Part 8, Reference for Chapter 95: Acquired Disorders of the Nails and Nail Unit

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Structure

1 Zook EG. Anatomy and physiology of the perionychium. Hand Clin 2002;18:553–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
2 Haneke E. Surgical anatomy of the nail apparatus. Dermatol Clin 2006;24:291–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
3 Johnson M, Comaish JS, Shuster S. Nail is produced by the normal nail bed: a controversy resolved. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:27–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
4 Lewin K. The normal fingernail. Br J Dermatol 1965;77:421–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
5 Samman PD. Anatomy and physiology. In: Samman PD, Fenton D, eds. The Nails in Disease. London: Heinemann, 1986:1–20.
6 Cohen PR. The lunula. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:943–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
7 Achten G. L'ongle normal et pathologique. Dermatologica 1963;126:229–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
8 Dawber RPR, de Berker D, Baran R. Science of the nail apparatus. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 4th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2010:1–34.
9 Burrows MT. The significance of the lunula of the nail. Johns Hopkins Hosp Rep 1919;18:357–61.
10 de Berker D, Angus B. Markers of epidermal proliferation are limited to nail matrix in normal nail. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:555–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
11 de Berker DAR, MaWhinney B, Sviland L. Quantification of regional matrix nail production. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1083–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
12 Fanti PA, Tosti A, Cameli N, Varotti C. Nail matrix hypergranulosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:607–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
13 Terry RB. The onychodermal band in health and disease. Lancet 1955;i:179–81. Cross Ref link
14 Perrin C. Peculiar zone of the distal nail unit: the nail isthmus. Am J Dermatopathol 2007;29:108–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
15 de Berker D, Wojnarowska F, Sviland L, et al. Keratin expression in the normal nail unit: markers of regional differentiation. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:89–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
16 Perrin C, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:362–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
17 Hashimoto K. Ultrastructure of the human toenail. 1. Proximal nail matrix. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56:235–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
18 Hashimoto K. Ultrastructure of the human toenail. Ultrastruct Res 1971;36:391–410. Cross Ref link
19 Tosti A, Cameli N, Piraccini BM, et al. Characterisation of nail matrix melanocytes with anti‐PEP1, anti‐PEP8, TMH‐1 and HMB‐45 antibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;31:193–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
20 de Berker D, Graham A, Dawber RPR, Thody A. Melanocytes are absent from the normal nail bed: the basis of a clinical dictum. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:564. Cross Ref link
21 Ito T, Ito N, Saathoff M, et al. Immunology of the human nail apparatus: the nail matrix is a site of relative immune privilege. J Invest Dermatol 2005;125:1139–48. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
22 Sinclair RD, Wojnarowska F, Leigh IM, Dawber RPR. The basement membrane zone of the nail. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:499–505. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
23 Achten G. L'ongle normal. J Med Esth Chir Dermatol 1988;XV:193–200.
24 Zaias N. The movement of the nail bed. J Invest Dermatol 1967;48:402–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
25 Zaias N. The Nail in Health and Disease. New York: Spectrum Press, 1990:6–7.
26 de Berker D, Sviland L, Angus BA. Suprabasal keratin expression in the nail bed: a marker of dystrophic nail bed differentiation. Br J Dermatol 1995;133(Suppl. 45):16.
27 Mogensen M, Thomsen JB, Skovgaard LT, Jemec GB. Nail thickness measurements using optical coherence tomography and 20‐MHz ultrasonography. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:894–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
28 Blaydon DC, Ishii Y, O'Toole EA, et al. The gene encoding R‐spondin 4 (RSPO4), a secreted protein implicated in Wnt signaling, is mutated in inherited anonychia. Nat Genet 2006;38:1245–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
29 Cui CY, Klar J, Georgii‐Heming P, et al. Frizzled6 deficiency disrupts the differentiation process of nail development. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:1990–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
30 Nagy N, Wedgeworth E, Hamada T, White JM, Hashimoto T, McGrath JA. Schöpf–Schulz–Passarge syndrome resulting from a homozygous nonsense mutation in WNT10A. J Dermatol Sci 2010;58:220–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
31 Dai JX, Johnson RL, Ding YQ. Manifold functions of the nail–patella syndrome gene Lmx1b in vertebrate development. Dev Growth Differ 2009;51:241–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
32 Moll I, Heid HW, Franke WW, Moll R. Patterns of expression of trichocytic and epithelial cytokeratins in mammalian tissues. Differentiation 1988;39:167–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
33 Zaias N, Alvarez J. The formation of the primate nail plate. An autoradiographic study in the squirrel monkey. J Invest Dermatol 1968;51:120–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
34 Spaunhurst KM, Hogendorf AM, Smith FJ, et al. Pachyonychia congenita patients with mutations in KRT6A have more extensive disease compared with patients who have mutations in KRT16. Br J Dermatol 2012;166:875–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
35 McLean WH, Epithelial Genetics Group. Genetic disorders of palm skin and nail. J Anat 2003;202:133–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Blood supply

