Pruritus

  • 1  Rothman S. Physiology of itching. Physiol Rev 1941;21:357–81.
  • 2  Ständer S, Weisshaar E, Mettang T, et al. Clinical classification of itch: a position paper of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:291–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 3  Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, et al. The neurobiology of itch. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:535–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 4  Weisshaar E, Szepietowski JC, Darsow U, et al. European Guideline on Chronic Pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:563–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 5  Erturk IE, Arican O, Omurlu IK, et al. Effect of the pruritus on the quality of life: a preliminary study. Ann Dermatol 2012;24:406–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 6  Beikert FC, Langenbruch AK, Radtke MA, et al. Willingness to pay and quality of life in patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2014;306(3):279–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Nyunt WW, Low WY, Ismail R, et al. Determinants of Health‐Related Quality of Life in Psoriasis Patients in Malaysia. Asia Pac J Public Health 2013; in press Pubmed link
  • 8  Milette K, Hudson M, Körner A, et al. Sleep disturbances in systemic sclerosis: evidence for the role of gastrointestinal symptoms, pain and pruritus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:1715–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 9  Siegel FP, Tauscher J, Petrides PE. Aquagenic pruritus in polycythemia vera: characteristics and influence on quality of life in 441 patients. Am J Hematol 2013;88:665–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Pisoni RL, Wikström B, Elder SJ, et al. Pruritus in haemodialysis patients: International results from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:3495–505. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 11  Ständer S, Stumpf A, Osada N, et al. Gender differences in chronic pruritus: women present different morbidity, more scratch lesions and higher burden. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:1273–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 12  Matterne U, Apfelbacher CJ, Vogelgsang L, et al. Incidence and determinants of chronic pruritus: a population‐based cohort study. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93:532–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 13  Dalgard F, Svensson A, Holm JO, et al. Self‐reported skin morbidity in Oslo. Associations with sociodemographic factors among adults in a cross‐sectional study. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:452–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 14  Matterne U, Apfelbacher CJ, Loerbroks A, et al. Prevalence, correlates and characteristics of chronic pruritus: a population‐based cross‐sectional study. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:674–9. Pubmed link
  • 15  Ständer S, Schäfer I, Phan NQ, et al. Prevalence of chronic pruritus in Germany: results of a cross‐sectional study in a sample working population of 11,730. Dermatology 2010;221:229–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 16  Rea JN, Newhouse ML, Halil T. Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care. Br J Prev Soc Med 1976;30:107–14. Pubmed link
  • 17  Kiellberg L, Sand C. Referral pattern of skin diseases in an acute outpatient dermatological clinic in Copenhagen. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;85:509–11. Pubmed link
  • 18  Wolkenstein P, Grob JJ, Bastuji‐Garin S, et al. French people and skin diseases: results of a survey using a representative sample. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:1614–19. Pubmed link
  • 19  Tey HL, Yosipovitch G. Itch in ethnic populations. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90:227–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 20  Dalgard F, Holm JO, Svensson A, et al. Self‐reported skin morbidity and ethnicity: a population‐based study in a Western community. BMC Dermatol 2007;7:4. Pubmed link
  • 21  Wang H, Papoiu AD, Coghill RC, et al. Ethnic differences in pain, itch and thermal detection in response to topical capsaicin: African Americans display a notably limited hyperalgesia and neurogenic inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:1023–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 22  Peters MG, Di Bisceglie AM, Kowdley KV, et al. Differences between Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in the United States. Hepatology 2007;46:769–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 23  Beare JM. Generalized pruritus. A study of 43 cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1976;1:343–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Rajka G. Investigation of patients suffering from generalized pruritus, with special references to systemic diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 1966;46:190–4. Pubmed link
  • 25  Lyell A. The itching patient. A review of the causes of pruritus. Scott Med J 1972;17:334–7. Pubmed link
  • 26  Kantor GR, Lookingbill DP. Generalized pruritus and systemic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:375–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 27  Weisshaar E, Apfelbacher C, Jager G, et al. Pruritus as a leading symptom: clinical characteristics and quality of life in German and Ugandan patients. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:957–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 28  Ständer S, Dugas M, Fritz F. Competence Center Chronic Pruritus at the University Hospital of Münster: a dedicated center with a decade of experience in multidisciplinary medical care. Acta Dermatol Venereol 2013;93:634. Cross Ref link
  • 29  Schmelz M, Schmidt R, Bickel A, et al. Specific C‐receptors for itch in human skin. J Neurosci 1997;17:8003–8. Pubmed link
