Dystrophic calcification secondary to inflammatory disease and infections

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  • 17  Bottomley WW, Goodfield MJ, Sheehan‐Dare RA. Digital calcification in systemic sclerosis: effective treatment with good tissue preservation using the carbon dioxide laser. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(2):302–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  Sparsa A, Lesaux N, Kessler E, et al. Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in CREST syndrome by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(5 Suppl 1):S263–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 19  Wolf EK, Smidt AC, Laumann AE. Topical sodium thiosulfate therapy for leg ulcers with dystrophic calcification. Arch Dermatol 2008;144(12):1560–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Smith GP. Intradermal sodium thiosulfate for exophytic calcinosis cutis of connective tissue disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69(3):e146–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Mukamel M, Horev G, Mimouni M. New insight into calcinosis of juvenile dermatomyositis: a study of composition and treatment. J Pediatr 2001;138:763–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Cukierman T, Elinav E, Korem M, Chajek‐Shaul T. Low dose warfarin treatment for calcinosis in patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1341–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Robertson LP, Marshall RW, Hickling P. Treatment of cutaneous calcinosis in limited systemic sclerosis with minocycline. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:267–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Reiter N, El‐Shabrawi L, Leinweber B, Aberer E. Subcutaneous morphea with dystrophic calcification with response to ceftriaxone treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:e53–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Wang WJ, Lo WL, Wong CK. Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis: remarkable response to aluminum hydroxide therapy. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1721–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 26  Eddy MC, Leelawattana R, McAlister WH, Whyte MP. Calcinosis universalis complicating juvenile dermatomyositis: resolution during probenecid therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3536–42. Pubmed link
  • 27  Schanz S, Ulmer A, Fierlbeck G. Response of dystrophic calcification to intravenous immunoglobulin. Arch Dermatol 2008;144:585–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Velez NF, Callen JP, Vleugels RA. Calcinosis cutis: an additional therapy to consider. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(6):1004–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dystrophic calcification secondary to trauma or injection/infusion of calcium‐containing materials

  • 29  Rho NK, Youn SJ, Park HS, Kim WS, Lee ES. Calcified nodule on the heel of a child following a single heel stick in the neonatal period. Clin Exp Dermatol 2003;28(5):502–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Sell EJ, Hansen RC, Struck‐Pierce S. Calcified nodules on the heel: a complication of neonatal intensive care. J Pediatr 1980;96:473–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Cambiaghi S, Restano L, Imondi D. Calcified nodule of the heel. Pediatr Dermatol 1997;14:494. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Williamson D, Holt PJA. Calcified cutaneous nodules on the heels of children: a complication of heel sticks as a neonate. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:138–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Leung A. Calcification following heel sticks. J Pediatr 1985;106:168. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Coskey RJ, Mehregan AH. Calcinosis cutis in a bum scar [Letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:666–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Lee HW, Jeong YI, Suh HS, et al. Two cases of dystrophic calcinosis cutis in burn scars. J Dermatol 2005;32(4):282–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Katz I, LeViie M. Bone formation in laparotomy scars: roentgen findings. Am J Radiol 1960;84:248–61.
  • 37  Redmond WJ, Baker SR. Keloidal calcification. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:270–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Goldminz D, Barnhill R, McGuire J, Stenn K. Calcinosis cutis following extravasation of calcium chloride. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:922. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Boccara O, Prost‐Squarcioni C, Battistella M, Brousse N, Rongioletti F, Fraitag S. Calcinosis cutis: a rare reaction to subcutaneous injections of calcium‐containing heparin in patients with renal failure. Am J Dermatopathol 2010;32(1):52–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Eich D, Scharffetter‐Kochanek K, Weihrauch J, Krieg T, Hunzelmann N. Calcinosis of the cutis and subcutis: an unusual nonimmunologic adverse reaction to subcutaneous injections of low‐molecular‐weight calcium‐containing heparins. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(2):210–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Taylor A, Parry G. Calcified subcutaneous nodule in a heart transplant recipient. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21(2):173–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Moss J, Syrengelas A, Antaya R, et al. Calcinosis cutis: a complication of intravenous administration of calcium glucanate. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33:S60–2. Cross Ref link
  • 43  Campanelli A, Kaya G, Masouyé I, et al. Calcifying panniculitis following subcutaneous injections of nadroparin‐calcium in a patient with osteomalacia. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:657–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Schoenfeld RJ, Grekin JN, Mehregan A. Calcium deposition in the skin a report of four cases following electro‐encephalography. Neurology 1965;15:477–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dystrophic calcification secondary to tumours and genetic disease

