erythema of infancy
- 186 Annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:145–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 187 Erythema annulare centrifugum (Darier) in a newborn infant. J Pediatr 1957;50:66–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 188 Annular erythema in infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:339–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 189 Persistent annular erythema in infancy. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10:46–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 190 ‘Persistent’ annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:1069–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 191 An annular erythema of infancy. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:510–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 192 Familial annular erythema. An apparently new dominant mutation. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:59–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 193 Annular erythema in childhood – a new eosinophilic dermatosis. Hautarzt 1998;49:131–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 194 Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:403–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 195 Neutrophilic figurate erythema of infancy. Ped Dermatol 2008;25:255–60. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 196 Persistent annular erythema of infancy associated with intestinal Candida colonization. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:404–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 197 Erythema annulare centrifugum coincident with Epstein–Barr virus infection in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 1974;63:788–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 198 Pityrosporum infection in an infant with lesions resembling erythema annulare centrifugum. Arch Dermatol 1984;120:380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 199 Erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatale: a variant of cutaneous neonatal lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Dermatol 1988;5:112–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 200 Lymphomatoid annular erythema: a new form of juvenile mycosis fungoides. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:565–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 201 Annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:1029–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Erythema annulare centrifugum
- 202 The annular erythemas. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:282–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 203 Reactive erythemas: erythema annulare centrifugum and erythema gyratum repens. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:135–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 204 Clinicopathologic analysis of 66 cases of erythema annulare centrifugum. J Dermatol 2002;29:61–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 205 Erythema annulare centrifugum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:597–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 206 Erythema annulare centrifugum: a review of 24 cases with some reference to its association with underlying disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:383–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
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- 208 The gyrate erythemas. Semin Dermatol 1984;3:327–36. , .
- 209 Familial annular erythema. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:59–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 210 Annular erythema in identical twins. Cutis 1989;44:139–40. Pubmed link , .
- 211 Annular erythema in infancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:339–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 212 Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis in a newborn. Eur J Pediatr 2013;172:847–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 213 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with herpes zoster. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:205–6. Pubmed link , , .
- 214 Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by molluscum contagiosum. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:646–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 215 Erythema annulare centrifugum due to Candida albicans. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:383–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 216 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with ascaris. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:582–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 217 Erythema annulare centrifugum induced by generalised Phthirus pubis infestation. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:1291. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 218 Amitriptyline‐induced erythema annulare centrifugum. Cutis 1999;63:35–6. Pubmed link , , .
- 219 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with gold sodium thiomalate therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:282–7. , , .
- 220 Erythema annulare centrifugum: an unusual case due to hydroxychloroquine sulfate. Cutis 1985;36:129–30. Pubmed link .
- 221 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with piroxicam. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:840–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 222 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis manifested as erythema annulare centrifugum: confirmation of progesterone sensitivity by in vitro interferon‐gamma release. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:311–13. Pubmed link , , , .
- 223 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:1044–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 224 Hypereosinophilic syndrome. Centrifugal annular erythema as an initial manifestation. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1978;6:267–72. Pubmed link , , .
- 225 Erythema annulare centrifugum associated with mantle B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:319–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 226 Erythema annulare centrifugum as the presenting sign of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:59–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 227 The figurate erythemas and malignancy. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:370–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 228 Erythema annulare centrifugum in a patient with polyglandular autoimmune disease type 1. Cutis 1998;62:231–2. Pubmed link .
- 229 Erthema annulare centrifugum and relapsing polychondritis. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2000;127:735–9. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 230 Annular erythema associated with primary Sjogren's syndrome: analysis of T‐cell subsets in infiltrates. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1218‐21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 231 Recurrent acute appendicitis with erythema annulare centrifugum. Arch Int Med 1984;144:2090–2. Cross Ref link , , .
- 232 Sarcoidosis presenting as erythema annulare centrifugum. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:502–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 233 Erythema annulare centrifugum. In: McKee PH, Calonje E, Granter SR. Pathology of the Skin. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005:263–5. , , .
