Introduction

    Psychodermatology multidisciplinary teams

    • 1  All Party Parliamentary Group on Skin (APPGS). The Psychological and Social Impact of Skin Disease on People's Lives. London: APPGS, 2013. www.appgs.co.uk/publications (last accessed August 2015).
    • 2  Bewley A, Affleck A, Bundy C, Higgins E, McBride S. Psychodermatology services guidance: the report of the British Association of Dermatologists' Psychodermatology Working Party. Br J Dermatol 2013;168(6):1149–503. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Classification

    • 3  Musalek M, Hoble B, Mossbacher U. Diagnostics in psychodermatology. Dermatol Psychosom 2001;2:110–15. Cross Ref link
    • 4  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2014. www.dsm5.org (last accessed August 2015).
    • 5  World Health Organization. The ICD‐10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.
    • 6  World Health Organization. The International Classification of Diseases 11th revision is due by 2017. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/revision/en/ (last accessed August 2015).

    Psychological co‐morbidities of chronic skin disease and the ‘golden rules of psychodermatology’

    • 7  Linnet J, Jemec GB. Anxiety level and severity of skin condition predicts outcome of psychotherapy in atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2001;40:632–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 8  Kleyn CE, McKie S, Ross AR, et al. Diminished neural and cognitive responses to facial expressions of disgust in patients with psorisis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129(11):2613–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9  Picardi A, Pasquini P, Abeni D et al. Stress, social support, emotional regulation, and exacerbation of diffuse plaque psoriasis. Psychosomatics 2005;46:556–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10  Fordham B, Griffiths CE, Bundy C. Can stress reduction interventions improve psoriasis? A review. Psychol Health Med 2013;18(5):501–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 11  Fortune DS, Richards HL, Kirby B, et al. Psychological distress impairs clearance of psoriasis in patients treated with photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:752–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12  Chung MC, Symons C, Gilliam J, Kaminski ER. Stress, psychiatric co‐morbidity and coping in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. Psychol Health 2010;25(4):477–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 13  Farrant P, McHale S. Psychological impact of hair loss. In: Bewley A, Taylor RE, Reichenberg JS, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. Oxford: Wiley, 2014:81–9.

    Stigmatization, visible differences and coping strategies

    • 14  Kent G. Stigmatisation and skin conditions. In: Walker C, Papadopoulos L, eds. Psychodermatology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:44–52.
    • 15  Gray AJ. Stigma in psychiatry. J R Soc Med 2002;95:72–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 16  Baumeister R, Twenge J, Nuss C. Effect of social exclusion on cognitive processes. J Social Clin Psychol 2002;8:17–27.
    • 17  King M, Dinos S, Shaw J, et al. The stigma scale of mental illness. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:248–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Disability, quality of life and assessment in psychodermatology

    • 18  Basra MK, Fenech R, Gatt RM, Salek MS, Finlay AY. The Dermatology Life Quality Index 1994–2007: a comprehensive review of validation data and clinical results. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:997–1035. Pubmed link
    • 19  Chularojanamontri L, Griffiths CE, Chalmers RJ. Responsiveness to change and interpretability of the simplified psoriasis index. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(2):351–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 20  Bowling A. Measuring Disease. A Review of Disease Specific Quality of Life Scales. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2001.
    • 21  Appendix. Screening questionnaires and scales. In: Bewley AP, Taylor RE, Reichenberg J, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. Oxford: Wiley, 2014:238–67. Cross Ref link

