Introduction and general description

  • 1  Rongioletti F. Mucinoses. In: Rongioletti F, Smoller BR, eds. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Skin Diseases in Endocrine, Metabolic, Nutritional and Deposition Disease. New York: Springer, 2010:139–52. Cross Ref link
  • 2  Warner TF, Wrone DA, Williams EC, Cripps DJ, Mundhenke C, Friedl A. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan in scleromyxedema promotes FGF‐2 activity. Pathol Res Pract 2002;198:701–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3  Tominaga A, Tajima S, Ishibashi A, Kimata K. Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome with an infiltration of factor XIIIa+ and hyaluronan synthase 2+ dermal dendrocytes. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:141–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Chang LM, Maheshwari P, Werth S, et al. Identification and molecular analysis of glycosaminoglycans in cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis. J Histochem Cytochem 2011;59:336–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Rongioletti F, Barnhill R. Deposition disorders. In: Barnhill R, Crowson N, Magro C, Piepkorn M, eds. Dermatopathology, 3rd edn. New York, McGraw, 2010.
  • 6  Docampo MJ, Zanna G, Fondevila D, et al. Increased HAS2‐driven hyaluronic acid synthesis in Shar‐Pei dogs with hereditary cutaneous hyaluronosis (mucinosis). Vet Dermatol 2011;22:535–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Primary mucinoses

    Dermal mucinoses

      Lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis)