36 Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Baran R. Science of the nail apparatus. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Haneke E, Tosti A, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:1–47.
37 Smith DO, Oura C, Kimura C, Toshimuri K. Arterial anatomy and tortuosity in the distal finger. J Hand Surg 1991;16A:297–302. Cross Ref link
38 Sangiorgi S, Manelli A, Congiu T, et al. Microvascularization of the human digit as studied by corrosion casting. J Anat 2004;204:123–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
39 Lo LC, Lin KC, Hsu YN, et al. Pseudo three‐dimensional vision‐based nail‐fold morphological and hemodynamic analysis. Comput Biol Med 2012;42:873–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
40 Ryan TJ. The arteriovenous anastomoses. In: Jarrett A, ed. The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Skin, Vol. 2. London: Academic Press, 1973:612–14.
41 Wolfram‐Gabel R, Sick H. Vascular networks of the periphery of the fingernail. J Hand Surg 1995;20B:488–92. Cross Ref link

Nail growth and morphology

42 Finlay AY, Moseley H, Duggan TC. Ultrasound transmission time: an in vivo guide to nail thickness. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:765–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
43 de Berker D, MaWhinney B, Sviland L. Quantification of regional matrix nail production. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1083–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
44 Zaias N, Alvarez J. The formation of the primate nail plate. An autoradiographic study in squirrel monkeys. J Invest Dermatol 1968;51:120–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
45 Norton LA. Incorporation of thymidine ³H and glycine‐2 ³H in the nail matrix and bed of humans. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56:61–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
46 Lewis BL. Microscopic studies of foetal and mature nail and surrounding soft tissue. Arch Dermatol 1954;70:732–7. Cross Ref link
47 Johnson M, Comaish JS, Shuster S. Nail is produced by the normal bed: a controversy resolved. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:27–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
48 Johnson M, Shuster S. Continuous formation of nail along the bed. Br J Dermatol 1993;128:277–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
49 Pinkus F. In: Jasassohn J, eds. Handbuch der Haut und Geschlechtskrankheiten. Berlin: Springer, 1927:267–89.
50 Samman PD. The ventral nail. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:192–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
51 Baran R. Nail growth direction revisited. Why do nails grow out instead of up? J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:78–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
52 Kligman AM. Nail growth direction revisited. Why do nails grow out instead of up? Response. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:78–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
53 Kligman AM. Why do nails grow out instead of up? Arch Dermatol 1961;84:181–3.
54 Samman PD. The Nails in Disease, 3rd edn. London: Heinemann, 1978:14.
55 Schmiegelow P, Lindner J, Puschmann M. Autoradiographische Quantifizierung dosisabhängiger ³⁵S‐Cystin‐ bzw ³⁵S‐Methionin‐Applikationen und des Einflusses unmarkierter Thioaminosäuren auf den ³H‐Thymidin‐Markierungsindex der Keimzellen von Nägeln und Haaren im Tierexperiment. Akt Dermatol 1983;9:62–6.
56 Hashimoto K. Ultrastructure of the human toenail. Arch Dermatol Forsch 1971;240:1–22. Cross Ref link
57 Kelikian H. Congenital Deformities of the Hand and the Forearm. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974:210–12.
58 Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Guide Médico‐Chirurgical des Onychopathies. Paris: Arnette, 1990:12.
59 Bean WB. Nail growth: 30 years of observations. Arch Intern Med 1974;134:497–502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