    Delusional beliefs

    Delusional infestation

    • 23  Bewley A, Lepping P, Freudenmann RW, Taylor R. Delusional parasitosis: time to change the name of the condition to delusional infection. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(1):1–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 24  Freudenmann RW, Lepping P. Delusional infestation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2009;22(4):690–732. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 25  Eccles JA, Garfinkel SN, Ward J, Taylor RE, Bewley AP, Critchley HD. Sensations of skin infestation linked to abnormal cortical and midbrain reactivity and differences in self‐representation in patients with delusional infestation (in press).
    • 26  Freudenmann RW, Lepping P, Huber M, et al. Delusional infestation and the specimen sign: a European multicentre study in 148 consecutive cases. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(2):247–251 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 27  Freudenmann RW, Lepping P. Second‐generation antipsychotics in primary and secondary delusional parasitosis: outcome and efficacy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28(5):500–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 28  Ahmed A, Bewley A. Delusional infestation and patient adherence to treatment: an observational study. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(3):607–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 29  Wong S, Bewley A. Patients with delusional infestation (delusional parasitosis) often require prolonged treatment as recurrence of symptoms after cessation of treatment is common: an observational study. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(4):893–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 30  Musalek M. Delusional parasitosis. In: Koo J, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. Basel: Decker, 2003:143–52.
    • 31  Lepping P, Freundenmann RW, Heuber M. Delusional infestation. In: Bewley A, Taylor RE, Reichenberg JS, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. Oxford: Wiley, 2014:117–26.
    • 32  Koo J, Lee CS. Delusions of parasitosis. A dermatologist's guide to treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2001;2:285–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Olfactory delusions

    • 33  Pryse‐Phillips W. An olfactory reference syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1971;47(4):484–509. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 34  Videbech T. Chronic olfactory paranoid syndromes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1966;42:183–212. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 35  Senol M, Fireman P. Body odour in dermatological diagnosis. Cutis 1999;63:107–11. Pubmed link
    • 36  Konuk N. Frontotemporal hypoperfusion in a patient with olfactory reference syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2006;28:174–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 37  Feusner JD, Phillips KA, Stein DJ. Olfactory reference syndrome: issues for DSM‐V. Depress Anxiety 2010;27(6):592–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 38  Brewer W, Castle D, Pantelis C. Olfaction and the Brain. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006:267–70. Cross Ref link
    • 39  Leopold D. Distortion of olfactory perception: diagnosis and treatment. Chem Senses 2002;27(7):611–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 40  Lochner C, Stein DJ. Olfactory reference syndrome: diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis. J Postgrad Med 2003;49:328–31. Pubmed link
    • 41  Phillips KA, Menard W. Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011;33(4):398–406. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Morgellons syndrome

    • 42  Kellet CE. Sir Thomas Browne and the disease called Morgellons. Ann Hist Med 1935;7:467–79.
    • 43  Murase JE, Koo J. Morgellons disease: a rapport enhancing term for delusions of parasitosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:913–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 44  Elkan D. Morgellons disease: real or delusion. New Scientist 2007;195:45–9. Cross Ref link
    • 45  Koblenzer C. The challenge of Morgellon's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:920–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 46  Pearson ML, Selby JV, Katz KA, et al. Clinical, epidemiologic, histopathologic and molecular features of an unexplained dermopathy. PLOS One 2012;7(1):e29908. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Obsessive and compulsive behaviour

    • 47  Veale D, Neziroglu F. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Cross Ref link
    • 48  Phillips KA, Hart AS, Simpson HB, Stein DJ. Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: recommendations for DSM‐5. CNS Spectr 2014;19(1):10–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Body dysmorphic disorder