  • 30  Johanek LM, Meyer RA, Hartke T, et al. Psychophysical and physiological evidence for parallel afferent pathways mediating the sensation of itch. J Neurosci 2007;27:7490–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  Imamachi N, Park GH, Lee H, et al. TRPV1‐expressing primary afferents generate behavioral responses to pruritogens via multiple mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:11330–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  Ringkamp M, Schepers RJ, Shimada SG, et al. A role for nociceptive, myelinated nerve fibers in itch sensation. J Neurosci 2011;31:14841–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Akiyama T, Carstens E. Neural processing of itch. Neuroscience 2013;250:697–714. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Schmelz M, Hilliges M, Schmidt R, et al. Active “itch fibers” in chronic pruritus. Neurology 2003;61:564–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Abadia Molina F, Burrows NP, Jones RR, et al. Increased sensory neuropeptides in nodular prurigo: a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:344–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Jarvikallio A, Harvima IT, Naukkarinen A. Mast cells, nerves and neuropeptides in atopic dermatitis and nummular eczema. Arch Dermatol Res 2003;295:2–7. Pubmed link
  • 37  Nakamura M, Toyoda M, Morohashi M. Pruritogenic mediators in psoriasis vulgaris: comparative evaluation of itch‐associated cutaneous factors. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:718–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Dhand A, Aminoff MJ. The neurology of itch. Brain 2014;137:313–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 39  Mishra SK, Hoon MA. The cells and circuitry for itch responses in mice. Science 2013;340:968–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 40  Andoh T, Kuwazono T, Lee JB, et al. Gastrin‐releasing peptide induces itch‐related responses through mast cell degranulation in mice. Peptides 2011;32:2098–103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Ross SE, Mardinly AR, McCord AE, et al. Loss of inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord and elevated itch in Bhlhb5 mutant mice. Neuron 2010;65:886–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Yosipovitch G, Bernhard JD. Clinical practice. Chronic pruritus. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1625–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 43  Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science 1965;150:971–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Nilsson HJ, Levinsson A, Schouenborg J. Cutaneous field stimulation (CFS): a new powerful method to combat itch. Pain 1997;71:49–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 45  Ebata T, Iwasaki S, Kamide R, et al. Use of a wrist activity monitor for the measurement of nocturnal scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:305–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Hagermark O, Wahlgren CF. Some methods for evaluating clinical itch and their application for studying pathophysiological mechanisms. J Dermatol Sci 1992;4:55–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Liu T, Ji RR. New insights into the mechanisms of itch: are pain and itch controlled by distinct mechanisms? Pflugers Arch 2013;465:1671–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  Rukwied RR, Main M, Weinkauf B, et al. NGF sensitizes nociceptors for cowhage‐ but not histamine‐induced itch in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:268–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Lewis T. The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and their Responses. London: Shaw and sons, 1927.
  • 50  Greaves MW, Shuster S. Responses of skin blood vessels to bradykinin, histamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine. J Physiol 1967;193:255–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Shim WS, Tak MH, Lee MH, et al. TRPV1 mediateshistamine induced itching via activation of phospholipase A2 and 12 lipoxygenase. J Neurosci 2007;27:2331–7 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Thurmond RL, Gelfand EW, Dunford PJ. The role of histamine H1 and H4 receptors in allergic inflammation: the search for new antihistamines. Nar Rev Drug Discov 2008;7:41–53. Cross Ref link
  • 53  Bell JK, McQueen DS, Rees JL. Involvement of histamine H4 and H1 receptors in scratching induced by histamine receptor agonists in Balb C mice. Br J Pharmacol 2004;142:374–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 54  Yamura K, Oda M, Suwa E, et al. Expression of histamine H4 receptor in human epidermal tissues and attenuation of experimental pruritus using H4 receptor antagonist. J Toxicol Sci 2009;34:427–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 55  Davies MG, Greaves MW. Sensory responses of human skin. Sensory responses of human skin to synthetic histamine analogues and to histamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1980;9:461–5. Pubmed link
  • 56  Kaplan AP, Horakova Z, Katz SI. Assessment of tissue fluid levels in patients with urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1978;61:255–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 57  Vogelsgang M, Heyer G, Hornstein OP. Acetylcholine induces different sensations in atopic and non–atopic subjects. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75:434–46. Pubmed link
  • 58  Scott A. Acetylcholine in normal and diseased skin. Br J Dermatol 1962;74:317–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Gazerani P, Pedersen NS, Drewes AM, et al. Botulinum toxin type A reduces histamine‐induced itch and vasomotor responses in human skin. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:737–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 60  Weinfeld PK. Successful treatment of notalgia paresthetica with botulinum toxin type A. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:980–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 61  Suzuki R, Furuno T, McKay DM, et al. Direct neurite–mast cell communication in vitro occurs via the neuropeptide substance P. J Immunol 1999;163:2410–15. Pubmed link
  • 62  Steinhoff M, Vergnolle N, Young SH, et al. Agonists of proteinase activated receptor 2 indices inflammation by a neurogenic mechanism. Nat Med 2000;6:151–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 63  Jorizzo J, Coutts A, Greaves MW. Vascular responses of human skin to injection of substance P and mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;87:67–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Cocchiara R, Lampiasi N, Albeggiani G, et al. Mast cell production of TNF‐alpha induced by substance P: evidence for a modulatory role of substance P antagonists. J Neuroimmunol 1999;101;128–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 65  Ständer S, Siepmann D, Herrgott I, et al. Targeting the neurokinin receptor 1 with aprepitant: a novel antipruritic strategy. PLOS One 2010;5:e10968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 66  Duval A, Dubertret L. Aprepitant as an antipruritic agent? N Engl J Med 2009;361:1415–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Booken N, Heck M, Nicolay JP, et al. Oral aprepitant in the therapy of intractable pruritus in erythrodermic cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:665–7. Pubmed link