60 Dawber R, Baran R. Nail growth. Cutis 1987;39:99–102. Pubmed link
61 Dawber RPR, de Berker D, Baran R. Science of the nail apparatus. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1994:1–34.
62 Runne U, Orfanos CE. The human nail. Curr Probl Dermatol 1981;9:102–49. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
63 de Doncker P, Pierard GE. Acquired nail beading in patients receiving itraconazole: an indicator of faster nail growth? A study using optical profilometry. Clin Exp Dermatol 1994;19:404–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
64 Dawber RPR. Fingernail growth in normal and psoriatic subjects. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:454–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
65 Dawber RPR. The effect of methotrexate, corticosteroids and azathioprine on fingernail growth in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:680–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
66 Hewitt D, Hillman RW. Relation between rate of nail growth in pregnant women and estimated previous general growth rate. Am J Clin Nutr 1966;19:436–9. Pubmed link
67 Gilchrist ML, Buxton LHD. The relation of fingernail growth to nutritional status. J Anat 1939;73:575–81. Pubmed link
68 Hamilton JB, Tereda H, Mestler GE. Studies of growth throughout the lifespan in Japanese. Gerontology 1955;10:401–10. Cross Ref link
69 Orentreich N, Markofsky J, Vogelman JH. The effect of ageing on the rate of linear nail growth. J Invest Dermatol 1979;73:126–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
70 Pfister R. Das normale Onychodiagramm. Z Haut Geschlechtskr 1955;18:132–7. Pubmed link
71 Lavelle CE. Nail growth. Curr Probl Dermatol 1981;9:102–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
72 Pfister R, Henera J. Wachstum und Gestaltung der Zehennagel bei Gesunden. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1965;223:263–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
73 Donovan KM. Antarctic environment and nail growth. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:507–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
74 Roberts DF, Sandford MR. A possible climatic effect on nail growth. Appl Physiol 1958;13:135–7.
75 Knobloch VH. Das normale Wachstum der Fingernagel. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1953;78:743–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
76 Le Gros‐Clark WE, Buxton LHD. Studies in nail growth. Br J Dermatol 1938;50:221–9. Cross Ref link
77 Landherr G, Braun‐Falco O, Hofmann C, et al. Fingernagel Wachstum bei Psoriatitern unter PUVA‐Therapie. Hautarzt 1982;33:210–13. Pubmed link
78 Dawber RPR, Samman PD, Bottoms E. Fingernail growth in idiopathic and psoriatic onycholysis. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:558–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
79 Dawber RPR. The ultrastructure and growth of human nails. Arch Dermatol Res 1980;269:197–204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
80 Baran R. Action thérapeutique et complications du rétinoid aromatique sur l'appareil unguéal. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1982;109:367–70.
81 Miller E. Levodopa and nail growth. N Engl J Med 1973;288:916–19. Pubmed link
82 Dawber RPR. Effects of immobilisation on fingernail growth. Clin Exp Dermatol 1981;6:1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
83 Sibinger MS. Observations on growth of fingernails in health and disease. Pediatrics 1959;24:225–33. Pubmed link
84 Weismann K. Beau and his description of transverse depressions on nails. Br J Dermatol 1977;97:571–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
85 Head H, Sherrin J. The consequence of injury to peripheral nerves in man. Brain 1905;28:116–18. Cross Ref link
86 Babcock MJ. Methods of measuring fingernail growth in nutritional studies. J Nutr 1955;55:323–38. Pubmed link
87 Estes SA. Relapsing polychondritis. Cutis 1983;32:471–6. Pubmed link