    • 49  Veale D, Neziroglu F. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. Cross Ref link
    • 50  Veale D, Bewley A. Body dysmorphic disorder. BMJ 2015;350:h2278. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 51  Koblenzer CS. The dysmorphic syndrome. Fitzpatrick J Clin Dermatol 1994:Mar/Apr:14–19.
    • 52  National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder: Core Interventions in the Treatment of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Body Dysmorphic Disorder 2005. Clinical Guideline No. 31. London: NICE.
    • 53  Phillips KA, Hart AS, Simpson HB, Stein DJ. Delusional versus nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder: recommendations for DSM‐5. CNS Spectr 2014;19(1):10–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 54  Phillips KA, Menard W, Quinn E, Didie ER, Stout RL. A 4‐year prospective observational follow‐up study of course and predictors of course in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychol Med 2013;43(5):1109–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 55  Monzani B, Krebs G, Anson M, Veale D, Mataix‐Cols D. Holistic versus detailed visual processing in body dysmorphic disorder: testing the inversion, composite and global precedence effects. Psychiatry Res 2013;210(3):994–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 56  Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA. A randomized placebo‐controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:381–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 57  Phillips KA. Pharmacologic treatment of body dysmorphic disorder: a review of the evidence and a recommended treatment approach. CNS Spectr 2002;7:453–60. Pubmed link
    • 58  Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, et al. BDD: a CBT model and pilot RCT. Beh Res Ther 1996;34:17–29. Cross Ref link
    • 59  Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive behavioural body image therapy for BDD. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:263–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 60  Veale D, Ellison N, Werner T, et al. Development of a cosmetic procedure screening questionnaire (COPS) for body dysmorphic disorder. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;65(4):530–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 61  Dufresne RG, Jr, Phillips KA, Vittorio CC, Wilkel CS. A screening questionnaire for body dysmorphic disorder in a cosmetic dermatologic surgery practice. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:457–62. Pubmed link
    • 62  Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Giannotti D, et al. Gender‐related differences in body dysmorphic disorder (dysmorphophobia). J Nerv Mental Dis 1997;185:578–82. Cross Ref link

    Lichen simplex chronicus and nodular prurigo

    • 63  Allerhand ME, Gough HG, Grais ML. Personality factors in neurodermatitis. Psychosom Med 1950;12:386–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 64  Gibbon KL, Bewley AP. Vulval dermatoses. In: Hollingworth A, ed. Differential Diagnosis in Obstetrics and Gynaecology; an A to Z, 2nd edn. London: Hodder Arnold, 2008.
    • 65  Liao YH, Lin CC, Tsai PP, Shen WC, Sung FC, Kao CH. Increased risk of lichen simplex chronicus in people with anxiety disorder: a nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort study. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(4):890–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 66  Fried RG. Nonpharmacologic treatment in psychodermatology. Dermatol Clin 2002;20:177–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 67  Van‐Os H, Eland P, Kennedy C. Effectiveness of nursing programme coping with itch. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1235–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Melin L, Noren P. Behavioural treatment of scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:467–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 69  Lavda AC, Webb TL, Thompson AR. A meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with skin conditions. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(5):970–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Skin picking disorder

    • 70  Flessner C, Woods D. Phenomenological characteristics, social problems, and economic impact of chronic skin picking. Behav Modif 2006;30:944–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 71  Bohne A, Keuthen N, Wilhelm S. Pathologic hair‐pulling, skin picking and nail biting. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2005;17:227–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 72  Odlaug B, Grant J. Childhood‐onset pathological skin picking: clinical characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity. Compr Psychiatry 2007;48:388–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 73  Wilhelm S, Keuthen N, Deckersbach T. Self‐injurious skin picking: clinical characteristics and comorbidity. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:654–9. Cross Ref link
    • 74  Calikusu C, Yucel B. The relationship of psychogenic excoriation to psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2003;44:256–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 75  Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Keuthen N. Cognitive behaviour therapy for self‐injurious skin picking. Behav Modif 2002;26:361–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Fried RG. Nonpharmacologic treatment in psychodermatology. Dermatol Clin 2002;20:177–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 77  Lochner C, Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Stein DJ. DSM‐5 field survey: skin picking disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012;24(4):300–4. Pubmed link
    • 78  Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Chamberlain SR, Keuthen NJ, Lochner C, Stein DJ. Skin picking disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169(11):1143–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 79  Jafferany M, Shireen F, Ibrahim A. An open‐label trial of topiramate in the treatment of skin picking in pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry 2010;12(2):104–6.

