Hair biology

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• 60  Orentreich N. Autografts in alopecias and other selected dermatological conditions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1959;83:463–79. Cross Ref link
• 61  Nordstrom REA. Synchronous balding of scalp and hair‐bearing grafts of scalp transplanted to the skin of the arm in male pattern baldness. Acta Derm Venereol 1979;59:266–8. Pubmed link
• 62  Choudhry R, Hodgins MB, Van der Kwast TH, Brinkmann AO, Boersma WJ. Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J Endocrinol 1992;133:467–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Itami S, Kurata S, Sonoda T, Takayasu S. Interaction between dermal papilla cells and follicular epithelial cells in vitro: effect of androgen. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:527–32. Pubmed link
• 64  Elliott K, Stephenson TJ, Messenger AG. Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:873–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Asada Y, Sonoda T, Ojiro M, et al. 5 alpha‐reductase type 2 is constitutively expressed in the dermal papilla and connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle in vivo but not during culture in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2875–80. Pubmed link
• 66  Itami S, Kurata S, Takayasu S. Androgen induction of follicular epithelial cell growth is mediated via insulin‐like growth factor 1 from dermal papilla cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;212:988–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Itami S, Kurata S, Sonoda T, Takayasu S. Characterization of 5 alpha‐reductase in cultured human dermal papilla cells from beard and occipital scalp hair. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:57–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Thornton MJ, Laing I, Hamada K, Messenger AG, Randall VA. Differences in testosterone metabolism by beard and scalp hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;39:633–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Inui S, Fukuzato Y, Nakajima T, Yoshikawa K, Itami S. Androgen‐inducible TGF‐beta1 from balding dermal papilla cells inhibits epithelial cell growth: a clue to understand paradoxical effects of androgen on human hair growth. FASEB J 2002;16:1967–9. Pubmed link
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Approach to the patient with hair loss

• 71  Olsen EA, Reed KB, Cacchio PB, Caudill L. Iron deficiency in female pattern hair loss, chronic telogen effluvium, and control groups. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:991–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Deloche C, Bastien P, Chadoutaud S, et al. Low iron stores: a risk factor for excessive hair loss in non‐menopausal women. Eur J Dermatol 2007;17:507–12. Pubmed link
• 73  Sinclair R. There is no clear association between low serum ferritin and chronic diffuse telogen hair loss. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:982–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Trost LB, Bergfeld WF, Calogeras E. The diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency and its potential relationship to hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:824–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Harries MJ, Trueb RM, Tosti A, et al. How not to get scar(r)ed: pointers to the correct diagnosis in patients with suspected primary cicatricial alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:482–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Bowling J. Diagnostic Dermoscopy. The Illustrated Guide. Oxford: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2012.
• 77  Miteva M, Tosti A. Hair and scalp dermatoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:1040–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Sperling L, Cowper S, Knopp E. An Atlas of Hair Pathology with Clinical Correlations, 2nd edn. London: Informa Healthcare, 2012. Cross Ref link

