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Subepidermal immunobullous diseases

    Bullous pemphigoid

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    • 365  Rose C, Schmidt E, Kerstan A, et al. Histopathology of anti‐laminin 5 mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:433–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 368  Kirtschig G, Middleton P, Bennett C, Murrell DF, Wojnarowska F, Khumalo NP. Interventions for bullous pemphigoid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD002292. Pubmed link
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    • 370  Kjellman P, Eriksson H, Berg P. A retrospective analysis of patients with bullous pemphigoid treated with methotrexate. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:612–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 371  Chave TA, Mortimer NJ, Shah DS, Hutchinson PE. Chlorambucil as a steroid‐sparing agent in bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:1107–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 373  Gual A, Iranzo P, Mascaro Jr JM. Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with low‐dose oral cyclophosphamide: a case series of 20 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28:814–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 374  Fox BJ, Odom RB, Findlay RF. Erythromycin therapy in bullous pemphigoid: possible anti‐inflammatory effects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:504–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 375  Barthelemy H, Thivolet J, Cambazard F, et al. [Cyclosporin in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid: preliminary study.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1986;113:309–13. Pubmed link
    • 376  Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ. Bullous pemphigoid treated with leflunomide: a novel immunomodulatory agent. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:1204–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 377  Schmidt E, Goebeler M. CD20‐directed therapy in autoimmune diseases involving the skin: role of rituximab. Exp Rev Dermatol 2008;3:259–78. Cross Ref link
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    • 379  Shetty S, Ahmed AR. Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with rituximab: critical analysis of the current literature. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:672–7. Pubmed link
    • 380  Herrero‐Gonzalez JE, Sitaru C, Klinker E, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Successful adjuvant treatment of severe bullous pemphigoid by tryptophan immunoadsorption. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:519–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 381  Ino N, Kamata N, Matsuura C, Shinkai H, Odaka M. Immunoadsorption for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. Ther Apher 1997;1:372–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 382  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Immunoadsorption in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:241–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 383  Ahmed AR. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with bullous pemphigoid unresponsive to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:825–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 384  Engineer L, Ahmed AR. Role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid: analysis of current data. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:83–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 385  Gaitanis G, Alexis I, Pelidou SH, et al. High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of adult patients with bullous pemphigoid. Eur J Dermatol 2012;22:363–9. Pubmed link
    • 386  Bernard P, Bedane C, Prost C, Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S, Joly P. [Bullous pemphigoid. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment. Centres de reference des maladies bulleuses auto‐immunes. Societe Francaise de Dermatologie.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011;138:247–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 387  Venning VA, Taghipour K, Mohd Mustapa MF, Highet AS, Kirtschig G. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of bullous pemphigoid 2012. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1200–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 388  Feciliani C, Borradori L, Ioannides D, et al. Pemphigoid. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
    • 389  Eming R, Sticherling M, Hofmann S, et al. S2k guidelines for the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris/foliaceus and bullous pemphigoid. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2015;13:833–44. Pubmed link
    • 390  Hertl M, Zillikens D, Borradori L, et al. Recommendations for the use of rituximab (anti‐CD20 antibody) in the treatment of autoimmune bullous skin diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2008;6:366–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 391  Zillikens D, Derfler K, Eming R, et al. Recommendations for the use of immunoapheresis in the treatment of autoimmune bullous diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:881–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 392  Enk A, Fierlbeck G, French L, et al. Use of high‐dose immunoglobulins in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:806–12. Pubmed link
    • 393  Ahmed AR, Dahl MV. Consensus statement on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1051–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 394  Enk A. Guidelines on the use of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin in dermatology. Eur J Dermatol 2009;19:90–8. Pubmed link
    • 395  Beissert S, Werfel T, Frieling U, et al. A comparison of oral methylprednisolone plus azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of pemphigus. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1447–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 396  Fivenson DP, Breneman DL, Rosen GB, Hersh CS, Cardone S, Mutasim D. Nicotinamide and tetracycline therapy of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:753–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 397  Guillaume JC, Vaillant L, Bernard P, et al. Controlled trial of azathioprine and plasma exchange in addition to prednisolone in the treatment of bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:49–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 398  Dreno B, Sassolas B, Lacour P, et al. [Methylprednisolone versus prednisolone methylsulfobenzoate in pemphigoid: a comparative multicenter study.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1993;120:518–21. Pubmed link
    • 399  Morel P, Guillaume JC. [Treatment of bullous pemphigoid with prednisolone only: 0.75 mg/kg/day versus 1.25 mg/kg/day. A multicenter randomized study.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1984;111:925–8. Pubmed link
    • 400  Roujeau JC, Guillaume JC, Morel P, et al. Plasma exchange in bullous pemphigoid. Lancet 1984;2:486–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 401  Burton JL, Harman RR, Peachey RD, Warin RP. Azathioprine plus prednisone in treatment of pemphigoid. BMJ 1978;2:1190–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Mucous membrane pemphigoid

    • 402  Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:370–9. Pubmed link
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    • 404  Ahmed AR, Kurgis BS, Rogers RS 3rd. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:987–1001. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 406  Lever WF. Pemphigus. Medicine 1953;32:1–123. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 407  Holubar K. Historical background. In: Wojnarowska F, Briggaman RA, eds. Management of Blistering Diseases. London: Chapman and Hall Medical, 1990:1–12. Cross Ref link
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    • 409  Morris M, Roberts HK. Pemphigus of the skin and mucous membranes. Br J Dermatol 1889;1:175–81.