    Acne excoriée

    • 80  Brocq L, Jacquet L. Notes pour servir a' l'histoire des neurodermites. Arch Derm Syph 1891;97:193–5.
    • 81  Sneddon J, Sneddon I. Acne excoriée; a protective device. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;8:65–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 82  Wrong NM. Excoriated acne of young females. Arch Dermatol Syphiligr 1954;70:574–82.
    • 83  Gieler U, Consoli SG, Tomás‐Aragones L, et al. Self‐inflicted lesions in dermatology: terminology and classification – a position paper from the European Society for Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP). Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93(1):4–1. Pubmed link
    • 84  Kent A, Drummond LM. Acne excoriée: a case report using habit reversal. Clin Exp Dermatol 1989;14:163–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 85  Bower L, Alster T. Treatment of facial scarring from acne excoriée with pulse dye laser and cognitive psychotherapy. Dermatol Therapy 2004;30:934–8.
    • 86  Gupta MA. Emotional regulation, dissociation, and the self‐induced dermatoses: clinical features and implications for treatment with mood stabilizers. Clin Dermatol 2013;31(1):110–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 87  Sheefelt P. Use of hypnosis in acne excoriée. Am J Clin Hypnosis 2004;46:439–45.

    Trichotillomania/trichotillosis

    • 88  Hautmann G, Hercogova J, Lotti T. Trichotillomania. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:807–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 89  Bruce T, Barwick L, Wright H. Diagnosis and management of trichotillomania in children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs 2005;7:365–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 90  Harrison JP, Franklin ME. Pediatric trichotillomania. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2012;14(3):188–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Lochner C, Seedat S, du Toit P, et al. Obsessive‐compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Psychiatry 2005;5:2–16. Pubmed link
    • 92  Naik S, Gupta V. Rapunzel syndrome reviewed and redefined. Dig Surg 2007;24:157–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 93  Stanley MA, Prather RC, Wagner AL, et al. Can the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale be used to assess trichotillomania? Behav Res Ther 1993;31:171–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 94  Morris SH, Zickgraf HF, Dingfelder HE, Franklin ME. Habit reversal training in trichotillomania: guide for the clinician. Expert Rev Neurother 2013;13(9):1069–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 95  Block M, Landero S, Dombranski P, et al. Systematic review: pharmacological and behavioural treatment for trichotillomania. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:839–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Rothbart R, Amos T, Siegfried N, et al. Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;Issue 11: CD007662. Pubmed link
    • 97  Gupta MA. Emotional regulation, dissociation, and the self‐induced dermatoses: clinical features and implications for treatment with mood stabilizers. Clin Dermatol 2013;31(1):110–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Onychotillomania and onychophagia

    • 98  Pacan P, Grzesiak M, Reich A, Kantorska‐Janiec M, Szepietowski JC. Onychophagia and onychotillomania: prevalence, clinical picture and comorbidities. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94(1):67–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 99  Baran R. Nail biting and picking as a cause of longitudinal melanonychia. Dermatologica 1990;181:126–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Twohig H, Woods D. Evaluating the efficacy of habit reversal in chronic nail biting. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:40–8. Cross Ref link

    Health anxieties

    • 101  Demet MM, Deveci A, Taskin E, et al. Obsessive–compulsive disorder in a dermatology outpatient clinic. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27:426–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 102  Affleck A, Howells L. Psychodermato‐oncology: psychological reactions to skin cancer. In: Bewley AP, Taylor RE, Reichenberg J, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. London: Wiley, 2014:206–15. Cross Ref link
    • 103  Hay J, Buckley T, Ostroff J. The role of cancer worry in cancer screening: a theoretical and empirical review of the literature. Psycho‐oncology 2004;14:517–34.
    • 104  Charman CR, Morris A, Williams H. Topical steroid phobia in dermatology outpatients with atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:105. Cross Ref link
    • 105  Kestenbaum T. Obsessive‐compulsive disorder in dermatology. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2013;32(2):83–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Eating disorders