Clubbing

88 Lampe RM, Kagan A. Detection of clubbing: Schamroth's sign. Clin Pediatr 1983;22:125. Cross Ref link
89 Myers KA, Farquhar DR. The rational clinical examination. Does this patient have clubbing? JAMA 2001;286:341–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
90 Goyal S, Griffiths AD, Omarouayache S, Mohammedi R. An improved method of studying fingernail morphometry: application to the early detection of fingernail clubbing. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39: 640–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
91 Roy HS, Wang Z, Ran H, Song W, Zheng Y. Diagnosis of digital clubbing by high‐frequency ultrasound imaging. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:1–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
92 Nakamura J, Halliday NA, Fukuba E, et al. The microanatomic basis of finger clubbing: a high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging study. J Rheumatol 2014;41:523–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
93 Currie AE, Gallagher PJ. The pathology of clubbing: vascular changes in the nail bed. Br J Dis Chest 1988;82:382–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
94 Silveri F, Carlino G, Cervini C. The endothelium/platelet unit in hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10(Suppl. 7):61–6. Pubmed link
95 Bergmann C, Wobser M, Morbach H, et al. Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing and palmoplantar hyperhidrosis caused by 15‐PGHD/HPGD loss‐of‐function mutations. Exp Dermatol 2001;20:531–3. Cross Ref link
96 Busch J, Frank V, Bachmann N, et al. Mutations in the prostaglandin transporter SLCO2A1 cause primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with digital clubbing. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:2473–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
97 Dever LL, Matta JS. Digital clubbing in HIV‐infected patients: an observational study. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2009;23:19–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
98 Siragusa M, Schepis C, Cosentino FI, et al. Nail pathology in patients with hemiplegia. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:557–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
99 Baran R, Perrin C. Subungual perineurioma: a peculiar location. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:125–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Koilonychia

100 Stone OJ. Spoon nails and clubbing: significance and mechanisms. Cutis 1975;16:235–41.
101 Jalili MA, Al‐Kassab S. Koilonychia and cystine content of nails. Lancet 1959;ii:108–10. Cross Ref link
102 Hogan GR, Jones B. The relationship of koilonychia and iron deficiency in infants. J Pediatr 1970;77:1054. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
103 Bergeron JR, Stone OJ. Koilonychia. A report of familial spoon nails. Arch Dermatol 1967;95:351. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
104 Dawber RPR. Occupational koilonychia. Br J Dermatol 1974;91(Suppl. 10):11. Cross Ref link
105 Alanko K, Kanerva L, Estlander T, et al. Hairdresser's koilonychia. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1997;8:177–8. Pubmed link

Pincer nail

106 Baran R, Haneke E, Richert B. Pincer nails: definition and surgical treatment. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:261–6. Pubmed link
107 Haneke E. Ingrown and pincer nails: evaluation and treatment. Dermatol Ther 2002;15:148–58. Cross Ref link
108 Mimouni D, Ben‐Amitai D. Hereditary pincer nail. Cutis 2002;69:51–3. Pubmed link
109 Hwang SM, Lee SH, Ahn SK. Pincer nail deformity and pseudo‐Kaposi's sarcoma: complications of an artificial arteriovenous fistula for haemodialysis. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:1129–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
110 Vanderhooft SL, Vanderhooft JE. Pincer nail deformity after Kawasaki's disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:341–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
111 Jemec GB, Thomsen K. Pincer nails and alopecia as markers of gastrointestinal malignancy. J Dermatol 1997;24:479–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
112 Plusje LG. Pincer nails: a new surgical treatment. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:41–3. Pubmed link
113 Brown RE, Zook EG, Williams J. Correction of pincer‐nail deformity using dermal grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;105:1658–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
114 Mutaf M, Sunay M, Isk D. A new surgical technique for the correction of pincer nail deformity. Ann Plast Surg 2007;58:496–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
115 Aksakal AB, Akar A, Erbil H, Onder M. A new surgical therapeutic approach to pincer nail deformity. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:55–7. Pubmed link
116 Ozawa T, Yabe T, Ohashi N, Harada T, Muraoka M, Ishii M. A splint for pincer nail surgery: a convenient splinting device made of an aspiration tube. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:94–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Anonychia

117 Solammadivi SV. Simple anonychia. South Med J 1981;74:1555. Cross Ref link
118 Blaydon DC, Ishii Y, O'Toole EA, et al. The gene encoding R‐spondin 4 (RSPO4), a secreted protein implicated in Wnt signaling, is mutated in inherited anonychia. Nat Genet 2006;38:1245–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
119 Baran R, Juhlin L. Bone dependent nail formation. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:371–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
120 Pall A, Gupta RR, Gulati B, Goyal P. Twenty nail anonychia due to lichen planus. J Dermatol 2004;31:146–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail shedding