    • 410  Schmidt E, Skrobek C, Kromminga A, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid: IgA and IgG autoantibodies target epitopes on both intra‐ and extracellular domains of bullous pemphigoid antigen 180. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 413  Lazarova Z, Hsu R, Briggaman RA, Yancey KB. Fab fragments directed against laminin 5 induce subepidermal blisters in neonatal mice. Clin Immunol 2000;95:26–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 416  Chan RY, Bhol K, Tesavibul N, et al. The role of antibody to human beta4 integrin in conjunctival basement membrane separation: possible in vitro model for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:2283–90. Pubmed link
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    • 418  Bernard P, Vaillant L, Labeille B, et al. Incidence and distribution of subepidermal autoimmune bullous skin diseases in three French regions. Bullous Diseases French Study Group. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:48–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 419  Bertram F, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Prospective analysis of the incidence of autoimmune bullous disorders in Lower Franconia, Germany. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:434–40. Pubmed link
    • 420  Zillikens D, Wever S, Roth A, et al. Incidence of autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatoses in a region of central Germany. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:957–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 421  Radford CF, Rauz S, Williams GP, Saw VP, Dart JK. Incidence, presenting features, and diagnosis of cicatrising conjunctivitis in the United Kingdom. Eye (London) 2012;26:1199–208. Cross Ref link
    • 422  Ahmed AR, Hombal SM. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol 1986;25:90–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 424  Higgins GT, Allan RB, Hall R, Field EA, Kaye SB. Development of ocular disease in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the oral mucosa. Br J Ophthalmol 2006;90:964–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 425  Laskaris G, Sklavounou A, Stratigos J. Bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. A comparative clinical survey of 278 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982;54:656–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 426  Wojnarowska F, Marsden RA, Bhogal B, Black MM. Chronic bullous disease of childhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid, and linear IgA disease of adults. A comparative study demonstrating clinical and immunopathologic overlap. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:792–805. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 427  Matsushima S, Horiguchi Y, Honda T, et al. A case of anti‐epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid associated with lung carcinoma and severe laryngeal stenosis: review of Japanese cases and evaluation of risk for internal malignancy. J Dermatol 2004;31:10–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 428  Leverkus M, Schmidt E, Lazarova Z, Brocker EB, Yancey KB, Zillikens D. Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid: an underdiagnosed entity within the spectrum of scarring autoimmune subepidermal bullous diseases? Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1091–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 429  Nayar M, Wojnarowska F. No association between cicatricial pemphigoid and malignant disease. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:193–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 430  Letko E, Gurcan HM, Papaliodis GN, Christen W, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Relative risk for cancer in mucous membrane pemphigoid associated with antibodies to the beta4 integrin subunit. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:637–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 431  Malik M, Gurcan HM, Christen W, Ahmed AR. Relationship between cancer and oral pemphigoid patients with antibodies to alpha6‐integrin. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:1–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 432  Oyama N, Setterfield JF, Powell AM, et al. Bullous pemphigoid antigen II (BP180) and its soluble extracellular domains are major autoantigens in mucous membrane pemphigoid: the pathogenic relevance to HLA class II alleles and disease severity. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:90–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 433  Domloge‐Hultsch N, Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, et al. Epiligrin, the major human keratinocyte integrin ligand, is a target in both an acquired autoimmune and an inherited subepidermal blistering skin disease. J Clin Invest 1992;90:1628–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 434  Bernard P, Antonicelli F, Bedane C, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of anti‐laminin 332 autoantibodies detected by a novel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in mucous membrane pemphigoid. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:533–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 436  Kawahara Y, Amagai M, Ohata Y, et al. A case of cicatricial pemphigoid with simultaneous IgG autoantibodies against the 180 kd bullous pemphigoid antigen and laminin 5. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:624–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 437  Shimanovich I, Petersen EE, Weyers W, Sitaru C, Zillikens D. Subepidermal blistering disease with autoantibodies to both the p200 autoantigen and the alpha3 chain of laminin 5. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:S90–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 438  Balding SD, Prost C, Diaz LA, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid autoantibodies react with multiple sites on the BP180 extracellular domain. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:141–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 439  Bedane C, McMillan JR, Balding SD, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid autoantibodies react with ultrastructurally separable epitopes on the BP180 ectodomain: evidence that BP180 spans the lamina lucida. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:901–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 440  Kromminga A, Sitaru C, Meyer J, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid differs from bullous pemphigoid and pemphigoid gestationis regarding the fine specificity of autoantibodies to the BP180 NC16A domain. J Dermatol Sci 2002;28:68–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 441  Lee JB, Liu Y, Hashimoto T. Cicatricial pemphigoid sera specifically react with the most C‐terminal portion of BP180. J Dermatol Sci 2003;32:59–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 442  Roh JY, Yee C, Lazarova Z, Hall RP, Yancey KB. The 120‐kDa soluble ectodomain of type XVII collagen is recognized by autoantibodies in patients with pemphigoid and linear IgA dermatosis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:104–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 443  Kirtschig G, Marinkovich MP, Burgeson RE, Yancey KB. Anti‐basement membrane autoantibodies in patients with anti‐epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid bind the alpha subunit of laminin 5. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:543–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 444  Rashid KA, Gurcan HM, Ahmed AR. Antigen specificity in subsets of mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:2631–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 445  Bhol KC, Goss L, Kumari S, Colon JE, Ahmed AR. Autoantibodies to human alpha6 integrin in patients with oral pemphigoid. J Dent Res 2001;80:1711–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 446  Tyagi S, Bhol K, Natarajan K, Livir‐Rallatos C, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid antigen: partial sequence and biochemical characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:14714–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 447  Bhol KC, Dans MJ, Simmons RK, Foster CS, Giancotti FG, Ahmed AR. The autoantibodies to alpha 6 beta 4 integrin of patients affected by ocular cicatricial pemphigoid recognize predominantly epitopes within the large cytoplasmic domain of human beta 4. J Immunol 2000;165:2824–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 448  Bean SF, Waisman M, Michel B, Thomas CI, Knox JM, Levine M. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Immunofluorescent studies. Arch Dermatol 1972;106:195–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 449  Sarret Y, Hall R, Cobo LM, Thivolet J, Patton DL, Woodley DT. Salt‐split human skin substrate for the immunofluorescent screening of serum from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid and a new method of immunoprecipitation with IgA antibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:952–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 450  Bernard P, Prost C, Aucouturier P, Durepaire N, Denis F, Bonnetblanc JM. The subclass distribution of IgG autoantibodies in cicatricial pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:259–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 451  Setterfield J, Shirlaw PJ, Bhogal BS, Tilling K, Challacombe SJ, Black MM. Cicatricial pemphigoid: serial titres of circulating IgG and IgA antibasement membrane antibodies correlate with disease activity. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:645–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 452  Hayashi I, Shinkuma S, Shimizu S, et al. Mucous membrane pemphigoid with generalized blisters: IgA and IgG autoantibodies target both laminin‐332 and type XVII collagen. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:1116–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 454  Colon JE, Bhol KC, Razzaque MS, Ahmed AR. In vitro organ culture model for mucous membrane pemphigoid. Clin Immunol 2001;98:229–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 457  Black AP, Seneviratne SL, Jones L, et al. Rapid effector function of circulating NC16A‐specific T cells in individuals with mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:1160–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 458  Foster CS, Sainz De La Maza M. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;4:435–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 501  Secchi AG, Tognon MS. Intraoperative mitomycin C in the treatment of cicatricial obliterations of conjunctival fornices. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;122:728–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 505  Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: a preliminary study. Ophthalmology 1999;106:2136–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 508  Kirtschig G, Murrell DF, Wojnarowska F, Khumalo NP. Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD004056.