Non‐scarring disorders of hair growth

Androgenetic alopecia and pattern hair loss

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• 89  Nyholt DR, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Martin NG. Genetic basis of male pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:1561–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 111  Cela E, Robertson C, Rush K, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with androgenic alopecia. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149:439–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 112  Schmidt JB, Lindmaier A, Trenz A, Schurz B, Spona J. Hormone studies in females with androgenic hair loss. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;31:235–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 113  Orentreich N. Autografts in alopecias and other selected dermatological conditions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1959;83:463–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 114  Nordstrom REA. Synchronous balding of scalp and hair‐bearing grafts of scalp transplanted to the skin of the arm in male pattern baldness. Acta Derm Venereol 1979;59:266–8. Pubmed link
• 115  Garza LA, Liu Y, Yang Z, et al. Prostaglandin D2 inhibits hair growth and is elevated in bald scalp of men with androgenetic alopecia. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:126ra34. Pubmed link
• 116  Courtois M, Loussouarn G, Hourseau C. Aging and hair cycles. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:86–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 117  Randall VA. The use of dermal papilla cells in studies of normal and abnormal hair follicle biology. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:585–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 118  Van Scott EJ, Ekel TM. Geometric relationships between the matrix of the hair bulb and its dermal papilla in normal and alopecic scalp. J Invest Dermatol 1958;31:281–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 120  Pinkus H. Differential patterns of elastic fibers in scarring and non‐scarring alopecias. J Cutan Pathol 1978;5:93–104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 121  Yazdabadi A, Magee J, Harrison S, Sinclair R. The Ludwig pattern of androgenetic alopecia is due to a hierarchy of androgen sensitivity within follicular units that leads to selective miniaturization and a reduction in the number of terminal hairs per follicular unit. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1300–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 122  Whiting DA. Diagnostic and predictive value of horizontal sections of scalp biopsy specimens in male pattern androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:755–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Whiting DA. Scalp biopsy as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatolog Ther 1998;8:24–33.
• 124  Nyholt DR, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Martin NG. Genetic basis of male pattern balding. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:1561–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 125  Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:452–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 126  Küster W, Happle R. The inheritance of common baldness: two B or not two B? J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:921–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 127  Brockschmidt FF, Hillmer AM, Eigelshoven S, et al. Fine mapping of the human AR/EDA2R locus in androgenetic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2010;162:899–903. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 128  Hillmer AM, Hanneken S, Ritzmann S, et al. Genetic variation in the human androgen receptor gene is the major determinant of common early‐onset androgenetic alopecia. Am J Hum Genet 2005;77:140–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Hayes VM, Severi G, Eggleton SA, et al. The E211 G>A androgen receptor polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk of metastatic prostate cancer and androgenetic alopecia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:993–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 130  Hillmer AM, Brockschmidt FF, Hanneken S, et al. Susceptibility variants for male‐pattern baldness on chromosome 20p11. Nat Genet 2008;40:1279–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Richards JB, Yuan X, Geller F, et al. Male‐pattern baldness susceptibility locus at 20p11. Nat Genet 2008;40:1282–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Li R, Brockschmidt FF, Kiefer AK, et al. Six novel susceptibility loci for early‐onset androgenetic alopecia and their unexpected association with common diseases. PLOS Genet 2012;8:e1002746. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 133  Heilmann S, Kiefer AK, Fricker N, et al. Androgenetic alopecia: identification of four genetic risk loci and evidence for the contribution of WNT signaling to its etiology. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:1489–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 134  Redler S, Brockschmidt FF, Tazi‐Ahnini R, et al. Investigation of the male pattern baldness major genetic susceptibility loci AR/EDA2R and 20p11 in female pattern hair loss. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:1314–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 135  Redler S, Dobson K, Drichel D, et al. Investigation of six novel susceptibility loci for male androgenetic alopecia in women with female pattern hair loss. J Dermatol Sci 2013;72:186–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 136  Nuwaihyd R, Redler S, Heilmann S, et al. Investigation of four novel male androgenetic alopecia susceptibility loci: no association with female pattern hair loss. Arch Dermatol Res 2014;306:413–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 137  Yip L, Zaloumis S, Irwin D, et al. Association analysis of oestrogen receptor beta gene (ESR2) polymorphisms with female pattern hair loss. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:1131–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 138  Redler S, Birch P, Drichel D, et al. The oestrogen receptor 2 (ESR2) gene in female‐pattern hair loss: replication of association with rs10137185 in German patients. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:982–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 139  Gunn DA, Rexbye H, Griffiths CE, et al. Why some women look young for their age. PLOS One 2009;4:e8021. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 141  Cash TF. The psychology of hair loss and its implications for patient care. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:161–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 142  Budd D, Himmelberger D, Rhodes T, Cash TE, Girman CJ. The effects of hair loss in European men: a survey in four countries. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:122–7. Pubmed link
• 143  Lee HJ, Ha SJ, Kim D, Kim HO, Kim JW. Perception of men with androgenetic alopecia by women and nonbalding men in Korea: how the nonbald regard the bald. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:867–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 144  Passchier J. Quality of life issues in male pattern hair loss. Dermatology 1998;197:217–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Telogen effluvium