121 Runne U, Orfanos CE. The human nail. Curr Probl Dermatol 1981;9:102–49. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
122 Almeyda J. Platform nails. BMJ 1973;i:176. Cross Ref link
123 Baran R, Barth J, Dawber RPR. Nail Disorders. London: Dunitz, 1991:84–8.
124 Baran R. Retinoids and the nails. J Dermatol Treat 1990;1:151–4. Cross Ref link
125 Eastwood JB, Curtin JR, Smith EKM, et al. Shedding of the nails apparently induced by large amounts of cephaloridine and cloxacillin in 2 anephric patients. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:750–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
126 Oliver WJ. Recurrent onychoptosis occurring as a family disorder. Br J Dermatol 1927;26:59–68.
127 Bruckner‐Tuderman L, Schnyder UW, Baran R. Nail changes in epidermolysis bullosa: clinical and pathogenetic considerations. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:339–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
128 Dharma B, Moss C, McGrath JA, Mellerio JE, Ilchyshyn A. Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa presenting as familial nail dystrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:93–6. Pubmed link

Onycholysis

129 Ray L. Onycholysis: a classification and study. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:181–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
130 Daniel CR III, Iorizzo M, Piraccini BM, Tosti A. Grading simple chronic paronychia and onycholysis. Int J Dermatol 2006;45:1447–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
131 Baran R, Juhlin L. Drug‐induced photo‐onycholysis. Three subtypes identified in a study of 15 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:1012–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
132 Dawber RPR, Samman PD, Bottoms E. Fingernail growth in idiopathic and psoriatic onycholysis. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:558–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
133 Wilson JW. Paronychia and onycholysis: aetiology and therapy. Arch Dermatol 1965;92:726–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
134 Baran R, Dawber RPR, Richert B. Physical signs. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:76–7.
135 Kechijian P. Onycholysis of the fingernails: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12:552–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
136 Fox EC. Diseases of the nails: report of cases of onycholysis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1940;44:426–8.
137 Luria MN, Asper SP. Onycholysis in hyperthyroidism. Ann Intern Med 1958;42:102–8.
138 Brazzelli V, Carugno A, Alborghetti A, et al. Prevalence, severity and clinical features of psoriasis in fingernails and toenails in adult patients: Italian experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1354–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
139 Heinmann H, Silverberg MG. Onycholysis in fur workers. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1941;44:426–8. Cross Ref link
140 Shelley WB. Onycholysis due to 5‐fluorouracil. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1972;52:320–2.
141 Schultz HD. Hereditary partial onycholysis and hard nails. Dermatol Wochenschr 1966;152:766–8. Pubmed link
142 Franks SB, Coton HJ, Mirkin W. Photo‐onycholysis due to tetracycline. Arch Dermatol 1971;103:520. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
143 Baran R, Juhlin L. Photoonycholysis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2002;18:202–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
144 Onder M, Oztas MO, Oztas P. Isotretinoin‐induced nail fragility and onycholysis. J Dermatol Treat 2001;12:115–16. Cross Ref link
145 Minisini AM, Tosti A, Sobrero AF, et al. Taxane‐induced nail changes: incidence, clinical presentation and outcome. Ann Oncol 2003;14:333–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
146 Scotte F, Tourani JM, Banu E, et al. Multicenter study of a frozen glove to prevent docetaxel‐induced onycholysis and cutaneous toxicity of the hand. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4424–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Pterygium

147 Richert BJ, Patki A, Baran RL. Pterygium of the nail. Cutis 2000;66:343–6. Pubmed link
148 Samman PD. Idiopathic atrophy of the nails. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:746–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
149 Little BJ, Cowan MA. Lichen planus‐like eruption and nail changes in a patient with graft‐versus‐host disease. Br J Dermatol 1990;122:841–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
150 Patki AH, Mehta JM. Pterygium unguis in a patient with recurrent type 2 lepra reaction. Cutis 1989;44:311–12. Pubmed link