    • 509  Kennedy JS, Devillez RL, Henning JS. Recalcitrant cicatricial pemphigoid treated with the anti‐TNF‐alpha agent etanercept. J Drugs Dermatol 2010;9:68–70. Pubmed link
    • 510  Canizares MJ, Smith DI, Conners MS, Maverick KJ, Heffernan MP. Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with etanercept in 3 patients. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1457–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 511  Sacher C, Rubbert A, Konig C, Scharffetter‐Kochanek K, Krieg T, Hunzelmann N. Treatment of recalcitrant cicatricial pemphigoid with the tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonist etanercept. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:113–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 512  Heffernan MP, Bentley DD. Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with infliximab. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1268–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 515  Schmidt E, Seitz CS, Benoit S, Brocker EB, Goebeler M. Rituximab in autoimmune bullous diseases: mixed responses and adverse effects. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:352–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 516  Shetty S, Ahmed AR. Critical analysis of the use of rituximab in mucous membrane pemphigoid: a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:499–506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 517  Kasperkiewicz M, Shimanovich I, Ludwig RJ, Rose C, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Rituximab for treatment‐refractory pemphigus and pemphigoid: a case series of 17 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:552–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 518  Le Roux‐Villet C, Prost‐Squarcioni C, Alexandre M, et al. Rituximab for patients with refractory mucous membrane pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:843–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 519  Schmidt E, Goebeler M. CD20‐directed therapy in autoimmune diseases involving the skin: role of rituximab. Exp Rev Dermatol 2008;3:259–78. Cross Ref link
    • 520  Heelan K, Walsh S, Shear NH. Treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with rituximab. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:310–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 521  Schmidt E, Goebeler M, Zillikens D. Rituximab in severe pemphigus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1173:683–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 522  Bedane C, Prost C, Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S, Joly P, Bernard P. [Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment. Centres de reference des maladies bulleuses auto‐immunes. Societe Francaise de Dermatologie.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011;138:259–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 523  Kourosh AS, Yancey KB. Therapeutic approaches to patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:637–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 526  Zillikens D, Derfler K, Eming R, et al. Recommendations for the use of immunoapheresis in the treatment of autoimmune bullous diseases. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:881–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 527  Recke A, Shimanovich I, Steven P, Westermann L, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. [Treatment‐refractory anti‐laminin 332 mucous membrane pemphigoid. Remission following adjuvant immunoadsorption and rituximab.] Hautarzt 2011;62:852–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 528  Enk A, Fierlbeck G, French L, et al. Use of high‐dose immunoglobulins in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:806–12. Pubmed link
    • 529  Enk A. Guidelines on the use of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin in dermatology. Eur J Dermatol 2009;19:90–8. Pubmed link

    Linear IgA bullous dermatosis

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    • 538  Marinkovich MP, Taylor TB, Keene DR, Burgeson RE, Zone JJ. LAD‐1, the linear IgA bullous dermatosis autoantigen, is a novel 120‐kDa anchoring filament protein synthesized by epidermal cells. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:734–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 539  Zone JJ, Taylor TB, Kadunce DP, Meyer LJ. Identification of the cutaneous basement membrane zone antigen and isolation of antibody in linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis. J Clin Invest 1990;85:812–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 540  Wojnarowska F, Whitehead P, Leigh IM, Bhogal BS, Black MM. Identification of the target antigen in chronic bullous disease of childhood and linear IgA disease of adults. Br J Dermatol 1991;124:157–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 541  Hashimoto T, Ishiko A, Shimizu H, et al. A case of linear IgA bullous dermatosis with IgA anti‐type VII collagen autoantibodies. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:336–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 542  Hayashi I, Shinkuma S, Shimizu S, et al. Mucous membrane pemphigoid with generalized blisters: IgA and IgG autoantibodies target both laminin‐332 and type XVII collagen. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:1116–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 544  Kanitakis J, Mauduit G, Cozzani E, Badinand P, Faure M, Claudy A. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of childhood with autoantibodies to a 230 kDa epidermal antigen. Pediatr Dermatol 1994;11:139–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 545  Zambruno G, Manca V, Kanitakis J, Cozzani E, Nicolas JF, Giannetti A. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis with autoantibodies to a 290 kd antigen of anchoring fibrils. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:884–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 546  Yamane Y, Sato H, Higashi K, Yaoita H. Linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) bullous dermatosis of childhood: identification of the target antigens and study of the cellular sources. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:785–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 547  Dmochowski M, Hashimoto T, Bhogal BS, Black MM, Zone JJ, Nishikawa T. Immunoblotting studies of linear IgA disease. J Dermatol Sci 1993;6:194–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 550  Wong SN, Chua SH. Spectrum of subepidermal immunobullous disorders seen at the National Skin Centre, Singapore: a 2‐year review. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:476–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 551  Zillikens D, Wever S, Roth A, et al. Incidence of autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatoses in a region of central Germany. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:957–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 552  Mulyowa GK, Jaeger G, Kabakyenga J, et al. Autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases in Uganda: correlation of autoantibody class with age of patients. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:1047–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 553  Piamphongsant T, Sirimachan S, Himmunknan P. Juvenile blistering diseases: the problems of diagnosis and treatment. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1986;4:133–7. Pubmed link
    • 554  Aboobaker J, Wojnarowska FT, Bhogal B, Black MM. Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood–clinical and immunological features seen in African patients. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:160–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 555  Adam BA. Bullous diseases in Malaysia: epidemiology and natural history. Int J Dermatol 1992;31:42–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 556  Ajithkumar K, Kurian S, Jacob M, Pulimood S. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis in south India. Int J Dermatol 1997;36:191–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 557  Denguezli M, Ben Nejma B, Nouira R, et al. [Iga linear bullous dermatosis in children. A series of 12 Tunisian patients.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994;121:888–92. Pubmed link