  • 68  Santini D, Vincenzi B, Guida FM, et al. Aprepitant for management of severe pruritus related to biological cancer treatments: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:1020–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Umeuchi H, Togashi Y, Honda T, et al. Involvement of central mu‐opioid system in the scratching behaviour in mice, and the suppression of it by the action of kappa‐opioid system. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;477:29–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Greaves MW, Khalifa N. Itch – more than skin deep. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004;135:166–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 71  Bergasa NV, Thomas DA, Vergalla J, et al. Plasma from patients with pruritus of cholestasis induces opioid receptor mediated scratching in monkeys. Life Sci 1993;53:1253–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 72  Bergasa N, Alling DW, Talbot TL, et al. Naloxone ameliorates the pruritus of cholestasis: results of a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Phan NQ, Lotts T, Antal A, et al. Systemic kappa opioid receptor agonists in the treatment of chronic pruritus: a literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:555–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Shelley WB, Arthur RP. Studies on cowhage (Mucuna pruriens) and its pruritogenic proteinase mucunain. Arch Dermatol 1955;72:399–406. Cross Ref link
  • 75  Steinhoff M, Neisius U, Ikoma A, et al. Proteinase activated receptor 2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for itch in human skin. J Neurosci 2003;23:6176–80. Pubmed link
  • 76  Liu Q, Weng HJ, Patel KN, et al. The distinct roles of two GPCRs, MrgprC11 and PAR2, in itch and hyperalgesia. Sci Signal 2011;4:ra45. Pubmed link
  • 77  Han L, Ma C, Liu Q, et al. A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch. Nat Neurosci 2013;16:174–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Andoh T, Yoshida T, Lee JB, et al. Cathepsin E induces itch‐related response through the production of endothelin‐1 in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;686:16–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 79  Albers KM, Wright DE, Davis BM. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in epidermis of transgenic mice causes hypertrophy of the peripheral nervous system. J Neurosci 1994;14:1422–32. Pubmed link
  • 80  Verge VM, Richardson PM, Wiesenfeld–Hallin Z, et al. Differential influence of nerve growth factor on neuropeptide expression in vivo: a novel role in peptide suppression in adult sensory neurones. J Neurosci 1995;2081–96. Pubmed link
  • 81  Donnerer J, Schuligol R, Amann R. Increased content and transport of Substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide in sensory nerves innervating inflamed tissue: evidence for a regulatory role of nerve growth factor in vivo. Neuroscience 1992;49:693–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Dou YC, Hagstromer L, Emtestam, et al. Increased nerve growth factor and its receptor in atopic dermatitis: an immunohistchemical study. Arch Derm Res 2006;298:31–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 83  Toyoda M, Nakamura M, Makino T, et al. Nerve growth factor and substance P are useful plasma markers of disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:71–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Luger TA. Neuromediators – a crucial component of the skin immune system. J Derm Sci 2002;30:87–93. Cross Ref link
  • 85  Wahlgren CF, Tengvall Linder M, Hagermark O, et al. Itch and inflammation induced by intradermally injected interleukin–2 in atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects. Arch Derm Res 1995;287:572–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 86  Wahlgren CF, Scheynius A, Hagermark O. Antipruritic effect of oral cyclosporin A in atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermato Venereol (Stockh) 1990;70:323–39.
  • 87  Neis MM, Oeters B, Dreuw A, et al. Enhanced expression levels of IL‐31 correlate with IL‐4 and IL‐13 in atopic and allergic contact dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;118:930–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 88  Ezzat MHM, Hasan ZE, Shaheen KYA. Serum measurement of interleukin–31 (IL‐31) in paediatric atopic dermatitis: elevated levels correlate with severity scoring. J Eur Acad Derm Vener 2011;25:334–9. Cross Ref link
  • 89  Taaoka A, Arai I, Sugimoto M, et al. Involvement of IL‐31 on scratching behaviour in NC/Nga mice with atopic–like dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2006;15:161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 90  Grimstad O, Sawanobori Y, Vestergaard C, et al. Anti‐interleukin‐31 antibodies ameliorate scratching behaviour in NC/Nga mice: a model of atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:35–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 91  Bando T, Morikawa Y, Komori T, et al. Complete overlap of interleukin–31 receptor A and oncostatin M receptor beta in the adult dorsal root ganglia with distinct developmental expression patterns. Neuroscience 2006;142:1263–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  Lee CH, Hong CH, Yu WT, et al. Mechanistic correlations between two itch bio‐markers, cytokine interleukin–31 and neuropeptide ß‐endorphin, via STAT3/calcium axis in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:794–803. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Weisshaar E, Gieler U, Kupfer J, et al. Questionnaires to assess chronic itch: a consensus paper of the special interest group of the International Forum on the Study of Itch. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:493–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Schneider G, Driesch G, Heuft G, et al. Psychosomatic cofactors and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with chronic itch. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:762–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 95  Pujol RM, Gallardo F, Listosella E, et al. Invisible mycosis fungoides: a diagnostic challenge. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:324–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 96  Rajka G. Atopic Dermatitis, Vol. 3, Major Problems in Dermatology. London: Saunders, 1975:38–41.