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Alopecia areata

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Scarring disorders of hair growth

Acquired cicatricial alopecia, Non‐specific cicatricial alopecia, Follicular lichen planus, Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Pseudopelade of Brocq, Central centrifugal cicatrical alopecia, Folliculitis decalvans and tufted folliculitis

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• 289  Roenigk RK, Wheeland RG. Tissue expansion in cicatricial alopecia. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:641–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 291  Altman J, Perry HO. The variations and course of lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:179–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 295  Cram DL, Kierland RR, Winkelmann RK. Ulcerative lichen planus of the feet. Bullous variant with hair and nail lesions. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:692–701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 302  Kossard S. Postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia. Scarring alopecia in a pattern distribution. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:770–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 304  Gaffney DC, Sinclair RD, Yong‐Gee S. Discoid lupus alopecia complicated by frontal fibrosing alopecia on a background of androgenetic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:217–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 307  Graham‐Little EG. Folliculitis decalvans et atrophicans. Br J Dermatol 1915;27:183–5.
• 308  Horn RT, Jr, Goette DK, Odom RB, Olson EG, Guill MA. Immunofluorescent findings and clinical overlap in two cases of follicular lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982;7:203–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 309  Rongioletti F, Ghigliotti G, Gambini C, Rebora A. Agminate lichen follicularis with cysts and comedones. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:844–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 310  Pages F, Lapeyre J, Misson R. [Lassueur‐Graham Little syndrome.] Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1961;88:272–8. Pubmed link
• 311  Reiss F, Reisch M, Buncke CM. Keratodermatitis follicularis decalvans. Arch Dermatol 1958;78:619–24. Cross Ref link
• 312  Onayemi O, Soyinka F. Squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp following a chemical burn and chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:342–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 313  Degos R, Rabut R, Duperrat B, Leclercq R. [Pseudopeladic state; comments on one hundred cases of circumscribed cicatricial alopecia, apparently primary, of pseudopelade type.] Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1954;81:5–26. Pubmed link
• 314  Pincelli C, Girolomoni G, Benassi L. Pseudopelade of Brocq: an immunologically mediated disease? Dermatologica 1987;174:49–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 315  Gay Prieto J. Pseudopelade of Brocq: its relationship to some forms of cicatricial alopecias and to lichen planus. J Invest Dermatol 1955;24:323–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 316  Headington JT. Cicatricial alopecia. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:773–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 317  Stough DB, 3rd, Berger RA, Orentreich N. Surgical improvement of cicatricial alopecia of diverse etiology. Arch Dermatol 1968;97:331–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 318  Sperling LC, Sau P. The follicular degeneration syndrome in black patients. ‘Hot comb alopecia’ revisited and revised. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:68–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 319  Whiting DA, Olsen EA. Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia. Dermatol Ther 2008;21:268–78. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 320  Powell JJ, Dawber RP, Gatter K. Folliculitis decalvans including tufted folliculitis: clinical, histological and therapeutic findings. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:328–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 321  Douwes KE, Landthaler M, Szeimies RM. Simultaneous occurrence of folliculitis decalvans capillitii in identical twins. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:195–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Dalziel KL, Telfer NR, Wilson CL, Dawber RP. Tufted folliculitis. A specific bacterial disease? Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:37–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  Tong AK, Baden HP. Tufted hair folliculitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1096–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 324  Al‐Jawamis FM, Khalifeh L, Todd DJ. Tufted hair folliculitis in Jordanian patients. Int J Dermatol 1996;35:280–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 325  Powell J, Dawber RP. Successful treatment regime for folliculitis decalvans despite uncertainty of all aetiological factors. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:428–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Artefactual alopecia