    • 558  Mahe A, Flageul B, Bobin P. [Bullous IgA linear dermatosis of children in Mali.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1996;123:544–8. Pubmed link
    • 559  Godfrey K, Wojnarowska F, Leonard J. Linear IgA disease of adults: association with lymphoproliferative malignancy and possible role of other triggering factors. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:447–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 560  Paige DG, Leonard JN, Wojnarowska F, Fry L. Linear IgA disease and ulcerative colitis. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:779–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 561  McEvoy MT, Connolly SM. Linear IgA dermatosis: association with malignancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:59–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 562  Pas HH, Kloosterhuis GJ, Heeres K, van der Meer JB, Jonkman MF. Bullous pemphigoid and linear IgA dermatosis sera recognize a similar 120‐kDa keratinocyte collagenous glycoprotein with antigenic cross‐reactivity to BP180. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:423–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 563  Zone JJ, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ, Petersen MJ. The 97 kDa linear IgA bullous disease antigen is identical to a portion of the extracellular domain of the 180 kDa bullous pemphigoid antigen, BPAg2. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 564  Hirako Y, Nishizawa Y, Sitaru C, et al. The 97‐kDa (LABD97) and 120‐kDa (LAD‐1) fragments of bullous pemphigoid antigen 180/type XVII collagen have different N‐termini. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:1554–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 565  Franzke CW, Bruckner‐Tuderman L, Blobel CP. Shedding of collagen XVII/BP180 in skin depends on both ADAM10 and ADAM9. J Biol Chem 2009;284:23386–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 567  Zillikens D, Herzele K, Georgi M, et al. Autoantibodies in a subgroup of patients with linear IgA disease react with the NC16A domain of BP1801. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:947–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 568  Ishii N, Ohyama B, Yamaguchi Z, Hashimoto T. IgA autoantibodies against the NC16a domain of BP180 but not 120‐kDa LAD‐1 detected in a patient with linear IgA disease. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1151–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 569  Georgi M, Scheckenbach C, Kromminga A, et al. Mapping of epitopes on the BP180 ectodomain targeted by IgA and IgG autoantibodies in patients with the lamina lucida‐type of linear IgA disease. Arch Dermatol Res 2001;293:109–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 570  Lin MS, Fu CL, Olague‐Marchan M, et al. Autoimmune responses in patients with linear IgA bullous dermatosis: both autoantibodies and T lymphocytes recognize the NC16A domain of the BP180 molecule. Clin Immunol 2002;102:310–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 571  Wojnarowska F, Bhogal BS, Black MM. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and linear IgA disease of adults are IgA1‐mediated diseases. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:201–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 572  Zone JJ, Pazderka Smith E, et al. Antigenic specificity of antibodies from patients with linear basement membrane deposition of IgA. Dermatology 1994;189 Suppl. 1:64–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 573  Peters MS, Rogers RS. Clinical correlations of linear IgA deposition at the cutaneous basement membrane zone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:761–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 574  Kromminga A, Scheckenbach C, Georgi M, et al. Patients with bullous pemphigoid and linear IgA disease show a dual IgA and IgG autoimmune response to BP180. J Autoimmun 2000;15:293–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 575  Sheridan AT, Kirtschig G, Wojnarowska F. Mixed immunobullous disease: is this linear IgA disease? Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:219–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 576  Hendrix JD, Mangum KL, Zone JJ, Gammon WR. Cutaneous IgA deposits in bullous diseases function as ligands to mediate adherence of activated neutrophils. J Invest Dermatol 1990;94:667–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 577  Akahoshi Y, Kanda G, Anan S, Yoshida H. Dermo‐epidermal blister formation by linear IgA dermatosis sera in normal human skin in organ culture. J Dermatol 1987;14:352–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 578  Zone JJ, Egan CA, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ. IgA autoimmune disorders: development of a passive transfer mouse model. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2004;9:47–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 579  Ghohestani RF, Nicolas JF, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis with IgA antibodies exclusively directed against the 180‐ or 230‐kDa epidermal antigens. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108:854–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 580  Paul C, Wolkenstein P, Prost C, et al. Drug‐induced linear IgA disease: target antigens are heterogeneous. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:406–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 581  Buijsrogge JJ, Diercks GF, Pas HH, Jonkman MF. The many faces of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita after serration pattern analysis by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:92–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 582  Wozniak K, Hashimoto T, Fukuda S, et al. IgA anti‐p200 pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 2012;147:1306–10. Cross Ref link
    • 583  Shimanovich I, Rose C, Sitaru C, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Localized linear IgA disease induced by ampicillin/sulbactam. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:95–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 584  Nousari HC, Kimyai‐Asadi A, Caeiro JP, Anhalt GJ. Clinical, demographic, and immunohistologic features of vancomycin‐induced linear IgA bullous disease of the skin. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999;78:1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 585  Billet SE, Kortuem KR, Gibson LE, El‐Azhary R. A morbilliform variant of vancomycin‐induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:774–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 586  Onodera H, Mihm MC Jr, Yoshida A, Akasaka T. Drug‐induced linear IgA bullous dermatosis. J Dermatol 2005;32:759–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 587  Collier PM, Wojnarowska F. Drug‐induced linear immunoglobulin A disease. Clin Dermatol 1993;11:529–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 588  Plunkett RW, Chiarello SE, Beutner EH. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis in one of two piroxicam‐induced eruptions: a distinct direct immunofluorescence trend revealed by the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:691–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 589  Girao L, Fiadeiro T, Rodrigues JC. Burn‐induced linear IgA dermatosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000;14:507–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 590  Alberta‐Wszolek L, Mousette AM, Mahalingam M, Levin NA. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis following influenza vaccination. Dermatol Online J 2009;15:3.