- 234 Eosinophilic‐like erythema: a clinical subset of Well's eosinophilic cellulitis responding to antimalarial drugs? Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2002;129:720–3. Pubmed link , .
- 235 Treatment of eosinophilic annular erythema with chloroquine. Acta Dermatovenereol 2000;80:70–1. , , .
- 236 New concepts on erythema annulare centrifugum: a clinical reaction pattern that does not represent a specific clinicopathological entity. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:119–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 237 Calcipotriol for erythema annulare centrifugum. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:317–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 238 Annular erythema responding to tacrolimus ointment. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;4:421–4. , .
Erythema gyratum repens
- 239 Erythema gyratum repens. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1953;66:494–505. Cross Ref link .
- 240 Erythema gyratum repens. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:406–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 241 Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes: uncommon presentations. Clin Dermatol 2005;23:593–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 242 Erythema gyratum repens: a paraneoplastic eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:757–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 243 Erythema gyratum repens. Am J Med Sci 2001;321:302–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 244 Erythema gyratum repens is not an obligate paraneoplastic disease: a systematic review of the literature and personal experience. J Eur Acad Derm Venereol 2014;28:112–15. Cross Ref link , , .
- 245 Erythema gyratum repens unassociated with underlying malignancy. J Dermatol 1995;22:587–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 246 Erythema gyratum repens associated with pityriasis rubra pilaris. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36:161–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 247 Erythema gyratum repens‐like figurate eruption in bullous pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol 1982;7:401–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 248 Erythema gyratum repens – an immunologically mediated dermatosis? Br J Dermatol 1977;96:343–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Erythema marginatum
- 249 Guidelines for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever: Jones criteria updated 1992. Circulation 1993;87:302–7. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 250 Erythema annulare rheumaticum. Am J Med Sci 1935;190:824–33. Cross Ref link .
- 251 The rheumatic erythemas; a critical survey. Ann Intern Med 1937–38;11:2223–72. .
- 252 Rheumatic fever. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2001;3:445–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 253 Clinical profile of acute rheumatic fever in children. J Trop Pediatr 1989;35:10–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 254 Psittacosis presenting with erythema marginatum‐like lesions – a case report and a historical review. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:225–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 255 Erythema marginatum preceding hereditary angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1974;53:352–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 256 Erythema marginatum preceding an acute oedematous attack of hereditary angioneurotic oedema. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:376–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 257 Erythema marginatum in rheumatic fever: early diagnosis by skin biopsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:724–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Necrolytic migratory erythema
- 258 Les glucagonomes. Aspects cliniques, biologiques, anatomopathologiques et tHÉrapeutiques (revue générale de 130 cas). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1982;6:1029–41. Pubmed link , , , et al.
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- 262 The glucagonoma syndrome and necrolytic migratory erythema: a clinical review. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151:531–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 263 Glucagonoma and glucagonoma syndrome – cumulative experience with an elusive endocrine tumour. Clin Endocrinol 2011;74:593–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 264 Octreotide‐responsive necrolytic migratory erythema in a patient with pseudoglucagonoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:e44–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 265 Population‐based study of islet cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2007;14:3492–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 266 Glucagonomas. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1996;10:697–705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 267 Disappearance of glucagonoma rash after surgical resection but not during dietary normalization of serum amino acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39:351–5. Pubmed link , , , .
- 268 Glucagonoma syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:377–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 269 Necrolytic migratory erythema: dyskeratotic dermatitis, a clue to early diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:473–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 270 Putting the pieces together: necrolytic migratory erythema and the glucagonoma syndrome. J Gen Intern Med 2013;28:1525–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 271 Necrolytic acral erythema as a cutaneous marker of hepatitis C: report of two cases and review. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2735–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 272 Prognostic validity of a novel American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Classification for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3044–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 273 Is glucagonoma of the pancreas a curable disease? Int J Pancreatol 2001;29:155–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 274 Glucagonoma syndrome: survival 21 years with concurrent liver metastases. Am J Med Sci 2007;334:225–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 275 Everolimus for advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011;364:514–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 276 Sunitinib malate for the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. N Engl J Med 2011;364:501–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.