      • 7  Rongioletti F. Lichen myxedematosus (papular mucinosis): new concepts and perspectives for an old disease. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2006;25:100–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 8  Rongioletti F, Merlo G, Cinotti E, et al. Scleromyxedema: a multicenter study of characteristics, comorbidities, course, and therapy in 30 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 9  Cokonis Georgakis CD, Falasca G, Georgakis A, Heymann WR. Scleromyxedema. Clin Dermatol 2006;24:493–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 10  Harper RA, Rispler J. Lichen myxedematosus serum stimulates human skin fibroblast proliferation. Science 1978;199:545–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 11  Ferrarini M, Helfrich DJ, Walker ER, et al. Scleromyxedema serum increases proliferation but not the glycosaminoglycan synthesis of dermal fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 1989;16:837–41. Pubmed link
      • 12  Yaron M, Yaron I, Yust I, Brenner S. Lichen myxedematosus (scleromyxedema) serum stimulates hyaluronic acid and prostaglandin E production by human fibroblasts. J Rheumatol 1985;12:171–5. Pubmed link
      • 13  Rongioletti F, Cattarini G, Sottofattori E, Rebora A. Granulomatous reaction after intradermal injections of hyaluronic acid gel. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:815–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 14  Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Cutaneous mucinoses: microscopic criteria for diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:257–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 15  Rongioletti F, Cozzani E, Parodi A. Scleromyxedema with an interstitial granulomatous‐like pattern: a rare histologic variant mimicking granuloma annulare. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:1084–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 16  Delyon J, Bézier M, Rybojad M, et al. Specific lymph node involvement in scleromyxedema: a new diagnostic entity for hypermetabolic lymphadenopathy. Virchows Arch 2013;462:679–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 17  Nashel J, Steen V. Scleroderma mimics. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012;14:39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 18  Chan JC, Trendell‐Smith NJ, Yeung CK. Scleromyxedema: a cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome associated with thymic carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:e27–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 19  Dinneen AM, Dicken CH. Scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:37–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 20  Rongioletti F, Hazini A, Rebora A. Coma associated with scleromyxoedema and interferon alfa therapy. Full recovery after steroids and cyclophosphamide combined with plasmapheresis. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:1283–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 21  Fleming KE, Virmani D, Sutton E, et al. Scleromyxedema and the dermato–neuro syndrome: case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:508–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 22  Pomann JJ, Rudner EJ. Scleromyxedema revisited. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:31–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 23  De Simone C, Castriota M, Carbone A, et al. Cardiomyopathy in scleromyxedema: report of a fatal case. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:852–3. Pubmed link
      • 24  Le Moigne M, Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Bonnetblanc JM, et al. [Clinical characteristics, outcome of scleromyxoedema: a retrospective multicentre study.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010;137:782–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 25  Lee YH, Sahu J, O'Brien MS, et al. Scleroderma renal crisis‐like acute renal failure associated with mucopolysaccharide accumulation in renal vessels in a patient with scleromyxedema. J Clin Rheumatol 2011;17:318–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 26  Loggini B, Pingitore R, Avvenente A, et al. Lichen myxedematosus with systemic involvement: clinical and autopsy findings. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:606–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 27  Blum M, Wigley FM, Hummers LK. Scleromyxedema: a case series highlighting long‐term outcomes of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Medicine (Baltimore) 2008;87:10–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 28  Rey JB, Luria RB.Treatment of scleromyxedema and dermatoneuro syndrome with intravenous immunoglobulin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:1037–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 29  Bidier M, Zschoche C, Gholam P, et al. Scleromyxoedema: clinical follow‐up after successful treatment with high‐dose immunoglobulins reveals different long‐term outcomes. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:408–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 30  Sansbury JC, Cocuroccia B, Jorizzo JL, et al. Treatment of recalcitrant scleromyxedema with thalidomide in 3 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:126–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 31  Efthimiou P, Blanco M. Intravenous gammaglobulin and thalidomide may be an effective therapeutic combination in refractory scleromyxedema: case report and discussion of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008;38:188–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 32  Horn KB, Horn MA, Swan J, et al. A complete and durable clinical response to high‐dose dexamethasone in a patient with scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:S120–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 33  Lin YC, Wang HC, Shen JL. Scleromyxedema: An experience using treatment with systemic corticosteroid and review of the published work. J Dermatol 2006;33:207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 34  Brunet‐Possenti F, Hermine O, Marinho E, et al. Combination of intravenous immunoglobulins and lenalidomide in the treatment of scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:319–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 35  Bos R, de Waal EG, Kuiper H, et al. Thalidomide and dexamethasone followed by autologous stem cell transplantation for scleromyxoedema. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011;50:1925–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 36  Cañueto J, Labrador J, Román C, et al. The combination of bortezomib and dexamethasone is an efficient therapy for relapsed/refractory scleromyxedema: a rare disease with new clinical insights. Eur J Haematol 2012;88:450–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 37  Fett NM, Toporcer MB, Dalmau J, et al. Scleromyxedema and dermato–neuro syndrome in a patient with multiple myeloma effectively treated with dexamethasone and bortezomib. Am J Hematol 2011;86:893–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 38  Rongioletti F, Rebora A, Crovato F. Acral persistent papular mucinosis: a new entity. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:1237–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 39  Callaly EL, Mulligan N, Powell FC. Multiple painless papules on the wrists. Diagnosis: acral persistent papular mucinosis (APPM). Arch Dermatol 2007;143:791–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 40  Concheiro J, Pérez‐Pérez L, Peteiro C, Labandeira J, Toribio J. Discrete papular lichen myxoedematosus: a rare subtype of cutaneous mucinosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:e608–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 41  Podda M, Rongioletti F, Greiner D, et al. Cutaneous mucinosis of infancy: is it a real entity or the paediatric form of lichen myxoedematosus (papular mucinosis)? Br J Dermatol 2001;144(3):590–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 42  Ogita A, Higashi N, Hosone M, Kawana S. Nodular‐type lichen myxedematosus: a case report. Case Rep Dermatol 2010;17;2:195–200. Cross Ref link
      • 43  Scheidegger EP, Itin P, Kempf W. Familial occurrence of axillary papular mucinosis. Eur J Dermatol 2005;15:70–2. Pubmed link
      • 44  Haught JM, Serrao R, English JC 3rd. Localized cutaneous mucinosis after joint replacement. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:1399–400. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 45  Gómez‐Bernal S, Ruiz‐González I, Delgado‐Vicente S, Alonso‐Alonso T, Rodríguez‐Prieto MÁ. Plaque‐like cutaneous mucinosis after joint replacement. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:562–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 46  Rongioletti F, Zaccaria E, Cozzani E, Parodi A. Treatment of localized lichen myxedematosus of discrete type with tacrolimus ointment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:530–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 47  André Jorge F, Mimura Cortez T, Guadalini Mendes F, Esther Alencar Marques M, Amante Miot H. Treatment of acral persistent papular mucinosis with electrocoagulation. J Cutan Med Surg 2011;15:227–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Reticular erythematous mucinosis