    • 591  Salmhofer W, Soyer HP, Wolf P, Fodinger D, Hodl S, Kerl H. UV light‐induced linear IgA dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:109–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 598  Collier PM, Kelly SE, Wojnarowska F. Linear IgA disease and pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:407–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 600  Burge S, Wojnarowska F, Marsden A. Chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood persisting into adulthood. Pediatr Dermatol 1988;5:246–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 602  Zhou S, Wakelin SH, Allen J, Wojnarowska F. Blister fluid for the diagnosis of subepidermal immunobullous diseases: a comparative study of basement membrane zone autoantibodies detected in blister fluid and serum. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:27–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 605  Nie Z, Nagata Y, Joubeh S, et al. IgA antibodies of linear IgA bullous dermatosis recognize the 15th collagenous domain of BP180. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:1164–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 607  Ng SY, Venning VV. Management of linear IgA disease. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:629–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    Anti‐p200 pemphigoid

    • 610  Goletz S, Hashimoto T, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Anti‐p200 pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71:185–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 611  Zillikens D, Kawahara Y, Ishiko A, et al. A novel subepidermal blistering disease with autoantibodies to a 200‐kDa antigen of the basement membrane zone. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106:1333–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 613  Shimizu A, Funakoshi T, Ishibashi M, et al. Immunoglobulin G deposition to nonhemidesmosomal lamina lucida and early neutrophil involvement are characteristic features in a case of anti‐p200 pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:647–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 614  Zillikens D, Ishiko A, Jonkman MF, et al VII collagen. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1043–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 615  Egan CA, Yee C, Zillikens D, Yancey KB. Anti‐p200 pemphigoid: diagnosis and treatment of a case presenting as an inflammatory subepidermal blistering disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:786–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 617  Dainichi T, Kurono S, Ohyama B, et al. Anti‐laminin gamma‐1 pemphigoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:2800–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 619  Ido H, Ito S, Taniguchi Y, et al. Laminin isoforms containing the gamma3 chain are unable to bind to integrins due to the absence of the glutamic acid residue conserved in the C‐terminal regions of the gamma1 and gamma2 chains. J Biol Chem 2008;283:28149–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 620  Durbeej M. Laminins. Cell Tissue Res 2010;339:259–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 622  Dainichi T, Koga H, Tsuji T, et al. From anti‐p200 pemphigoid to anti‐laminin gamma1 pemphigoid. J Dermatol 2010;37:231–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 623  Vafia K, Groth S, Beckmann T, et al. Pathogenicity of autoantibodies in anti‐p200 pemphigoid. PLoS One 2012;7:e41769. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 626  Mitsuya J, Hara H, Ito K, Ishii N, Hashimoto T, Terui T. Metastatic ovarian carcinoma‐associated subepidermal blistering disease with autoantibodies to both the p200 dermal antigen and the gamma 2 subunit of laminin 5 showing unusual clinical features. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1354–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 627  Yamada T, Suzuki M, Koike Y, et al. A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with autoantibody to anti‐p200 pemphigoid antigen and exfoliative esophagitis. Dermatology 2006;212:381–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 628  Pastar Z, Rados J, Lipozencic J, Dobric I, Marinovic B, Ishii N, Hashimoto T. Case of concurrent epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and anti‐p200 pemphigoid–how to treat it? Int J Dermatol 2007;46:295–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 629  Kasperkiewicz M, Hoppe U, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Relapse‐associated autoantibodies to BP180 in a patient with anti‐p200 pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:614–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 630  Kamata M, Fujita H, Hamanaka T, et al. Anti‐laminin gamma1 pemphigoid accompanied by autoantibodies to laminin alpha3 and gamma2 subunits of laminin‐332. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:1437–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 631  Li X, Qian H, Ishii N, et al. A case of concurrent antilaminin gamma1 pemphigoid and antilaminin‐332‐type mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:1257–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 632  Iwata H, Hiramitsu Y, Aoyama Y, Kitajima Y. A case of anti‐p200 pemphigoid: evidence for a different pathway in neutrophil recruitment compared with bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:462–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 633  Koga H, Ishii N, Dainichi T, et al. An attempt to develop mouse model for anti‐laminin gamma1 pemphigoid. J Dermatol Sci 2013;70:108–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 634  Florea F, Bernards C, Caproni M, et al. Ex vivo pathogenicity of anti‐laminin gamma1 autoantibodies. Am J Pathol 2014;184:494–506. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 635  Colognato H, Yurchenco PD. Form and function: the laminin family of heterotrimers. Dev Dyn 2000;218:213–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 637  Yamane N, Sawamura D, Nishie W, et al. Anti‐p200 pemphigoid in a 17‐year‐old girl successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid and dapsone. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1075–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 638  Myers DJ, Unwala RD, Xia L, Groth S, Zillikens D, Stratman EJ. Generalized annular bullous eruption–quiz case. Anti‐laminin gamma1 pemphigoid with a linear IgA bullous dermatosis‐like presentation. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:109–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 639  Majima Y, Yagi H, Tateishi C, et al. A successful treatment with ustekinumab in a case of antilaminin‐gamma1 pemphigoid associated with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:1367–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita

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    • 658  Bertram F, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Prospective analysis of the incidence of autoimmune bullous disorders in Lower Franconia, Germany. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:434–40. Pubmed link
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    • 661  Wong SN, Chua SH. Spectrum of subepidermal immunobullous disorders seen at the National Skin Centre, Singapore: a 2‐year review. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:476–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 684  Ishii N, Yoshida M, Hisamatsu Y, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita sera react with distinct epitopes on the NC1 and NC2 domains of type VII collagen: study using immunoblotting of domain‐specific recombinant proteins and postembedding immunoelectron microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:843–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 686  Jonkman MF, Schuur J, Dijk F, et al. Inflammatory variant of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with IgG autoantibodies against type VII collagen and laminin alpha3. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:227–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 687  Fairley JA, Woodley DT, Chen M, Giudice GJ, Lin MS. A patient with both bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: an example of intermolecular epitope spreading. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:118–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 688  Furukawa H, Miura T, Takahashi M, et al. A case of anti‐p200 pemphigoid with autoantibodies against both a novel 200‐kD dermal antigen and the 290‐kD epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen. Dermatology 2004;209:145–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 689  Abrams ML, Smidt A, Benjamin L, Chen M, Woodley D, Mancini AJ. Congenital epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: vertical transfer of maternal autoantibody from mother to infant. Arch Dermatol 2010;147:337–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 723  Lee CW, Kim SC, Han H. Distribution of HLA class II alleles in Korean patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Dermatology 1996;193:328–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 725  Ludwig RJ, Recke A, Bieber K, et al. Generation of antibodies of distinct subclasses and specificity is linked to H2s in an active mouse model of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:167–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 726  Zhu XJ, Niimi Y, Bystryn JC. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Incidence in patients with basement membrane zone antibodies. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:171–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 727  Briggaman RA, Gammon WR, Woodley DT. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita of the immunopathological type (dermolytic pemphigoid). J Invest Dermatol 1985;85:79s–84s. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 728  Stewart MI, Woodley DT, Briggaman RA. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and associated symptomatic esophageal webs. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:373–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 729  Wieme N, Lambert J, Moerman M, Geerts ML, Temmerman L, Naeyaert JM. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with combined features of bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid. Dermatology 1999;198:310–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 730  Chen M, Kim GH, Prakash L, Woodley DT. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: autoimmunity to anchoring fibril collagen. Autoimmunity 45:91–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 731  Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:370–9. Pubmed link