      Anorexia nervosa and bulimia

      • 106  Hoek H. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2006;19:389–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 107  Keski‐Rahkonnen A, Hoek H, Susser E, et al. Epidemiology and course of anorexia nervosa in the community. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1259–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 108  Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Dermatologic signs in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Arch Derm 1987;123:1386–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 109  Steinhausen H. The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1283–93. Cross Ref link
      • 110  Claes L, Vandereycken W, Vertommen H. Self‐injurious behaviours in eating disordered patients. Eating Behav 2001;2:263–72. Cross Ref link
      • 111  Pompili M, Mancinelli I. Suicide in anorexia nervosa: a meta‐analysis. Int J Eating Disorders 2003;36:99–103. Cross Ref link
      • 112  Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Dissatisfaction with skin appearance amongst patients with eating disorders. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:110–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 113  Luck AJ, Morgan JF, Reid F, et al. The SCOFF questionnaire and clinical interview for eating disorders in general practice. BMJ 2002;325:755–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Psychogenic itch

        Psychogenic pruritus

        • 114  Schneider D, Dresch G, Evers S, et al. Psychosomatic cofactors and psychiatric comorbidity in patients with chronic itch. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:762–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 115  Stander S, Weisshaar F, Mettang T, et al. Clinical classification of itch. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:291–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 116  Misery L, Alexandre S, Dutray S, et al. Functional itch disorder or psychogenic pruritus: suggested diagnostic criteria. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:341–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 117  Vanos H, Eland P, Grypdonck M. Prevalence and predictors of psychosocial morbidity in patients with chronic pruritic skin diseases. J Eur Acad Dermatol 2006;20:810–17.
        • 118  Gieler U, Neimeir V. Psychosomatic aspects of pruritus. Dermatol Psychosomat 2002;3:6–13. Cross Ref link
        • 119  Gupta MA, Gupta AK. The use of antidepressant drugs in dermatology. J Eur Acad Dermatol 2001;15:512–18. Cross Ref link
        • 120  Freid RG. Non‐pharmacologic treatments in psychodermatology. Dermatol Clin 2002;20:177–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 121  Greaves MW. Pathogenesis and treatment of pruritus. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2010;10(4):236–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 122  Shaw RJ, Dayal S, Good J, Bruckner AL, Joshi SV. Psychiatric medications for the treatment of pruritus. Psychosom Med 2007;69(9):970–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 123  Calabrò RS, Bramanti P, Digangi G, Mondello S, Italiano D. Psychogenic itch responding to topiramate. Psychosomatics 2013;54(3):297–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Factitious skin disease

          Dermatitis artefacta

          • 124  Millard J, Millard L. Factitious skin disorder (dermatitis artefacta). In: Bewley A, Taylor RE, Reichenberg J, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. London: Wiley, 2014:142–50. Cross Ref link
          • 125  Saez M, Orozco L, Mora I, et al. Dermatitis artefacta in paediatric patients. Paediatr Dermatol 2004;21:205–1. Cross Ref link
          • 126  Halligan P, Bass C, Oakley D, eds. Malingering and Illness Deception. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
          • 127  Koblenzer C. Dermatitis artefacta: clinical features and approaches to treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2000;1:47–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 128  Verraes S, Derancourt C, Poot F, et al. Dermatitis artefacta: a retrospective study of 31 patients. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2006;133:235–8.
          • 129  Ahmed A, Bewley A, Taylor R. Dermatitis artefacta in a vulnerable adult with a dissociative state. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013;38(8):921–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 130  Angus J, Affleck A, Leach IH, Millard L. Factitious disease presenting as non‐healing wounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:70.
          • 131  Bandmann HJ, Wahl B. Contact urticaria artefacta (witchcraft syndrome). Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:145–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 132  Simani VK. Witchcraft syndrome. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:229–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 133  Maurice PDL, Rivers JK, Jones C, Cronin E. Dermatitis artefacta with artefact of patch tests. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:204–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 134  Meigel WN, Koops DH. Scarification artifacts in the test reaction in an expert opinion of occupational dermatosis. Hautarzt 1976;27:349–51. Pubmed link
          • 135  Mohandas P, Bewley A, Taylor R. Dermatitis artefacta and artefactual skin disease: the need for a psychodermatology multi‐disciplinary team to treat a difficult condition. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(3):600–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 136  Greene RL. Assessment of malingering and defensiveness. In: Rogers R, ed. Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception. New York: Guilford Press, 1997:169–207.
          • 137  Mayou R, Sharp M, eds. The ABC of Psychological Medicine. London: BMJ, 2002:325–7.