  • 97  Hieger G, Hornstein OP, Handwerker HO. Skin reactions and itch sensation induced by epicutaneous histamine application in atopic dermatitis and controls. J Invest Dermatol 1960;34:237–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Runne U, Orfanos CE. Cutaneous neural proliferation in highly pruritic lesions of chronic prurigo. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:787–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Rukwied R, Lischetzki G, McGlone F, et al. Mast cell mediators other than histamine induce pruritus in atopic dermatitis patients: a dermal microdialysis study. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1114–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Klein PA, Clarke RAF. An evidence‐based review of the efficacy of antihistamine in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1522–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Krause L, Shuster S. Mechanism of action of antipruritic drugs. BMJ 1983;287:1119–2000. Cross Ref link
  • 102  Supajatura V, Hiroko U, Nakao A, et al. Differential responses of mast cell Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 in allergy and innate immunity. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1351–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 103  Devillers A, Oranje AP. Efficacy and safety of wet‐wrap dressings in the treatment of children with atopic dermatitis: a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2006;154:579–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 104  Reynolds NJ, Franklin V, Gray JC, et al. Narrow band ultraviolet B and broad band ultraviolet A phototherapy in adult atopic eczema: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2001;357:2012–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 105  Megitt SJ, Gray JC, Reynolds N. Azathioprine dosed by thiopurine methyltransferase activity for moderate‐to‐severe atopic eczema: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:839–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 106  Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schopf E, et al. A short‐term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 1997;337:816–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Ständer S, Luger TA. [Antipruritische Wirkung von Pimecrolimus und Tacrolimus.] Hautarzt 2003;54:413–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Sonkoly E, Muller A, Lauerman AI. IL‐31: a new link between T cells and pruritus in atopic skin inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;117:411–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Heyer G, Groene D, Martens P. Efficacy of natrexone on acetyl choline‐induced alloknesis in atopic eczema. Exp Dermatol 2002;11:448–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 110  Yosipovitch G, Goon A, Wee J, et al. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of pruritus among patients with extensive psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:969–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 111  Szepietowski JC, Reich A, Wiśnicka B. Itching in patients suffering from psoriasis. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 2002;10:221–6. Pubmed link
  • 112  Reich A, Hrehorów E, Szepietowski JC. Pruritus is an important factor negatively influencing the well‐being of psoriatic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90:257–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 113  Armstrong AW, Schupp C, Wu J, et al. Quality of life and work productivity impairment among psoriasis patients: findings from the National Psoriasis Foundation survey data 2003–2011. PLOS One 2012;7:e52935. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Reich A, Welz‐Kubiak K, Szepietowski JC. Pruritus differences between psoriasis and lichen planus. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:605–6. Pubmed link
  • 115  O'Neill JL, Chan YH, Rapp SR, et al. Differences in itch characteristics between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients: results of a web‐based questionnaire. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:537–40. Pubmed link
  • 116  Martin ML, McCarrier KP, Chiou CF, et al. Early development and qualitative evidence of content validity for the Psoriasis Symptom Inventory (PSI), a patient‐reported outcome measure of psoriasis symptom severity. J Dermatol Treat 2013;24:255–60. Cross Ref link
  • 117  Nobbe S, Dziunycz P, Mühleisen B, et al. IL‐31 expression by inflammatory cells is preferentially elevated in atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:24–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 118  Strand V, Fiorentino D, Hu C, et al. Improvements in patient‐reported outcomes with apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: results from a phase IIb randomized, controlled study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013;11:82. Pubmed link
  • 119  Gilchrest BA, Stern RS, Steinman TI, et al. Clinical features of pruritus among patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:154–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 120  Mettang T, Pauli‐Magnus C, Alscher DM. Uraemic pruritus — new perspectives from recent trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1558–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 121  Szepietowski JC, Schwarz RA. Uraemic pruritus. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:247–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 122  Mettang T, Fritz P, Weber J, et al. Uremic pruritus in patients on haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). The role of plasma histamine and skin mast cells. Clin Nephrol 1990;34:136–41. Pubmed link
  • 123  Szepietowski J, Thepen T, Van Vloten WA, et al. Pruritus and mast cell proliferation in the skin of haemodialysis patients. Inflamm Res 1995;44(Suppl. 1):S84–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Gilchrest BA, Rowe JW, Mihm MC. Clinical and histological cutaneous clinical findings in chronic renal failure: evidence for a dialysis resistant transplant responsive microangiopathy. Lancet 1980;ii:1271–5. Cross Ref link
  • 125  Johansson O, Hilliges M, Stahle‐Backdahl M. Intraepidermal neurone specific enolase (NSE) – immunoreactive nerve fibres: evidence for sprouting in uremic patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Neurosci Lett 1989;99:281–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Cho YL, Liu HN, Huang TP, et al. Uraemic pruritus: roles of parathormone and substance P. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:538–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 127  Rockoff SD, Armstrong JD. Parathyroid hormone as a stimulus to mast cell accumulation in bone. Calcif Tissue Res 1970;5:49–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 128  Massry SG, Popovtzer MM, Coburn JW, et al. Intractable pruritus as a manifestation of secondary hyperparathyroidism in uraemia: disappearance of itching after subtotal parathyroidectomy. N Engl J Med 1968;279:697–700. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Brown MA, George CR, Dunstan CR, et al. Prurigo nodularis and aluminium overload in maintenance haemodialysis. Lancet 1992;340:48. Pubmed link
  • 130  Szepietowski J, Thepen T, Szepietowski T, et al. Phenotypic analysis of cell infiltrate in normal looking skin of haemodialysis patients. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 1996;4:3–6.