    • 732  Brunsting LA, Perry HO. Benign pemphigold; a report of seven cases with chronic, scarring, herpetiform plaques about the head and neck. AMA Arch Derm 1957;75:489–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 733  Kurzhals G, Stolz W, Meurer M, Kunze J, Braun‐Falco O, Krieg T. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa with the clinical feature of Brunsting‐Perry cicatricial bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:391–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 734  Tanaka N, Dainichi T, Ohyama B, et al. A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with clinical features of Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid showing an excellent response to colchicine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:715–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 735  Minato H, Ishii N, Fukuda S, et al. Heterogeneity of Brunsting–Perry type pemphigoid: a case showing blister formation at the lamina lucida, immune deposition beneath the lamina densa and autoantibodies against the 290‐kD polypeptide along the lamina densa. J Dermatol 2011;38:887–92. Pubmed link
    • 736  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Pemphigoid diseases. Lancet 2013;381:320–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 737  Lee CW. Serum IgA autoantibodies in patients with epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a high frequency of detection. Dermatology 2000;200:83–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 738  Lee CW. An extract of cultured A431 cells contains major tissue antigens of autoimmune bullous diseases. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:821–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 739  Oyama N, Bhogal BS, Carrington P, Gratian MJ, Black MM. Human placental amnion is a novel substrate for detecting autoantibodies in autoimmune bullous diseases by immunoblotting. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:939–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 740  Vodegel RM, Kiss M, Cjm De Jong M, et al. The use of skin substrates deficient in basement membrane molecules for the diagnosis of subepidermal autoimmune bullous disease. Eur J Dermatol 1998;8:83–5. Pubmed link
    • 741  Prost C, Dubertret L, Fosse M, Wechsler J, Touraine R. A routine immuno‐electron microscopic technique for localizing an auto‐antibody on epidermal basement membrane. Br J Dermatol 1984;110:1–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 742  Kirtschig G, Murrell DF, Wojnarowska F, Khumalo NP. Interventions for mucous membrane pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD004056.
    • 743  Engineer L, Ahmed AR. Emerging treatment for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:818–28. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 744  Intong LR, Murrell DF. Management of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:643–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 745  Prost‐Squarcioni C, Ingen‐Housz‐Oro S, Joly P, Bernard P, Bedane C. [Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment. Centres de reference des maladies bulleuses auto‐immunes. Societe Francaise de Dermatologie.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2011;138:274–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 746  Cunningham BB, Kirchmann TT, Woodley D. Colchicine for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:781–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 747  Megahed M, Scharffetter‐Kochanek K. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita – successful treatment with colchicine. Arch Dermatol Res 1994;286:35–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 748  Berbis P, Privat Y. [Value of colchicine in treating acquired epidermolysis bullosa.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1989;116:301–7. Pubmed link
    • 749  Egan CA, Brown M, White JD, Yancey KB. Treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with the humanized anti‐Tac mAb daclizumab. Clin Immunol 2001;101:146–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 750  Haufs MG, Haneke E. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita treated with basiliximab, an interleukin‐2 receptor antibody. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 751  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Immunoadsorption in dermatology. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:241–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 752  Ishii N, Hashimoto K, Zillikens D, Ludwig RJ. High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy in autoimmune skin blistering diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;38:186–95.
    • 753  Schmidt E, Benoit S, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Goebeler M. Successful adjuvant treatment of recalcitrant epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with anti‐CD20 antibody rituximab. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:147–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 754  Schmidt E, Goebeler M. CD20‐directed therapy in autoimmune diseases involving the skin: role of rituximab. Exp Rev Dermatol 2008;3:259–78. Cross Ref link
    • 755  Gurcan HM, Ahmed AR. Current concepts in the treatment of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Exp Opin Pharmacother 2011;12:1259–68. Cross Ref link

    Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus

    • 756  Camisa C, Neff JC, Rossana C, Barrett JL. Bullous lichen planus: diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence and treatment with dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:464–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 757  Camisa C. Vesiculobullous systemic lupus erythematosus. A report of four cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:93–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 758  Camisa C, Sharma HM. Vesiculobullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Report of two cases and a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:924–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 759  Gammon WR, Woodley DT, Dole KC, Briggaman RA. Evidence that anti‐basement membrane zone antibodies in bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus recognize epidermolysis bullosa acquisita autoantigen. J Invest Dermatol 1985;84:472–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 760  Yell JA, Allen J, Wojnarowska F, Kirtschig G, Burge SM. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: revised criteria for diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:921–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 761  Gammon WR, Briggaman RA. Bullous SLE: a phenotypically distinctive but immunologically heterogeneous bullous disorder. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:28S–34S. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 762  Hall RP, Lawley TJ, Smith HR, Katz SI. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus. Dramatic response to dapsone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1982;97:165–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 763  Woodley DT, Burgeson RE, Lunstrum G, Bruckner‐Tuderman L, Reese MJ, Briggaman RA. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen is the globular carboxyl terminus of type VII procollagen. J Clin Invest 1988;81:683‐7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 764  Chan LS, Lapiere JC, Chen M, et al. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus with autoantibodies recognizing multiple skin basement membrane components, bullous pemphigoid antigen 1, laminin‐5, laminin‐6, and type VII collagen. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:569–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 765  Doebelin B, Dalle S, Balme B, Kanitakis J, Thomas L. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus with autoantibodies recognizing bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:232–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 766  Sebaratnam DF, Murrell DF. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:649–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 767  Loche F, Bernard P, Bazex J. Bullous pemphigoid associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:927–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 768  Tobon GJ, Toro CE, Bravo JC, Canas CA. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Clin Rheumatol 2008;27:391–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 769  Pedro SD, Dahl MV. Direct immunofluorescence of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:118–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 770  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Modern diagnosis of autoimmune blistering skin diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2010;10:84–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 771  Buijsrogge JJ, Diercks GF, Pas HH, Jonkman MF. The many faces of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita after serration pattern analysis by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:92–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 772  Vodegel RM, Jonkman MF, Pas HH, de Jong MC. U‐serrated immunodeposition pattern differentiates type VII collagen targeting bullous diseases from other subepidermal bullous autoimmune diseases. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:112–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 773  Bernard P, Vaillant L, Labeille B, et al. Incidence and distribution of subepidermal autoimmune bullous skin diseases in three French regions. Bullous Diseases French Study Group. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:48–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 774  Bertram F, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Prospective analysis of the incidence of autoimmune bullous disorders in Lower Franconia, Germany. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:434–40. Pubmed link
    • 775  Zillikens D, Wever S, Roth A, Weidenthaler‐Barth B, Hashimoto T, Brocker EB. Incidence of autoimmune subepidermal blistering dermatoses in a region of central Germany. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:957–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 776  Nanda A, Dvorak R, Al‐Saeed K, Al‐Sabah H, Alsaleh QA. Spectrum of autoimmune bullous diseases in Kuwait. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:876–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 777  Wong SN, Chua SH. Spectrum of subepidermal immunobullous disorders seen at the National Skin Centre, Singapore: a 2‐year review. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:476–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 778  Yell JA, Mbuagbaw J, Burge SM. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:355–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 779  Cardinali C, Caproni M, Bernacchi E, Amato L, Fabbri P. The spectrum of cutaneous manifestations in lupus erythematosus – the Italian experience. Lupus 2000;9:417–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 780  Gammon WR, Heise ER, Burke WA, Fine JD, Woodley DT, Briggaman RA. Increased frequency of HLA‐DR2 in patients with autoantibodies to epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen: evidence that the expression of autoimmunity to type VII collagen is HLA class II allele associated. J Invest Dermatol 1988;91:228–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 781  Kole AK, Ghosh A. Cutaneous manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in a tertiary referral center. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:132–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 782  Vassileva S. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dermatol 2004;22:129–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 783  Gammon WR, Murrell DF, Jenison MW, et al. Autoantibodies to type VII collagen recognize epitopes in a fibronectin‐like region of the noncollagenous (NC1) domain. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:618–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 784  Borradori L, Caldwell JB, Briggaman RA, et al. Passive transfer of autoantibodies from a patient with mutilating epidermolysis bullosa acquisita induces specific alterations in the skin of neonatal mice. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:590–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 785  Sitaru C, Chiriac MT, Mihai S, et al. Induction of complement‐fixing autoantibodies against type VII collagen results in subepidermal blistering in mice. J Immunol 2006;177:3461–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 786  Sitaru C, Kromminga A, Hashimoto T, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Autoantibodies to type VII collagen mediate Fcgamma‐dependent neutrophil activation and induce dermal‐epidermal separation in cryosections of human skin. Am J Pathol 2002;161:301–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 787  Sitaru C, Mihai S, Otto C, et al. Induction of dermal–epidermal separation in mice by passive transfer of antibodies specific to type VII collagen. J Clin Invest 2005;115:870–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 788  Woodley DT, Chang C, Saadat P, Ram R, Liu Z, Chen M. Evidence that anti‐type VII collagen antibodies are pathogenic and responsible for the clinical, histological, and immunological features of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:958–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 789  Woodley DT, Ram R, Doostan A, et al. Induction of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in mice by passive transfer of autoantibodies from patients. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:1323–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 790  Chen M, Doostan A, Bandyopadhyay P, et al. The cartilage matrix protein subdomain of type VII collagen is pathogenic for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Am J Pathol 2007;170:2009–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 791  Ishikawa O, Zaw KK, Miyachi Y, Hashimoto T, Tanaka T. The presence of anti‐basement membrane zone antibodies in the sera of patients with non‐bullous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:222–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 792  Condon C, Phelan M, Lyons JF. Penicillamine‐induced type II bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:474–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 793  Fleming MG, Bergfeld WF, Tomecki KJ, et al. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:321–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 794  Seo JY, Byun HJ, Cho KH, Lee EB. Methimazole‐induced bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 2012;27:818–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 795  Nasongkhla P, Pratchyapruit W, Tagami H. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus induced by UVB: report a case. J Med Assoc Thai 2012;95:969–73. Pubmed link
    • 796  Burrows NP, Bhogal BS, Black MM, et al. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinicopathological study of four cases. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:332–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 797  Tsuchida T, Furue M, Kashiwado T, Ishibashi Y. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus with cutaneous mucinosis and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:387–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 798  Rappersberger K, Tschachler E, Tani M, Wolff K. Bullous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:745–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 799  Lalova A, Pramatarov K, Vassileva S. Facial bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol 1997;36:369–71. Pubmed link
    • 800  Piette EW, Werth VP. Dapsone in the management of autoimmune bullous diseases. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:561–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 801  Hamminga EA, Vermeer MH. Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus responding to mycophenolate mofetil. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:844–5. Pubmed link
    • 802  Fernandez‐Sanchez M, Charli‐Joseph Y, Saeb‐Lima M, Garcia‐Hidalgo L, Orozco‐Topete R. Are corticosteroids and immunosuppressors an efficacious treatment for bullous lupus erythematosus with systemic manifestations? Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:823–5. Pubmed link
    • 803  Alsanafi S, Kovarik C, Mermelstein AL, Werth VP. Rituximab in the treatment of bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Rheumatol 2011;17:142–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 804  Malcangi G, Brandozzi G, Giangiacomi M, Zampetti M, Danieli MG. Bullous SLE: response to methotrexate and relationship with disease activity. Lupus 2003;12:63–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Very rare pemphigoid disorders