  • 45  Walsh JS, Fairley JA. Calcifying disorders of the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:693–706. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Roth SI, Stowell RD, Helwig EB. Cutaneous ossification: report of 120 cases and review of the literature. Arch Pathol 1963;76:44–54. Pubmed link
  • 47  Moreno A, Lamarca J, Martinez R, et al. Osteoid and bone formation in desmoplastic malignant melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 1986;13:128–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Chen KTK. Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin with os‐ teoid production. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:113–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Rees TD, Wood‐Smith D, Converse JM. The Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1963;32:39–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Murata K, Nakashima H. Werner's syndrome: twenty‐four cases and review of the Japanese medical literature. J Am Geriatr Soc 1982;30(5):303–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Neldner KH. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Clin Dermatol 1993;1(4):13.
  • 52  Mallette LE, Mechanick JI. Heritable syndrome of pseudoxanthoma elasticum with abnormal phosphorus and vitamin D metabolism. Am J Med 1987;83:1157–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 53  Aydemir EH, Onsun N, Ozan S, et al. Rothmund‐Thomson syndrome with calcinosis universalis. J Dermatol 1988;27:591–2.

Idiopathic calcification of the skin and subcutaneous tissues

  • 54  Shmunes E, Wood MG. Subepidermal calcified nodules. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:593–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Woods B, Kellaway TD. Cutaneous calculi: subepidermal calcified nodules. Br J Dermatol 1963;75:1–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 56  Pursley TV, Prince MJ, Cahusmer AB, et al. Cutaneous manifestations of tumoral calcinosis. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1100–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Smith ML, Golitz LE, Morelli JG, et al. Milia‐like idiopathic calcinosis cutis in Down's syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1586–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 58  Swinehart JM, Golitz LE. Scrotal calcinosis: dystrophic calcification of epidermoid cysts. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:985–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Bhawan J, Nalhotra R, Frank S. The so‐called idiopathic calcinosis. Arch Dermatol 1983;119:709. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Saad AG, Zaatari GS. Scrotal calcinosis: is it idiopathic? Urology 2001;57:365. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Baldursson H, Evans EB, Dodge WF, et al. Tumoral calcinosis with hyperphosphatemia. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1969;51:913–25. Pubmed link
  • 62  Shmunes E, Wood MG. Subepidermal calcified nodules. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:593–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Maroon M, Tyler W, Marks VJ. Calcinosis cutis associated with syringomas: a transepidermal elimination disorder in a patient with Down syndrome. J Acad Dermatol 1990;23:372–5. Cross Ref link
  • 64  McKee PH, Liomba NG, Hutt MSR. Tumoral calcinosis. A pathological study of 56 cases. Br J Dermatol 1982;107:669–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Slavin G, Klenerman L, Darby A, Bansel S. (1973) Tumoral calcinosis in England. BMJ 1973;1(5846):147–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Berg, D. Tumoral calcinosis. Br J Surg 1972;59,570. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Touart DM, Sau P. Cutaneous deposition diseases. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(4):527–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Metastatic calcification

  • 68  Touart DM, Sau P. Cutaneous deposition diseases. Part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(4):527–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Brinster B, Calonje E. Degenerative and metabolic diseases. In: Calonje JE, Brenn T, Lazaar A, McKee PH, eds. McKee's Pathology of the Skin, 4th edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier Saunders 2012;566–70.
  • 70  Raimer SS, Archer ME, Jorizzo JL. Metastatic calcinosis cutis. Cutis 1983;32:463–5. Pubmed link
  • 71  Eisenberg E, Bartholow PV. Reversible calcinosis cutis. N Engl J Med 1963;268(22):1216–20. Cross Ref link