  • 131  Pereira BJG, Dinarello CA. Production of cytokines and cytokine inhibitory proteins in patients on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9(Suppl. 2):60–71. Pubmed link
  • 132  Kimmel M, Alscher DM, Dunst R, et al. The role of microinflammation in the pathogenesis of uraemic pruritus in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006;21:749–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 133  Duque MI, Yosipovitch G, Fleischer AB, et al. Lack of efficacy of tacrolimus ointment 0.1% for treatment of haemodialysis‐related pruritus: a randomized double‐blind vehicle‐controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:519–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 134  Danno K, Nishiura K, Tanaka M. Increased met‐enkephalin plasma levels in hemodialysis patients with or without pruritus. J Dermatol Sci 1995;10:238–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 135  Mettang T, Fischer FP, Dollenbacher U, et al. Uraemic pruritus is not related to beta‐endorphin serum levels in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:232–3. Cross Ref link
  • 136  Wikstrom B, Gellert R, Ladefoged SD, et al. Kappa‐opioid system in uremic pruritus: multicentre randomized double‐blind placebo controlled clinical studies. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3447–8. Cross Ref link
  • 137  Kumagai H, Ebata T, Takamori K, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel ĸ‐agonist for managing intractable pruritus in dialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2012;36:175–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 138  Murphy M, Carmichael AJ. Renal itch. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;25:103–6. Cross Ref link
  • 139  Tan JK, Haberman HF, Coldman AJ. Identifying effective treatments for uremic pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:811–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 140  Berne B, Vahlquist A, Fisher T, et al. UV treatment of uraemic pruritus reduces the vitamin A content of the skin. Eur J Clin Invest 1984;14:203–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 141  Gilchrest BA, Rowe JW, Brown RS. Relief of uraemic pruritus with ultraviolet phototherapy. N Engl J Med 1977;297:136–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 142  Pederson JA, Matter BJ, Czerwinski AW. Relief of idiopathic generalized pruritus in dialysis patients treated with activated oral charcoal. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:446–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 143  Gunal AI, Yoldas TK, Kirciman E, Celiker H. Gabapentin therapy for pruritus in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:3137–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 144  Peer G, Kivity S, Agami O, et al. Randomised crossover trial of naltrexone in uraemic pruritus. Lancet 1996;348:1552–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 145  Breneman DL, Cardone JS, Blumsack RF, et al. Topical capsaicin for treatment of hemodialysis‐related pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:91–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 146  Kremer AE, van Dijk R, Leckie P, et al. Serum autotaxin is increased in pruritus of cholestasis, but not of other origin, and responds to therapeutic interventions. Hepatology 2012;56:1391–400. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 147  Alemi F, Kwon E, Poole DP, et al. The TGR5 receptor mediates bile acid‐induced itch and analgesia. J Clin Invest 2013;123:1513–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 148  Cacoub P, Poynard T, Ghillan P, et al. Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2204–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 149  Cribier B, Santinelli F, Schmitt C, et al. Should patients with pruritus be tested for hepatitis C infection? A case‐controlled study. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1234–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 150  Ghent CN, Bloomer JR, Klastskin G. Elevations of skin tissue levels of bile acids in human cholestasis: relation to serum levels and to pruritus. Gastroenterology 1977;73:1125–30. Pubmed link
  • 151  Bartholomew TC, Summerfield JA, Billing BH, et al. Bile acid profiles of human serum and skin interstitial fluid and their relationship to pruritus studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982;63:65–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 152  Kirby J, Heater KW, Burton JL. Pruritic effects of bile salts. BMJ 1974;4:693–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 153  Bachs L, Pares A, Elena M, et al. Comparison of rifampicin with phenobarbitone for treatment of pruritus in biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 1989;i:574–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 154  Duncan JS, Kennedy HJ, Triger DR. Treatment of pruritus due to chronic obstructive liver disease. BMJ 1984;289:22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 155  Van Itallie TB, Hashim SA, Crampton RS, Tennent DM. The treatment of pruritus and hypercholesteremia of primary biliary cirrhosis with cholestyramine. N Engl J Med 1961;265:469–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 156  Cerio R, Murphy GM, Salden GE, et al. A combination of phototherapy and cholestyramine for the relief of pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Br J Dermatol 1987;116:265–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 157  Berg CI. Use of colesevalem hydrochloride (Welchtol) as a novel therapeutic agent for the management of refractory pruritus in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2001;34:541.
  • 158  Pares A, Cisneros L, Salmeron JM, et al. Extracorporeal albumin dialysis: a procedure for prolonged relief of intractable pruritus in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:1105–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 159  Prince MI, Burt AD, Jones DEJ. Hepatitis and liver dysfunction with rifampicin therapy for pruritus in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 2002;50:436–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 160  Goulis J, Leandro G, Burroughs AK. Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta‐analysis. Lancet 1999;355:657–8.