Ventral pterygium

151 Drake L. Pterygium inversum unguis. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:255–6. Cross Ref link
152 Caputo R, Cappio F, Rigoni C, et al. Pterygium inversum unguis. Report of 19 cases and review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1993;129:1307–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
153 Patterson JW. Pterygium inversum unguis‐like changes in scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:1429–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
154 Amblard P, Reymond JL. Familial subungual pterygium. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1980;107:949–50.
155 Patki AH. Pterygium inversum unguis in a patient with leprosy. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:1110. Cross Ref link

Longitudinal grooves

156 Ronchese F. Peculiar nail anomalies. Arch Dermatol 1951;63:565–9. Cross Ref link
157 Heller J. Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis. Dermatol Z 1928;51:416–17. Cross Ref link
158 Zelger J, Wohlfarth P, Putz R. Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis Heller. Hautarzt 1974;25:629. Pubmed link
159 Avhad G, Ghuge P. Median canaliform dystrophy of Heller. Indian Pediatr 2013;50:1073. Pubmed link
160 Sweet RD. Dystrophia unguium mediana canaliformis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1951;64:61–2. Cross Ref link
161 Bottomley W, Cunliffe W. Median canaliform dystrophy associated with isotretinoin therapy. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:447. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
162 Sweeney SA, Cohen PR, Schulze KE, Nelson BR. Familial median canaliform nail dystrophy. Cutis 2005;75:161–5. Pubmed link

Transverse grooves and Beau's lines

163 de Berker DAR. What is a Beau's line? Int J Dermatol 1994;33:545–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
164 Beau JHS. Note sur certain caractères de séméiologie rétrospective présentés par les ongles. Arch Gén Méd 1846;11:447–9.
165 Macaulay WL. Transverse ridging of the thumbnails. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:421–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
166 Lee YJ, Yun SK. Unilateral Beau's lines associatd with a fingertip crushing injury. J Dermatol 2005;32:914–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
167 Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M, Starace M, Tosti A. Drug‐induced nail diseases. Dermatol Clin 2006;24:387–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail pitting

168 Zaias N. Psoriasis of the nail. A clinicopathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:567–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
169 Brazzelli V, Carugno A, Alborghetti A, et al. Prevalence, severity and clinical features of psoriasis in fingernails and toenails in adult patients: Italian experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1354–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Trachyonychia

170 Samman PD. Trachyonychia (rough nails). Br J Dermatol 1979;101:701–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
171 Gordon KA, Vega JM, Tosti A. Trachyonychia: a comprehensive review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77:640–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
172 Baran R. Twenty nail dystrophy of alopecia areata [Letter]. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:1. Cross Ref link
173 Tosti A, Fanti PA, Morelli R, et al. Spongiotic trachyonychia. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:584–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Onychoschizia

174 Scher RK. Brittle nails. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:515–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
175 van de Kerkhof PC, Pasch MC, Scher RK, et al. Brittle nail syndrome: a pathogenesis‐based approach with a proposed grading system. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:644–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
176 Graham‐Brown RAC, Holmes R. Lamellar nail dystrophy with polycythaemia. Clin Exp Dermatol 1980;5:209–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
177 Cribier B, Mena ML, Rey D, et al. Nail changes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A prospective controlled study. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1216–20. Pubmed link
178 Chao SC, Lee JY. Brittle nails and dyspareunia as first clues to recurrences of malignant glucagonoma. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:1071–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
179 Wallis MS, Bowen WR, Guin JR. Pathogenesis of onychoschizia (lamellar dystrophy). J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:44–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
180 Lubach D, Beckers P. Wet working conditions increase brittleness of nails but do not cause it. Dermatology 1992;185:120–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
181 Colombo VE, Gerber F, Bronhofer M, et al. Treatment of brittle fingernails and onychoschizia with biotin: scanning electron microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1127–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Changes in nail colour