Calciphylaxis

  • 72  Reed KB, Davis MD. The incidence of physician‐diagnosed calciphylaxis: a population‐based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:365–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Beus KS, Stack BC, Jr. Calciphylaxis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2004;37:941–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Budisavljevic MN, Cheek D, Ploth DW. Calciphylaxis in chronic renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996;7:978–82. Pubmed link
  • 75  Angelis M, Wong LL, Myers SA, Wong LM. Calciphylaxis in patients on hemodialysis: a prevalence study. Surgery 1997;122:1083–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 76  Bryant JH, White WH. A case of calcification of the arteries and obliterative endarteritis associated with hydronephrosis in a child aged six months. Guy's Hosp Rep 1898;55:17.
  • 77  Nigwekar SU, Wolf M, Sterns RH, Hix JK. Calciphylaxis from nonuremic causes: a systematic review. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1139–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Mazhar AR, Johnson RJ, Gillen D, et al. Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end‐stage renal disease. Kidney Int 2001;60:324–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Harris RJ, Cropley TG. Possible role of hypercoagulability in calciphylaxis: review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64(2):405–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 80  Wollina U. Update on cutaneous calciphylaxis. Indian J Dermatol 2013;58(2):87–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 81  Weenig RH, Sewell LD, Davis MD, McCarthy JT, Pittelkow MR. Calciphylaxis: natural history, risk factor analysis, and outcome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(4):569–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Weenig RH. Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: Hans Selye to nuclear factor kappa‐B. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(3):458–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 83  Schafer C, Heiss A, Schwarz A, et al. The serum protein alpha 2‐Heremans‐Schmid glycoprotein/fetuin‐A is a systemically acting inhibitor of ectopic calcification. J Clin Invest 2003;112(3):357–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Luo G, Ducy P, McKee MD, et al. Spontaneous calcification of arteries and cartilage in mice lacking matrix GLA protein. Nature 1997;386(6620):78–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 85  Selye H, Gentile G, Prioreschi P. Cutaneous molt induced by calciphylaxis in the rat. Science 1961;134:1876–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Anderson DC, Stewart WK, Piercy DM. Calcifying panniculitis with fat and skin necrosis in a case of uraemia with autonomous hyperparathyroidism. Lancet 1968;2(7563):323–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 87  Ohta A, Ohomori S, Mizukami T, Obi R, Tanaka Y. Penile necrosis by calciphylaxis in a diabetic patient with chronic renal failure. Intern Med 2007;46(13):985–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Thornton JJ, Dolph J. Breast necrosis: calciphylaxis a rare cause. Can J Plast Surg 2008;16(3):165–7. Pubmed link
  • 89  Bedoya RM, Gutierrez JL, Mayorga F. Calciphylaxis causing localized tongue necrosis: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997;55(2):193–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Volpini K, Kinonen C. Abdominal catastrophe in a 43‐yearold female with end stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2011;24:79–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Andersen LK, Lehman JS, Davis MD. Calciphylaxis is a cutaneous process without involvement of internal organs in a retrospective study of postmortem findings in three patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94(3):298–302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  El‐Azhary RA, Arthur AK, Davis MD, et al. Retrospective analysis of tissue plasminogen activator as an adjuvant treatment for calciphylaxis. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(1):63–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Shmidt E, Murthy NS, Knudsen JM, et al. Net‐like pattern of calcification on plain soft‐tissue radiographs in patients with calciphylaxis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(6):1296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Smith S, Inaba A, Murphy J, Campbell G, Toms AP. A case report: radiological findings in an unusual case of calciphylaxis 16 years after renal transplantation. Skeletal Radiol 2013;42(11):1623–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Ross EA. Evolution of treatment strategies for calciphylaxis. Am J Nephrol 2011;34(5):460–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Noureddine L, Landis M, Patel N, Moe SM. Efficacy of sodium thiosulfate for the treatment for calciphylaxis. Clin Nephrol 2011;75(6):485–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  AlBugami MM, Wilson JA, Clarke JR, Soroka SD. Oral sodium thiosulfate as maintenance therapy for calcific uremic arteriolopathy: a case series. Am J Nephrol 2013;37(2):104–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Pallure V, Comte C, Leray‐Mouragues H, Dereure O. Cinacalcet as first‐line treatment for calciphylaxis. Acta Derm Venereol 2008;88(1):62–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Sharma A, Burkitt‐Wright E, Rustom R. Cinacalcet as an adjunct in the successful treatment of calciphylaxis. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(6):1295–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Velasco N, MacGregor MS, Innes A, MacKay IG. Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with cinacalcet – an alternative to parathyroidectomy? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21(7):1999–2004. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Mohammed IA, Sekar V, Bubtana AJ, Mitra S, Hutchison AJ. Proximal calciphylaxis treated with calcimimetic ‘Cinacalcet’. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23(1):387–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 102  Salmhofer H, Franzen M, Hitzl W, et al. Multi‐modal treatment of calciphylaxis with sodium‐thiosulfate, cinacalcet and sevelamer including long‐term data. Kidney Blood Press Res 2013;37(4–5):346–59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Savoia F, Gaddoni G, Patrizi A, et al. Calciphylaxis in dialysis patients, a severe disease poorly responding to therapies: report of 4 cases. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2013;148(5):531–6. Pubmed link
  • 104  Malabu UH, Manickam V, Kan G, Doherty SL, Sangla KS. Calcific uremic arteriolopathy on multimodal combination therapy: still unmet goal. Int J Nephrol 2012;2012:390768. Pubmed link
  • 105  Katikaneni M, Lwin L, Villanueva H, Yoo J. Calciphylaxis and subtotal parathyroidectomy: a double‐edged sword. Hemodial Int 2013;17(Suppl. 1):S33–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link