• 326  Gummer CL. Bubble hair: a cosmetic abnormality caused by brief, focal heating of damp hair fibres. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(6):901–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Rollins TG. Traction follicultis with hair casts and alopecia. Am J Dis Child 1961;101:639–40. Pubmed link
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• 329  Khumalo NP, Jessop S, Gumedze F, Ehrlich R. Hairdressing and the prevalence of scalp disease in African adults. Br J Dermatol 2007;157(5):981–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 330  Khumalo NP, Jessop S, Gumedze F, Ehrlich R. Determinants of marginal traction alopecia in African girls and women. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59(3):432–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 331  Hantash BM, Schwartz RA. Traction alopecia in children. Cutis 2003;71(1):18–20. Pubmed link
• 332  Singh G. Traction alopecia in Sikh boys [Letter]. Br J Dermatol 1975;92(2):232–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 333  Malhotra YK, Kanwar AJ. Tractional alopecia among Libyan women. Arch Dermatol 1980;116(9):987. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 334  Wilborn WS. Disorders of hair growth in African Americans. In: Olsen E, ed. Disorders of Hair Growth, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw‐Hill, 2003:497–518.
• 335  Strong AM. Extensive cicatrical alopecia following scalp vein infusion. Clin Exp Dermatol 1979;4(2):197–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 336  Prendiville JS, Esterly NB. Halo scalp ring: a cause of scarring alopecia. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(8):992–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 337  Brown ZA, Jung AL, Stenchever MA. Aplasia cutis congenita and the fetal scalp electrode. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129(3):351–2. Pubmed link
• 338  Adler JR, Upton J, Wallman J, Winston KR. Management and prevention of necrosis of the scalp after embolization and surgery for meningioma. Surg Neurol 1986;25(4):357–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 339  Abel RR. Postoperative (pressure) alopecia. Anesthesiology 1964;25:869–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 340  Lwason NW, Mills NL, Ochsner JL. Occipital alopecia following cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976;71(3):342–7. Pubmed link
• 341  Patel KD, Henschel EO. Postoperative alopecia. Anesth Analg 1980;59(4):311–13. Pubmed link

Trichotillomania

• 342  Hautmann G, Hercogova J, Lotti T. Trichotillomania. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:807–21; quiz 22–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 343  Freyschmidt‐Paul P, Hoffmann R, Happle R. Trichoteiromania. Eur J Dermatol 2001;11:369–71. Pubmed link
• 344  Happle R. Trichotemnomania: obsessive‐compulsive habit of cutting or shaving the hair. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:157–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 345  Ross EK, Vincenzi C, Tosti A. Videodermoscopy in the evaluation of hair and scalp disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:799–806. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 346  Mehregan AH. Trichotillomania. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1970;102:129–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 347  Lachapelle JM, Pierard GE. Traumatic alopecia in trichotillomania: a pathogenic interpretation of histologic lesions in the pilosebaceous unit. J Cutan Pathol 1977;4:51–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 348  Muller SA. Trichotillomania: a histopathologic study in sixty‐six patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:56–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 349  Tay YK, Levy ML, Metry DW. Trichotillomania in childhood: case series and review. Pediatrics 2004;113:e494–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 350  Bouwer C, Stein DJ. Trichobezoars in trichotillomania: case report and literature overview. Psychosom Med 1998;60:658–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 351  Trueb RM, Cavegn B. Trichotillomania in connection with alopecia areata. Cutis 1996;58:67–70. Pubmed link
• 352  Cohen LJ, Stein DJ, Simeon D,, et al. Clinical profile, comorbidity, and treatment history in 123 hair pullers: a survey study. J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:319–26. Pubmed link
• 353  Bloch MH, Landeros‐Weisenberger A, Dombrowski P, et al. Systematic review: pharmacological and behavioral treatment for trichotillomania. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:839–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 354  Rothbart R, Amos T, Siegfried N, et al. Pharmacotherapy for trichotillomania. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;Issue 11:CD007662. Pubmed link
• 355  Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. N‐acetylcysteine, a glutamate modulator, in the treatment of trichotillomania: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:756–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 356  Bloch MH, Panza KE, Grant JE, Pittenger C, Leckman JF. N‐Acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric trichotillomania: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled add‐on trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;52(3):231–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Infections