      • 48  Rongioletti F, Merlo V, Riva S, et al. Reticular erythematous mucinosis: a review of patients characteristics, associated conditions, therapy and outcome in 25 cases. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:1207–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 49  Thareja S, Paghdal K, Lien MH, Fenske NA. Reticular erythematous mucinosis – a review. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:903–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 50  Izumi T, Tajima S, Harada R, Nishikawa T. Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome: glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts and abnormal response to interleukin‐1 beta. Dermatology1996;192:41–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 51  Caputo R, Marzano AV, Tourlaki A, Marchini M. Reticular erythematous mucinosis occurring in a brother and sister. Dermatology 2006;212:385–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 52  Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Cutaneous mucinoses: microscopic criteria for diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:257–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 53  Cozzani E, Christana K, Rongioletti F, Rebora A, Parodi A. Lupus erythematosus tumidus: clinical, histopathological and serological aspects and therapy response of 21 patients. Eur J Dermatol 2010;20:797–801. Pubmed link
      • 54  Kreuter A, Scola N, Tigges C, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. Clinical features and efficacy of antimalarial treatment for reticular erythematous mucinosis: a case series of 11 patients. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:710–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 55  Rubegni P, Sbano P, Risulo M, Poggiali S, Fimiani M. A case of reticular erythematous mucinosis treated with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:173–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 56  Mansouri P, Farshi S, Nahavandi A, Safaie‐Naraghi Z. Pimecrolimus 1 percent cream and pulsed dye laser in treatment of a patient with reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome. Dermatol Online J 2007;1;13:22.
      • 57  Amherd‐Hoekstra A, Kerl K, French LE, Hofbauer GF. Reticular Erythematous Mucinosis in an atypical pattern distribution responds to UVA1 phototherapy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;28:672–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 58  Miyoshi K, Miyajima O, Yokogawa M, Sano S. Favorable response of reticular erythematous mucinosis to ultraviolet B irradiation using a 308‐nm excimer lamp. J Dermatol 2010;37:163–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Scleredema

      • 59  Venencie PY, Powell FC, Su WP, Perry HO. Scleroedema: a review of 33 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:128–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 60  Beers WH, Ince A, Moore TL. Scleredema adultorum of Buschke: a case report and review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2006;35:355–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 61  Lewerenz V, Ruzicka T. Scleredema adultorum associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a report of three cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:560–1. Pubmed link
      • 62  Rongioletti F, Ghigliotti G, De Marchi R, Rebora A. Cutaneous mucinoses and HIV infection. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:1077–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 63  Morais P, Almeida M, Santos P, Azevedo F. Scleredema of Buschke following Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:454–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 64  Oyama N, Togashi A, Kaneko F, Yamamoto T. Two cases of scleredema with pituitary–adrenocortical neoplasms: an underrecognized skin complication. J Dermatol 2012;39:193–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 65  Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Cutaneous mucinoses: microscopic criteria for diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:257–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 66  Ioannidou DI, Krasagakis K, Stefanidou MP, et al. Scleredema adultorum of Buschke presenting as periorbital edema: a diagnostic challenge. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;65(2 Suppl. 1):41–4.
      • 67  Miyares FJ, Kuriakose R, Deleu DT, El‐Wahad NA, Al‐Hail H. Scleredema diabeticorum with unusual presentation and fatal outcome. Indian J Dermatol 2008;53:217–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 68  Kurihara Y, Kokuba H, Furue M. Case of diabetic scleredema: diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging. J Dermatol 2011;38:693–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 69  Xiao T, Yang ZH, He CD, Chen HD. Scleredema adultorum treated with narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy. J Dermatol 2007;34:270–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 70  Yüksek J, Sezer E, Köseolu D, Markoç F, Yıldız H. Scleredema treated with broad‐band ultraviolet A phototherapy plus colchicine. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2010;26:257–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 71  Szturz P, Adam Z, Vašk V, et al. Complete remission of multiple myeloma associated scleredema after bortezomib‐based treatment. Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54:1324–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 72  Lee FY, Chiu HY, Chiu HC.Treatment of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis with allopurinol incidentally improves scleredema diabeticorum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:e115–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 73  Stables GI, Taylor PC, Highet AS. Scleredema associated with paraproteinaemia treated by extracorporeal photopheresis. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:781–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 74  Bowen AR, Smith L, Zone JJ. Scleredema adultorum of Buschke treated with radiation. Arch Dematol 2003;139:780–4. Cross Ref link
      • 75  Aichelburg MC, Loewe R, Schicher N, et al. Successful treatment of poststreptococcal scleredema adultorum Buschke with intravenous immunoglobulins. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:1126–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Localized (pretibial) myxoedema