          Malingering

          • 138  Asher R. Malingering. In: Avery Jones F, ed. Richard Asher Talking Sense. Bath: Pitman Press, 1972:145–5.
          • 139  Bass C. Factitious disorders and malingering. In: Halligan P, Bass C, eds. Contemporary Approaches to Hysteria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001:127–42.
          • 140  Raine A. Malingering and criminal behaviour as psychopathology. In: Halligan P, Bass C, Oakley D, eds. Malingering and Illness Deception. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003:93–107.
          • 141  Cunnien AJ. Psychiatric and medical syndromes associated with deception. In: Rogers R, ed. Clinical Assessment of Malingering and Deception. New York: Guilford Press, 1997:33–46.
          • 142  Palmer I. War based hysteria: the military perspective. In: Halligan P, Bass C, eds. Contemporary Approaches to Hysteria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001:12–35.
          • 143  Eisendrath SJ. When Munchausen becomes malingering. Factitious disorders that penetrate the legal system. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1996;24:471–81. Pubmed link
          • 144  Hutchinson GL. Disorders of Simulation. Madison: Psychosocial Press, 2001:195–221.

          Pseudologia fantastica and Münchausen syndrome

          • 145  Asher R. Munchausen's syndrome. Lancet 1951;1:339–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 146  Menninger K. Polysurgery and polysurgical addiction. Psychoanal Q 1934;4:173–99.
          • 147  Newmark N, Adityanjee KJ. Pseudologica fantastica and factitious disorder. Review of the literature. Compr Psychiatry 1999;40:89–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 148  Feldman MD. Munchausen by internet. Detecting factitious illness and crisis on the Internet. South Med J 2000;93:669–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Fabricated and induced illness

          • 149  Meadow R. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. The hinterland of child abuse. Lancet 1977;2:343–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 150  American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2014. www.dsm5.org (last accessed August 2015).
          • 151  Parnell TF, Day DO, eds. Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, 1998:47–67.
          • 152  Schreier H, Libow J. Hurting for Love. Munchausen by Proxy. New York: Guilford Press, 1993.
          • 153  Meadow SR. Who's to blame – mothers, Munchausen or medicine? J R Coll Phys Lond 1994;28:332–7.
          • 154  Feldman MD, Brown RMA. Munchausen by proxy in an international context. Child Abuse Neglect 2002;26:509–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
          • 155  Libow JA. Beyond collusion. Active illness falsification. Child Abuse Neglect 2002;26:525–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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          Medicolegal issues in suspected factitious skin diseases

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          Deliberate self‐harm

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          Other psychodermatology and psychocutaneous diseases

            Cutaneous disease and alcohol misuse

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            • 171  Higgins E, du Vivier A. Alcohol intake and other skin disorders. Clin Dermatol 1999;17:437–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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            • 176  Kostovic K, Lipozecik J. Skin disease in alcoholics. Acta Dermatovenereol Croat 2004;12:181–90.
            • 177  Hill L, Kennedy P. The role of coping strategies in mediating subjective disability in psoriasis. Psych Health Med 2002;7:261–9. Cross Ref link
            • 178  Kirby B, Richards HL, Mason DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:138–40. Pubmed link
            • 179  Gupta MA, Schnork NJ, Gupta AK, Ellis CN. Alcohol intake and treatment responsiveness in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:730–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Depression in dermatological patients

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            • 182  Musalek M. Psychopathology in dermatological patients. Presented at the 11th International Congress Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP), Giessen, May 2005.
            • 183  Hazell P. Depression in children and adolescents. In: Barton S, ed. Clinical Evidence, Issue 6. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 2002:278–84.
            • 184  Picardi A, Adler D, Abeni D, et al. Screening for depressive disorders in patients with skin diseases. Acta Derm Venereol 2005;65:414–19. Cross Ref link
            • 185  Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ 9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001:16:606–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Suicide in dermatological patients