• 357  Kennedy C. Syphilis presenting as hair loss. BMJ 1976;2:854. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 358  Hira SK, Patel JS, Bhat SG, Chilikima K, Mooney N. Clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis. Int J Dermatol 1987;26:103–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Lee JY, Hsu ML. Alopecia syphilitica, a simulator of alopecia areata: histopathology and differential diagnosis. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18:87–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 360  Cuozzo DW, Benson PM, Sperling LC, Skelton HG, 3rd. Essential syphilitic alopecia revisited. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:840–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 361  Smith KJ, Skelton HG, DeRusso D, et al. Clinical and histopathologic features of hair loss in patients with HIV‐1 infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:63–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 362  Calista D, Boschini A. Cutaneous side effects induced by indinavir. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:292–6. Pubmed link
• 363  Ostlere LS, Langtry JA, Staughton RC, Samrasinghe PL. Alopecia universalis in a patient seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:630–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 364  Stewart MI, Smoller BR. Alopecia universalis in an HIV‐positive patient: possible insight into pathogenesis. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20:180–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 365  Grossman MC, Cohen PR, Grossman ME. Acquired eyelash trichomegaly and alopecia areata in a human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patient. Dermatology 1996;193:52–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 366  Casanova JM, Puig T, Rubio M. Hypertrichosis of the eyelashes in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:1599–601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 367  Kaplan MH, Sadick NS, Talmor M. Acquired trichomegaly of the eyelashes: a cutaneous marker of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:801–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 368  Leonidas JR. Hair alteration in black patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis 1987;39:537–8. Pubmed link
• 369  Haycox CL, Kim S, Fleckman P, et al. Trichodysplasia spinulosa – a newly described folliculocentric viral infection in an immunocompromised host. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999;4:268–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 370  Sperling LC, Tomaszewski MM, Thomas DA. Viral‐associated trichodysplasia in patients who are immunocompromised. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:318–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Van der Meijden E, Janssens RW, Lauber C, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Gorbalenya AE, Feltkamp MC. Discovery of a new human polyomavirus associated with trichodysplasia spinulosa in an immunocompromized patient. PLOS Pathog 2010;6:e1001024. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 372  Matthews MR, Wang RC, Reddick RL, Saldivar VA, Browning JC. Viral‐associated trichodysplasia spinulosa: a case with electron microscopic and molecular detection of the trichodysplasia spinulosa‐associated human polyomavirus. J Cutan Pathol 2011;38:420–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 373  Wanat KA, Holler PD, Dentchev T, et al. Viral‐associated trichodysplasia: characterization of a novel polyomavirus infection with therapeutic insights. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:219–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Other disorders of hair growth