      • 76  Doshi DN, Blyumin ML, Kimball AB. Cutaneous manifestations of thyroid disease. Clin Dermatol 2008;26:283. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 77  Fatourechi V. Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26:553. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 78  Ai J, Leonhardt JM, Heymann WR. Autoimmune thyroid diseases: etiology, pathogenesis, and dermatologic manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:641. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 79  Smith TJ, Hoa N. Immunoglobulins from patients with Graves' disease induce hyaluronan synthesis in their orbital fibroblasts through the self‐antigen, insulin‐like growth factor‐I receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5076. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 80  R.S. Douglas, S. Gupta. The pathophysiology of thyroid eye disease: implications for immunotherapy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2011;22:385–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 81  Rapoport B, Alsabeh R, Aftergood D, McLachlan SM. Elephantiasic pretibial myxedema: insight into and a hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of the extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease. Thyroid 2000;10:685. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 82  Verma S, Rongioletti F, Braun‐Falco M, Ruzicka T. Preradial myxedema in a euthyroid male: A distinct rarity. Dermatol Online J 2013 15;19:9
      • 83  Rongioletti F, Donati P, Amantea A, et al. Obesity‐associated lymphoedematous mucinosis. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36:1089–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 84  Engin B, Gümüşel M, Ozdemir M, Cakir M. Successful combined pentoxifylline and intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatment of severe pretibial myxedema. Dermatol Online J 2007;13:16. Pubmed link
      • 85  Takasu N, Higa H, Kinjou Y. Treatment of pretibial myxedema (PTM) with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT) in Graves' patients. Intern Med 2010;49:665. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 86  Heyes C, Nolan R, Leahy M, Gebauer K. Treatment‐resistant elephantiasic thyroid dermopathy responding to rituximab and plasmapheresis. Australas J Dermatol 2012;53:e1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 87  Felton J, Derrick EK, Price ML. Successful combined surgical and octreotide treatment of severe pretibial myxoedema reviewed after 9 years. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:825–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 88  Dhaille F, Dadban A, Meziane L, et al. Elephantiasic pretibial myxoedema with upper‐limb involvement, treated with low‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012;37:307–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 89  Schwartz KM, Fatourechi V, Ahmed DD, Pond GR. Dermopathy of Graves’ disease (pretibial myxedema): long‐term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:438. Pubmed link

      Papular and nodular mucinosis in connective tissue diseases

      • 90  Rongioletti F, Smoller BR, eds. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Skin Diseases in Endocrine, Metabolic, Nutritional and Deposition Disease. New York: Springer, 2010:146–7. Cross Ref link
      • 91  Goerig R, Vogeler C, Keller M. Atypical presentation of cutaneous lupus mucinosis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2013;6:37–40. Pubmed link
      • 92  Morales‐Burgos A, Sánchez JL, Gonzalez‐Chávez J, Vega J, Justiniano H. Periorbital mucinosis: a variant of cutaneous lupus erythematosus? J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:667–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 93  del Pozo J, Almagro M, Martínez W, et al. Dermatomyositis and mucinosis. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:120–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 94  Van Zander J, Shaw JC. Papular and nodular mucinosis as a presenting sign of progressive systemic sclerosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:304–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 95  Sugiura K, Tanahashi K, Muro Y, Akiyama M. Cutaneous lupus mucinosis successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid and systemic tacrolimus combination therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:e200–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Self‐healing cutaneous mucinosis