            • 186  Diekstra RFW. The epidemiology of suicide and parasuicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;371;9–20. Cross Ref link
            • 187  Carson AJ, Best S, Warlow C. Suicidal ideation among outpatients at general clinics. BMJ 2000;320:1311–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 188  Gupta MA, Schork NJ, Gupta AK, et al. Suicidal ideation in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1993;33:188–90. Cross Ref link
            • 189  Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Depression and suicidal ideation in dermatology patients with acne, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:846–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 190  Denicoff KD, Lehman ZA, Rubinow DR, et al. Suicidal ideation in Darier's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:196–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 191  Cotterill JA, Cunliffe WJ. Suicide in dermatological patients. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:246–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 192  Albertini RS, Phillips KA. Thirty three cases of BDD in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;38:453–9. Cross Ref link
            • 193  Kellett SC, Gawkroger DJ. The psychological and emotional impact of acne and the effect of treatment with isotretinoin. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:273–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Isotretinoin and mood changes

            • 194  Sundström A, Alfredsson L, Sjölin‐Forsberg G, et al. Association of suicide attempts with acne and treatment with isotretinoin: retrospective Swedish cohort study. BMJ 2010;341:c5812. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 195  Marqueling A, Zane L. Depression and suicidal behaviour in acne patients treated with isotretinoin: a systematic revue. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2005;24:92–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 196  Hull P, Darcy C. Isotretinoin use and subsequent depression and suicide; presenting the evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:493–505. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 197  Serrano A, Rodriguez L. Isotretinoin and depression. Acta Dermo Sifilog 2003;94:535–8. Cross Ref link
            • 198  Waraich P, Goldner EM, Somers JM, et al. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:124–38. Pubmed link
            • 199  Jick S, Kremers H, Vasilakis C. Isotretinoin use and risk of depression, psychotic symptoms, suicide and attempted suicide. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:1231–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Psychiatric treatments

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            • 209  Bewley A, Taylor RE, Reichenberg JS, Magid M, eds. Practical Psychodermatology. London: Wiley Blackwell, 2014. Cross Ref link
            • 210  Barbui C, Esposito E, Cipriani A. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: a systematic review of observational studies. Can Med Assoc J 2009:180(3);291–7. Cross Ref link
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            • 216  Henningsen P, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Management of functional somatic syndromes. Lancet 2007;369:944–56. Cross Ref link
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            • 226  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Depression. Management of Depression in Primary and Secondary Care, London: NICE, 2004.
            • 227  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Depression in Children and Young People. Identification and Management in Primary, Community and Secondary Care, London: NICE, 2005.
            • 228  Bazire S. Psychotropic Drug Directory. Salisbury: HealthComm UK, 2007.
            • 229  Taylor D, Paton C, Kerwin R. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines, 9th edn. London: Informa Healthcare, 2007.
            • 230  Mehta D, ed. British National Formulary 54. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.

            Alternative therapies

            • 231  Shenefelt P. Complementary psychocutaneous therapies in dermatology. Dermatol Clin 2005;23:723–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 232  Freid R. Non pharmacologic treatments in psychodermatology. In: Koo JYM, Lee CS, eds. Psychocutaneous Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003:427–51.
            • 233  Stewart A, Thomas SE. Hypnotherapy as a treatment for atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 234  Shenefeld P. Hypnosis facilitated relaxation during self‐guided imagery during dermatological procedures. Am J Clin Hypnosis 2003;45:225–32. Cross Ref link
            • 235  Surman OS. Hypnosis in the treatment of warts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;28:439–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 236  Ernst E, Pittler M. Complementary/alternative medicine in dermatology: evidence assessed efficacy. Am J Clin Derm 2002;3:341–8. Cross Ref link
            • 237  Meyer S, Vogt T, Karrer S. Use of phytopharmaceutical agents in dermatology. Hautarzt 2005;56:483–99. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 238  Bedi MK, Shenefelt P. Herbal therapy in dermatology. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:332–42. Cross Ref link