Chemotherapy alopecia

• 374  Kanti V, Nuwayhid R, Lindner J, et al. Analysis of quantitative changes in hair growth during treatment with chemotherapy or tamoxifen in patients with breast cancer: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:643–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 375  Trueb RM. Chemotherapy‐induced alopecia. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2009;28:11–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 376  Van Scott EJ, Reinertson RP, Steinmuller R. The growing hair roots of the human scalp and morphologic changes therein following amethopterin therapy. J Invest Dermatol 1957;29:197–204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 377  Grevelman EG, Breed WP. Prevention of chemotherapy‐induced hair loss by scalp cooling. Ann Oncol 2005;16:352–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 378  Van den Hurk CJ, van de Poll‐Franse LV, Breed WP, Coebergh JW, Nortier JW. Scalp cooling to prevent alopecia after chemotherapy can be considered safe in patients with breast cancer. Breast 2013;22:1001–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 379  Duvic M, Lemak NA, Valero V, et al. A randomized trial of minoxidil in chemotherapy‐induced alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:74–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 380  Tran D, Sinclair RD, Schwarer AP, Chow CW. Permanent alopecia following chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:106–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 381  Baker BW, Wilson CL, Davis AL, et al. Busulphan/cyclophosphamide conditioning for bone marrow transplantation may lead to failure of hair regrowth. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991;7:43–7. Pubmed link
• 382  Ljungman P, Hassan M, Bekassy AN, Ringden O, Oberg G. Busulfan concentration in relation to permanent alopecia in recipients of bone marrow transplants. Bone Marrow Transplant 1995;15:869–71. Pubmed link
• 383  Machado M, Moreb JS, Khan SA. Six cases of permanent alopecia after various conditioning regimens commonly used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007;40:979–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 384  De Jonge ME, Mathot RA, Dalesio O, Huitema AD, Rodenhuis S, Beijnen JH. Relationship between irreversible alopecia and exposure to cyclophosphamide, thiotepa and carboplatin (CTC) in high‐dose chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 2002;30:593–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 385  Vowels M, Chan LL, Giri N, Russell S, Lam‐Po‐Tang R. Factors affecting hair regrowth after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993;12:347–50. Pubmed link
• 386  Prevezas C, Matard B, Pinquier L, Reygagne P. Irreversible and severe alopecia following docetaxel or paclitaxel cytotoxic therapy for breast cancer. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:883–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 387  Tosti A, Palamaras I, Miteva M, Misciali C. Docetaxel and permanent alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68:e151. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 388  Kluger N, Jacot W, Frouin E, et al. Permanent scalp alopecia related to breast cancer chemotherapy by sequential fluorouracil/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (FEC) and docetaxel: a prospective study of 20 patients. Ann Oncol 2012;23:2879–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 389  Saggar V, Wu S, Dickler MN, Lacouture ME. Alopecia with endocrine therapies in patients with cancer. Oncologist 2013;18:1126–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Circumscribed alopecia of congenital origin

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• 391  Frieden IJ. Aplasia cutis congenita: a clinical review and proposal for classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:646–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 392  Kubba R, Rook A. Congenital triangular alopecia. Br J Dermatol 1976;95:657–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 393  Feuerman EJ. Congenital temporal triangular alopecia. Cutis 1981;28:196–7. Pubmed link
• 394  Tosti A. Congenital triangular alopecia. Report of fourteen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:991–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Abnormalities of the hair shaft