  • 161  Bergasa NV. Treatment of hepatobiliary pruritus. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2004;6:10–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 162  Thornton JR, Losowsky MS. Opioid peptides and primary biliary cirrhosis. BMJ 1988;297:1501–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 163  Swain MG, Rothman RG, Xu H, et al. Endogenous opioids accumulate in plasma in a rat model of acute cholestasis. Gastroenterology 1992;103:630–5. Pubmed link
  • 164  Bergasa NV, Alling DW, Talbot TL, et al. Effects of naloxone infusions in patients with the pruritus of cholestasis: a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 165  Terg R, Coronel E, Sordá J, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral naltrexone treatment for pruritus of cholestasis, a crossover, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. J Hepatol 2002;37:717–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 166  Jones EA, Bergasa NV. Pruritus of cholestasis and the opioid system. JAMA 1992;268:3359–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 167  Fagan EA. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. BMJ 1994;309:1243–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 168  Dahl MGC. Premenstrual pruritus due to recurrent cholestasis. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1970;56:11–13.
  • 169  Lewiecki EM, Rahman F. Pruritus: a manifestation of iron deficiency. JAMA 1976;236:2319–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 170  Salem HH, Van der Weyden MB, Young IF, Wiley JS. Pruritus and severe iron deficiency in polycythaemia vera. BMJ 1982;285:91–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 171  Tucker WFG, Briggs C, Challoner T. Absence of pruritus in iron deficiency following venesection. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9:186–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 172  Diehn F, Tefferi A. Pruritus in polycythaemia vera: prevalence laboratory correlates and management. Br J Haematol 2001;115:619–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 173  Gilbert HS, Warner RP, Wassermann LR. A study of histamine in myeloproliferative disease. Blood 1966;28:795–806. Pubmed link
  • 174  Fjellner B, Hagermark O. Pruritus in polycythaemia vera: treatment with aspirin and possibility of platelet involvement. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1979;59:505–12.
  • 175  Archer CB, Camp RDR, Greaves MW. Polycythaemia vera can present with aquagenic pruritus [letter]. Lancet 1988;i:1451. Cross Ref link
  • 176  Menagé HP, Norris PG, Hawk JLM, Greaves MW. The efficacy of psoralen photochemotherapy in the treatment of aquagenic pruritus. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:163–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 177  Baldo A, Sammarco E, Plaitano R, et al. Narrow band (TL‐01) ultraviolet B phototherapy for pruritus in polycythaemia vera. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:979–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 178  Muller EW, De Wolf TM, Egger PW, et al. Long term treatment with interferon‐a2b for severe pruritus in patients with polycythaemia vera. Br J Haematol 1995;89:313–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 179  Tefferi A, Fonesca R. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in the treatment of polycythaemia vera‐associated pruritus. Blood 2002;99:262–7.
  • 180  Ehrchen J, Ständer S. Pregabalin in the treatment of chronic pruritus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:36–7. Cross Ref link
  • 181  Caravati CM Jr, Richardson DR, Wood BT, Cawley EP. Cutaneous manifestations of hyperthyroidism. South Med J 1969;62:1127–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 182  Fruhstorfer H, Hermanns M, Latzke L. The effects of thermal stimulation on clinical and experimental itch. Pain 1986;24:259–69. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 183  Neilly JB, Martin A, Simpson N, MacCuish AC. Pruritus in diabetes mellitus: investigation of prevalence and correlation with diabetes control. Diabetes Care 1986;9:273–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 184  Scribner M. Diabetes and pruritus of the scalp [letter]. JAMA 1977;237:1559. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 185  Greenwood AM. A study of the skin in 500 cases of diabetes. JAMA 1927;891:774–6. Cross Ref link
  • 186  Yamaoka H, Sasaki H, Yamasaki H, et al. Truncal pruritus of unknown origin may be a symptom of diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2010;33:150–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 187  Ko MJ, Chiu HC, Jee SH, et al. Postprandial blood glucose is associated with generalized pruritus in patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Dermatol 2013;23:688–93. Pubmed link
  • 188  Lober CW. Should the patient with generalized pruritus be evaluated for malignancy? J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:350–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 189  Paul R, Paul R, Jansen CT. Itch and malignancy prognosis in generalized pruritus: a six year follow up of 125 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:1179–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 190  Stefanato CM, Reyes‐Mugica M. Masked Hodgkin's disease: the pruriginous disguise. Ped Hematol Oncol 1996;13:293–4. Cross Ref link
  • 191  Gobbi PG, Attardo‐Parrinello G, Lattanzio G, et al. Severe pruritus should be a B‐symptom in Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1983;51:1934–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 192  Chiang HC, Huang V, Cornelius LA. Cancer and itch. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2011;30:107–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 193  Yosipovitch G. Chronic pruritus: a paraneoplastic sign. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:590–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 194  Reich A, Ständer S, Szepietowski JC. Drug‐induced pruritus: a review. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:236–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 195  Cox NH, Popple AW. Persistent erythema and pruritus, with a confluent histiocytic skin infiltrate, following the use of a hydroxyethyl starch plasma expander. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:353–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 196  Metze D, Reimann S, Szepfalusi Z, et al. Persistent pruritus after hydroxyethyl starch infusion therapy: a result of long‐term storage in cutaneous nerves. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:553–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 197  Jurecka W, Szepfalusi Z, Parth E, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch deposits in human skin: a model for pruritus? Arch Dermatol Res 1993;285:13–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 198  Szeimies RM, Stolz W, Wlotzke U, et al. Successful treatment of hydroxy­ethyl starch‐induced pruritus with topical capsaicin. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 199  Ständer S, Richter L, Osada N, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch‐induced pruritus: clinical characteristics and influence of dose, molecular weight and substitution. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;94:282–7. Cross Ref link