    • 805  Zaraa I, Mahfoudh A, Sellami MK, et al. Lichen planus pemphigoides: four new cases and a review of the literature. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:406–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 806  Davis AL, Bhogal BS, Whitehead P, et al. Lichen planus pemphigoides: its relationship to bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:263–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 807  Willsteed E, Bhogal BS, Das AK, Wojnarowska F, Black MM, McKee PH. Lichen planus pemphigoides: a clinicopathological study of nine cases. Histopathology 1991;19:147–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 808  Zillikens D, Caux F, Mascaro JM, et al. Autoantibodies in lichen planus pemphigoides react with a novel epitope within the C‐terminal NC16A domain of BP180. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:117–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 809  Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Pemphigoid diseases. Lancet 2013;381:320–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 810  Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:370–9. Pubmed link
    • 811  Brunsting LA, Perry HO. Benign pemphigold; a report of seven cases with chronic, scarring, herpetiform plaques about the head and neck. AMA Arch Derm 1957;75:489–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 812  Joly P, Ruto F, Thomine E, et al. Brunsting–Perry cicatricial bullous pemphigoid: a clinical variant of localized acquired epidermolysis bullosa? J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:89–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 813  Kurzhals G, Stolz W, Meurer M, Kunze J, Braun‐Falco O, Krieg T. Acquired epidermolysis bullosa with the clinical feature of Brunsting–Perry cicatricial bullous pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:391–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 814  Umemoto N, Demitsu T, Toda S, et al. A case of nonscarring subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoantibodies reactive with both type VII collagen and laminin 5. Dermatology 2003;207:61–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 815  Fukuda S, Tsuruta D, Uchiyama M, et al. Brunsting–Perry type pemphigoid with IgG autoantibodies to laminin‐332, BP230 and desmoplakins I/II. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:433–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 816  Jedlickova H, Niedermeier A, Zgazarova S, Hertl M. Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid of the scalp with antibodies against laminin 332. Dermatology 2011;222:193–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 817  Minato H, Ishii N, Fukuda S, et al. Heterogeneity of Brunsting–Perry type pemphigoid: a case showing blister formation at the lamina lucida, immune deposition beneath the lamina densa and autoantibodies against the 290‐kD polypeptide along the lamina densa. J Dermatol 2011;38:887–92. Pubmed link
    • 818  Tanaka N, Dainichi T, Ohyama B, et al. A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with clinical features of Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid showing an excellent response to colchicine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61:715–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 819  Daito J, Katoh N, Asai J, et al. Brunsting–Perry cicatricial pemphigoid associated with autoantibodies to the C‐terminal domain of BP180. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:984–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 820  Demitsu T, Kakurai M, Yoneda K, et al. Localized pemphigoid (Brunsting–Perry type) with IgG antibody to BP180 NC16a domain resembling lupus erythematosus successfully treated with topical tacrolimus therapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:79–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 821  Buijsrogge JJ, Diercks GF, Pas HH, Jonkman MF. The many faces of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita after serration pattern analysis by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:92–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 822  Kim JH, Kim YH, Kim SC. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: a retrospective clinical analysis of 30 cases. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:307–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 823  Garcia‐Martin P, Fraga J, Hashimoto T, Garcia‐Diez A. Brunsting–Perry‐type cicatricial pemphigoid with IgG autoantibodies to LAD‐1. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:743–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 824  Leenutaphong V, von Kries R, Plewig G. Localized cicatricial pemphigoid (Brunsting–Perry): electron microscopic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1089–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 825  Baldwin H, Lynfield Y. Brunsting–Perry cicatricial pemphigoid precipitated by trauma. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:911–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 826  Takeichi S, Kubo Y, Arase S, Hashimoto T, Ansai S. Brunsting–Perry type localized bullous pemphigoid, possibly induced by furosemide administration and sun exposure. Eur J Dermatol 2009;19:500–3. Pubmed link
    • 827  Monihan JM, Nguyen TH, Guill MA. Brunsting–Perry pemphigoid simulating basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:331–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 828  Mittal RR, Kullar J, Sethi PS. Brunsting perry cicatricial pemphigoid. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2000;66:304–5. Pubmed link
    • 829  Ghohestani RF, Hudson BG, Claudy A, Uitto J. The alpha 5 chain of type IV collagen is the target of IgG autoantibodies in a novel autoimmune disease with subepidermal blisters and renal insufficiency. J Biol Chem 2000;275:16002–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 830  Ghohestani RF, Rotunda SL, Hudson B, et al. Crescentic glomerulonephritis and subepidermal blisters with autoantibodies to alpha5 and alpha6 chains of type IV collagen. Lab Invest 2003;83:605–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 831  Chan LS, Fine JD, Briggaman RA, et al. Identification and partial characterization of a novel 105‐kDalton lower lamina lucida autoantigen associated with a novel immune‐mediated subepidermal blistering disease. J Invest Dermatol 1993;101:262–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 832  Cotell SL, Lapiere JC, Chen JD, et al. A novel 105‐kDa lamina lucida autoantigen: association with bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:78–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 833  Chan LS, Cooper KD. A novel immune‐mediated subepidermal bullous dermatosis characterized by IgG autoantibodies to a lower lamina lucida component. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:343–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 834  Chan LS, Wang XS, Lapiere JC, et al. A newly identified 105‐kD lower lamina lucida autoantigen is an acidic protein distinct from the 105‐kD gamma 2 chain of laminin‐5. J Invest Dermatol 1995;105:75–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 835  Chan LS, Woodley DT. The 105‐kDa basement membrane autoantigen p105 is N‐terminally homologous to a tumor‐associated antigen. J Invest Dermatol 1996;107:209–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 836  Mulyowa GK, Jaeger G, Sitaru C, Brocker EB, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Scarring autoimmune bullous disease in a Ugandan patient with autoantibodies to BP180, BP230, and laminin 5. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:S43–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 837  Murrell DF, Werth VP, Segall J, Zrnchik W, Stuart M, Sirois D. The International Pemphigus and Pemphigoid Foundation. Dermatol Clin 2011;29:655–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Other immunobullous diseases

      Dermatitis herpetiformis

      • 838  Duhring LA. Landmark article, Aug 30, 1884: Dermatitis herpetiformis, by Louis A. Duhring. JAMA. 1983; 5 p.
      • 839  Bolotin D, Petronic‐Rosic V. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Part I. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:1017–24, quiz 1025–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 840  Bolotin D, Petronic‐Rosic V. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Part II. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:1027–33, quiz 1033–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 841  Lundin KEA, Sollid LM. Advances in coeliac disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2014;30:154–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 842  Guandalini S, Assiri A. Celiac disease: a review. JAMA Pediatr 2014;168:272–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 843  Moi H. Incidence and prevalence of dermatitis herpetiformis in a country in central Sweden, with comments on the course of the disease and IgA deposits as diagnostic criterion. Acta Derm Venereol 1984;64:144–50. Pubmed link
      • 844  Mobacken H, Kastrup W, Nilsson LA. Incidence and prevalence of dermatitis herpetiformis in western Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol 1984;64:400–4. Pubmed link
      • 845  West J, Fleming KM, Tata LJ, Card TR, Crooks CJ. Incidence and prevalence of celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis in the UK over two decades: population‐based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:757–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 846  Hervonen K, Alakoski A, Salmi TT, et al. Reduced mortality in dermatitis herpetiformis: a population‐based study of 476 patients. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1331–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 847  Kárpáti S. Dermatitis herpetiformis. Clin Dermatol 2012;30:56–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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