• 395  Whiting DA, Dy LC. Office diagnosis of hair shaft defects. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2006;25:24–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 396  De Berker D. Clinical relevance of hair microscopy in alopecia. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:366–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 398  Wallace MP, de Berker DA. Hair diagnoses and signs: the use of dermatoscopy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:41–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 399  Rakowska A, Slowinska M, Kowalska‐Oledzka E, Rudnicka L. Trichoscopy in genetic hair shaft abnormalities. J Dermatol Case Rep 2008;2:14–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 400  Sinclair R, Flagler MJ, Jones L, Rufaut N, Davis MG. The proteomic profile of hair damage. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(Suppl. 2):27–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 401  Smith WG. A rare nodose condition of the hair. BMJ 1879;11:291–6.
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• 403  Ronchese F. Twisted hairs (pili torti). Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1932;26:98–104. Cross Ref link
• 404  Menkes JH, Alter M, Steigleder GK, Weakley DR, Sung JH. A sex‐linked recessive disorder with retardation of growth, peculiar hair, and focal cerebral and cerebellar degeneration. Pediatrics 1962;29:764–79. Pubmed link
• 405  Selvaag E. Pili torti and sensorineural hearing loss. A follow‐up of Bjornstad's original patients and a review of the literature. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:91–7. Pubmed link
• 406  Crandall BF, Samec L, Sparkes RS, Wright SW. A familial syndrome of deafness, alopecia, and hypogonadism. J Pediatr 1973;82:461–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 407  Netherton EW. A unique case of trichorrhexis nodosa; bamboo hairs. Arch Dermatol 1958;78:483–7. Cross Ref link
• 408  Mevorah B, Frenk E. Ichthyosis linearis circumflexa comel with trichorrhexis invaginata (Netherton's syndrome). A light microscopical study of the skin changes. Dermatologica 1974;149:193–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 409  Powell J, Dawber RP, Ferguson DJ, Griffiths WA. Netherton's syndrome: increased likelihood of diagnosis by examining eyebrow hairs. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:544–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 410  Rakowska A, Kowalska‐Oledzka E, Slowinska M, Rosinska D, Rudnicka L. Hair shaft videodermoscopy in Netherton syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 2009;26:320–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 411  Dawber R, Comaish S. Scanning electron microscopy of normal and abnormal hair shafts. Arch Dermatol 1970;101:316–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 412  Martin AM, Sugathan P. Localised acquired trichorrhexis nodosa of the scalp hair induced by a specific comb and combing habit – a report of three cases. Int J Trichol 2011;3:34–7. Cross Ref link
• 413  Fichtel JC, Richards JA, Davis LS. Trichorrhexis nodosa secondary to argininosuccinic aciduria. Pediatr Dermatol 2007;24:25–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 414  Wolff HH, Vigl E, Braun‐Falco O. [Trichorrhexis congenita. Scanning electron microscopic studies on a congenital disorder of hair growth.] Hautarzt 1975;26:576–80. Pubmed link
• 415  Moss C, Martinez‐Mir A, Lam H, Tadin‐Strapps M, Kljuic A, Christiano AM. A recurrent intragenic deletion in the desmoglein 4 gene underlies localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis. J Invest Dermatol 2004;123:607–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 416  Sperling LC. Scarring alopecia and the dermatopathologist. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:333–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 417  Sabouraud R. Trichoclasie, trichorrhexie et trichopilose. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr 1921;2:445–50.
• 418  Price VH, Odom RB, Ward WH, Jones FT. Trichothiodystrophy: sulfur‐deficient brittle hair as a marker for a neuroectodermal symptom complex. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1375–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 419  Liang C, Morris A, Schlucker S, et al. Structural and molecular hair abnormalities in trichothiodystrophy. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:2210–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 420  Stefanini M, Botta E, Lanzafame M, Orioli D. Trichothiodystrophy: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2010;9:2–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 421  Venning VA, Dawber RP, Ferguson DJ, Kanan MW. Weathering of hair in trichothiodystrophy. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:591–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 422  Gummer CL, Dawber RP. Trichothiodystrophy: an ultrastructural study of the hair follicle. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:273–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 424  Giehl KA, Ferguson DJ, Dawber RP, Pittelkow MR, Foehles J, de Berker DA. Update on detection, morphology and fragility in pili annulati in three kindreds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:654–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 426  Cady LOP, Trotter M. Study of ringed hair. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1922;6:301–11. Cross Ref link
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• 428  Price VH, Thomas RS, Jones FT. Pili annulati. Optical and electron microscopic studies. Arch Dermatol 1968;98:640–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 429  Price VH, Thomas RS, Jones FT. Pseudopili annulati; an unusual variant of normal hair.Arch Dermatol 1970;102:354–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 430  Hutchinson PE, Cairns RJ, Wells RS. Woolly hair. Clinical and general aspects. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1974;60(2):160–77. Pubmed link
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