  • 200  Ambros‐Rudolph CM, Müllegger RR, Vaughan‐Jones SA, et al. The specific dermatoses of pregnancy revisited and reclassified: results of a retrospective two‐center study on 505 pregnant patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:395–404. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 201  Schneider G, Paus TC, Kullak‐Ublick GA, et al. Linkage between a new splicing site mutation in the MDR3 alias ABCB4 gene and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Hepatology 2007;45:150–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 202  Thaipisuttikul Y. Pruritic diseases of the elderly. J Dermatol 1998;25:153–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 203  Jacobsen E, Billings JK, Frantz RA, et al. Age related changes in sebaceous wax ester secretion rates in men and women. J Invest Dermatol 1985;85:483–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 204  Yamamoto A, Serizawa S, Ito M, Sato Y. Effect of ageing on sebaceous gland activity and on fatty acid composition of wax esters. J Invest Dermatol 1987;89:507–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 205  Kligman AM, Greaves MW, Steinman H. Water induced itching without cutaneous signs: aquagenic pruritus. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:183–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 206  Hara M, Kikuchi K, et al. Senile xerosis, functional morphological and biochemical studies. J Geriatr Dermatol 1993;1:111–20.
  • 207  Nusbaum J. Aging and sensory senescence. South Med J 1999;92:135–9. Cross Ref link
  • 208  Ward JR, Bernhard JD. Willan's itch and other causes of pruritus in the elderly. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:267–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 209  Ghiadially R, Halkier‐Sorensen L, Elias PM. Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:387–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 210  Stumpf A, Ständer S. Neuropathic itch: diagnosis and management. Dermatol Ther 2013;26:104–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 211  Oaklander AL. Common neuropathic itch syndromes. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:118–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 212  Depenau C, Schröder R, Osada N, et al. [Pain and pruritus: differences and similarities as revealed by the PainDetect questionnaire parameters.] Hautarzt 2012;63:539–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 213  Springall DR, Karanth SS, Kirkham N, et al. Symptoms of notalgia paresthetica may be explained by increased dermal innervation. J Invest Dermatol 1991;97:555–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 214  Massey EW, Fleet AB. Electromyographic evaluation of notalgia paraesthetica. Neurology 1981;31:642. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 215  Eisenberg E, Barmeir E, Bergman R. Notalgia paraesthetica associated with nerve root impingement. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:998–2000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 216  Streib EW, Sun SF. Notalgia paresthetica owing to compression neuropathy: case presentation including electrodiagnostic studies. Eur Neurol 1981;20:64–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 217  Wallengren J, Klinker M. Successful treatment of notalgia paraesthetica with topical capsaicin: vehicle controlled, double blind, crossover study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:287–9 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 218  Marziniak M, Phan NQ, Raap U, et al. Brachioradial pruritus as a result of cervical spine pathology: the results of a magnetic resonance tomography study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:756–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 219  Knight TE, Hayashi T. Solar (brachioradial) pruritus: response to capsaicin cream. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:206–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 220  Gabriel GM, Crone CC. Nocturnal pruritus in a cardiac pretransplant patient. Psychosomatics 2001;42:344–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 221  Fried RG. Evaluation and treatment of ‘psychogenic’ pruritus and self‐excoriation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:993–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 222  Newbold PCH. Antidepressants and skin disease. BMJ 1988;298:379. Cross Ref link
  • 223  Biondi M, Arcangeli T, Pertucci RM. Paroxetine in a case of psychogenic pruritus and neurotic excoriations. Psychother Psychosom 2000;69:165–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 224  Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Schork NJ, Ellis CN. Depression modulates pruritus perception: a study of pruritus in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Psychosom Med 1994;56:36–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 225  Ständer S, Augustin M, Reich A, et al. Pruritus assessment in clinical trials: consensus recommendations from the International Forum for the Study of Itch (IFSI) Special Interest Group Scoring Itch in Clinical Trials. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93:509–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 226  Phan NQ, Blome C, Fritz F, et al. Assessment of pruritus intensity: prospective study on validity and reliability of the visual analogue scale, numerical rating scale and verbal rating scale in 471 patients with chronic pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:502–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 227  Weisshaar E, Dalgard F. Epidemiology of itch: adding to the burden of skin morbidity. Acta Derm Venereol 2009;89:339–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 228  Reinhart K, Perner A, Sprung CL, et al. Consensus statement of the ESICM task force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:368–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 229  Ensslin CJ, Rosen AC, Wu S, et al. Pruritus in patients treated with targeted cancer therapies: systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:708–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 230  Razykov I, Levis B, Hudson M, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of pruritus in patients with systemic sclerosis: an updated analysis of 959 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:2056–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 231  Vannucchi AM, et al. Clinical profile of homozygous JAK2 617V>F mutation in patients with polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. Blood 2007;110:840–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 232  Ständer S, Darsow U, Mettang T, et al. [S2k guideline – Chronic pruritus]. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012;10 Suppl. 4:S1–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Prurigo nodularis

  • 233  Hyde JN, Montgomery FH. A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin for the Use of Students and Practitioners, 6th edn Philadelphia and New York: Lea Brothers & Co, 1901:387–91.