      • 96  Cowen EW, Scott GA, Mercurio MG. Self‐healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:S97–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 97  Barreau M, Dompmartin‐Blanchère A, Jamous R, et al. Nodular lesions of self‐healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis: a pitfall! Am J Dermatopathol 2012;34:699–705. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 98  Sperber BR, Allee J, James WD. Self healing papular mucinosis in an adult. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:121–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Cutaneous focal mucinosis

      • 99  Kempf W, von Stumberg B, Denisjuk N, Bode B, Rongioletti F. Trauma‐induced cutaneous focal mucinosis of the mammary areola: an unusual presentation. Dermatopathology (Karger) 2014;1:24–8. Cross Ref link
      • 100  Nebrida ML, Tay YK. Cutaneous focal mucinosis: a case report. Ped Dermatol 2002;19:33–5. Cross Ref link
      • 101  Yamamoto M, Yamamoto T, Isobe T, Aikawa Y, Tsuboi R. Plaque‐type cutaneous focal mucinosis. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:896–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 102  Duparc A, Gosset P, Lasek A, Modiano P. [Multiple lesions of focal cutaneous mucinosis: a side‐effect of anti‐TNF alpha therapy?] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010;137:140–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 103  Misago N, Mori T, Yoshioka M, Narisawa Y. Digital superficial angiomyxoma. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:536–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 104  Rongioletti F, Amantea A, Balus L, Rebora A. Cutaneous focal mucinosis associated with reticular erythematous mucinosis and scleromyxedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:656–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Digital myxoid (mucous) cyst

      • 105  Li K, Barankin B. Digital mucous cysts. Cutan Med Surg 2010;14:199–206. Cross Ref link
      • 106  Bessis D, Rebora A, Rongioletti F. Multiple cutaneous myxoid cysts with transepidermal elimination. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:988–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 107  Lin YC, Wu YH, Scher RK. Nail changes and association of osteoarthritis in digital myxoid cyst. Dermatol Surg 2008;34:364–9. Pubmed link
      • 108  Bermejo A, De Bustamante TD, Martinez A, Carrera R, Zabía E, Manjón P. MR imaging in the evaluation of cystic‐appearing soft‐tissue masses of the extremities. Radiographics 2013;33:833–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 109  Lonsdale‐Eccles AA, Langtry JA. Treatment of digital myxoid cysts with infrared coagulation: a retrospective case series. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:972. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Follicular mucinoses

      • 110  Rongioletti F, Smoller BR. Clinical and Pathological Aspects of Skin Diseases in Endocrine, Metabolic, Nutritional and Deposition Disease. New York: Springer, 2010. Cross Ref link
      • 111  Mir‐Bonafé JM, Cañueto J, Fernández‐López E, Santos‐Briz A. Follicular mucinosis associated with nonlymphoid skin conditions. Am J Dermatopathol 2013 (epub ahead of print).
      • 112  Weir G, Burns E, Fraga G, Aires D. Familial follicular mucinosis: a case letter. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:e291–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 113  Alikhan A, Griffin J, Nguyen N, Davis DM, Gibson LE. Pediatric follicular mucinosis: presentation, histopathology, molecular genetics, treatment, and outcomes over an 11‐year period at the Mayo Clinic. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30:192–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 114  Rongioletti F, De Lucchi S, Meyes D, et al. Follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular study comparing the primary benign form and the mycosis fungoides‐associated follicular mucinosis. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:15–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 115  Muscardin LM, Capitanio B, Fargnoli MC, Maini A. Acneiform follicular mucinosis of the head and neck region. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13:199–202. Pubmed link
      • 116  Schneider SW, Metze D, Bonsmann G. Treatment of so‐called idiopathic follicular mucinosis with hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:420–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 117  Parker SR, Murad E. Follicular mucinosis: clinical, histologic, and molecular remission with minocycline. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:139–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 118  Heyl J, Mehregan D, Kado J, Campbell M. A case of idiopathic follicular mucinosis treated with bexarotene gel. Int J Dermatol 2014;53:838–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 119  Cinotti E, Basso D, Donati P, Parodi A, Rongioletti F. Urticaria‐like follicular mucinosis: four new cases of a controversial entity. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:e435–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Secondary mucinoses

      • 120  Rongioletti F, Rebora A. Cutaneous mucinoses: microscopic criteria for diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2001;23:257–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link