  • 234  Hyde JN, Montgomery FH. A Practical Treatise on Disease of the Skin for the Use of Students and Practitioners, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers, 1909:174–5.
  • 235  Hardaway WA. Case of multiple tumor of the skin accompanied by intense pruritus. Arch Dermatol 1880;6:129–32.
  • 236  Hyde J. A Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Skin for the Use of Students and Practitioners, 1st edn. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1883:226–8.
  • 237  Iking A, Grundmann S, Chatzigeorgakidis E, et al. Prurigo as a symptom of atopic and non‐atopic diseases: Aetiological survey in a consecutive cohort of 108 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:550–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 238  Lee MR, Shumack S. Prurigo nodularis: a review. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:211–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 239  Metz M, Ständer S. Chronic pruritus – pathogenesis, clinical aspects and treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24:1249–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 240  Amer A, Fischer H. Prurigo nodularis in a 9‐year‐old girl. Clin Pediatr 2009;48:93–5. Cross Ref link
  • 241  Eigelshoven S, Homey B. Prurigo nodularis. CME Dermatol 2009;4:140–55.
  • 242  Ständer S, Stumpf A, Osada N, et al. Gender differences in chronic pruritus: women present different morbidity, more scratch lesions and higher burden. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:1273–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 243  Weigelt N, Metze D, Ständer S. Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:578–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 244  Schuhknecht B, Marziniak M, Wissel A, et al. Reduced intraepidermal nerve fibre density in lesional and nonlesional prurigo nodularis skin as a potential sign of subclinical cutaneous neuropathy. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:85–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 245  Liang Y, Marcusson JA, Jacobi HH, et al. Histamine‐containing mast cells and their relationship to NGFr‐immunoreactive nerves in prurigo nodularis: a reappraisal. J Cutan Pathol 1998;25:189–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 246  Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, et al. The neurobiology of itch. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:535–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 247  Pautrier LM. [Le neurome de la lichenification circonscrite nodulaire chronique (lichen ruber obtusus corne prurigo nodularis).] Ann Dermatol Syph 1934;7:897.
  • 248  Lindley RP, Payne CM. Neural hyperplasia is not a diagnostic prerequisite in nodular prurigo. A controlled morphometric microscopic study of 26 biopsy specimens. J Cutan Pathol 1989;16:14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 249  Abadía Molina F, Burrows NP, Jones RR, et al. Increased sensory neuropeptides in nodular prurigo: a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:344–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 250  Boulais N, Misery L. The epidermis: a sensory organ. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:119–27. Pubmed link
  • 251  Gencoglan G, Inanir I, Gunduz K. Therapeutic hotline: treatment of prurigo nodularis and lichen simplex chronicus with gabapentin. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:194–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 252  Dereli T, Karaca N, Inanir I, et al. Gabapentin for the treatment of recalcitrant chronic prurigo nodularis. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:85–6. Pubmed link
  • 253  Ständer S, Siepmann D, Herrgott I, et al. Targeting the neurokinin receptor 1 with aprepitant: a novel antipruritic strategy. PLOS One 2010;5 e10968. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 254  Schedel F, Schürmann C, Augustin M, et al. Prurigo nodularis: introduction of a re–defined classification and Prurigo Activity Score (PAS). Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93:610.
  • 255  Kimura T, Miyazawa H. The ‘butterfly’ sign in patients with atopic dermatitis: evidence for the role of scratching in the development of skin manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:579–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 256  Tamada Y, Yokochi K, Oshitani Y, et al. Pemphigoid nodularis: a case with 230 kDa hemidesmosomes antigen associated with bullous pemphigoid antigen. J Dermatol 1995;22:201–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 257  Weisshaar E, Szepietowski JC, Darsow U, et al. European Guideline on Chronic Pruritus. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:563–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 258  Fostini AC, Girolomoni G, Tessari G. Prurigo nodularis: an update on etiopathogenesis and therapy. J Dermatol Treat 2013;24:458–62. Cross Ref link
  • 259  Ständer S, Luger T, Metze D. Treatment of prurigo nodularis with topical capsaicin. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:471–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 260  Stoll DM, Fields JP, King LE Jr. Treatment of prurigo nodularis: use of cryosurgery and intralesional steroids plus lidocaine. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1983;9:922–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 261  Saraceno R, Nistico SP, Capriotti E, et al. Monochromatic excimer light (308 nm) in the treatment of prurigo nodularis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2008;24:43–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Lichen simplex chronicus

  • 262  Johansson O, Liang Y, Emtestam L. Increased nerve growth factor and tyrosine kinase A‐like immunoreactivities in prurigo nodularis skin – an exploration of the cause of neurohyperplasia. Arch Derm Res 2002;293:614–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 263  Lee MR, Schumack S. Prurigo nodularis: a review. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46:211–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link