182 Baran R. Longitudinal melanotic streaks as a clue to Laugier–Hunziker syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1979;115:1448–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
183 Daniel CR. Nail pigmentation abnormalities. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:431–43. Pubmed link
184 Daniel CR, Zaias N. Pigmentary abnormalities of the nails with emphasis on systemic diseases. Dermatol Clin 1988;6:305–13. Pubmed link
185 Higashi N. Melanonychia due to tinea unguium. Hifu 1990;32:379–80.
186 Lovemann AB, Fliegelman MT. Discoloration of the nails. Arch Dermatol 1955;72:153–6. Cross Ref link
187 Shellow WVR, Koplon BS. Green striped nails: chromonychia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Dermatol 1963;97:149–53. Cross Ref link
188 Thomas L, Dalle S. Dermoscopy provides useful information for the management of melanonychia striata. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:3–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

True leukonychia

189 Norgett EE, Wolf F, Balme B, et al. Hereditary ‘white nails’: a genetic and structural study. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:65–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
190 Grossman M, Scher RK. Leukonychia: review and classification. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:535–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
191 Baran R, Dawber RPR. Physical signs. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1994:72.
192 Marino MT. Mees' lines. Arch Dermatol 1990;126:827–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
193 Mautner GH, Lu I, Ort RJ, Grossman ME. Transverse leukonychia with systemic infection. Cutis 2000;65:318–20. Pubmed link

Apparent leukonychia

194 Albright SD, Wheeler CE. Leukonychia: total and partial leukonychia in a single family with review of the literature. Arch Dermatol 1964;90:392–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
195 Grossman M, Scher RK. Leukonychia: review and classification. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:535–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
196 Holzberg M, Walker HK. Terry's nails: revised definition and new correlations. Lancet 1984;i:896–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
197 Alam M, Scher RK, Bickers DR. Muehrcke's lines in a heart transplant recipient. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:316–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Colour changes due to drugs and chemicals

198 Baran R, Dawber RPR, Richert B. Physical signs. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Haneke E, Tosti A, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:86–103.
199 Fiallo P. Yellow nails as an adverse reaction to the topical use of 5‐fluorouracil for the treatment of nail psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 2009;20:299–301. Cross Ref link
200 Orentreich N, Harber LC, Tromovitch TH. Photosensitivity and photoonycholysis due to demethylchlortetracycline. Arch Dermatol 1961;83:730–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
201 Mallon E, Dawber RPR. Longitudinal melanonychia induced by minocycline. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:794–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
202 Jeevankumar B, Thappa DM. Blue lunula due to hydroxyurea. J Dermatol 2003;30:628–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
203 Tuffanelli D, Abraham RK, Dubois E. Pigmentation from antimalarial drugs. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:419–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
204 Maguire A. Antimalarial nail pigmentation. Lancet 1963;i:667–71.
205 Ramelli G. Argyria. Cutis 1972;10:155–9.
206 Goark SP, Hood AF, Nelson K. Nail pigmentation associated with zidovudine. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;5:1032–3.
207 Pratt CB, Shanks EC. Hyperpigmentation of the nails due to doxorubicin. JAMA 1974;228:460. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
208 Fisher BK, Warner LC. Cutaneous manifestations of AIDS. Int J Dermatol 1987;16:615–30.
209 Panwalker A. Nail pigmentation in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:943–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
210 Gallais V, Lacour JPh, Perrin C, et al. Acral hyperpigmented macules and longitudinal melanonychia in AIDS patients. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:387–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Yellow nail syndrome

211 Samman PD, White WF. The ‘yellow nail’ syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:153–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
212 Magid M, Esterly NB, Prendiville J, Fujisaki C. The yellow nail syndrome in an 8 year old girl. Pediatr Dermatol 1987;4:90–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
213 Hoque SR, Mansour S, Mortimer PS. Yellow nail syndrome: not a genetic disorder? Eleven new cases and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1230–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
214 Baran R. Lichen planus of the nails mimicking the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
215 Ilchyshin A, Vickers CFH. Yellow nail syndrome associated with penicillamine therapy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:554–5.
216 De Coste SD, Imber MJ, Baden HP. Yellow nail syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:608–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
217 Mallon E, Dawber RPR. Nail unit histopathology in the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1995;133(Suppl. 45):55. Cross Ref link
218 Fenton DA, Bull R, Gane J, et al. Abnormal lymphatic function assessed by quantitative lymphoscintigraphy in the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1990;123(Suppl. 37):32. Cross Ref link
219 Ellis JP, Marks R, Pery BJ. Lymphatic function: the disappearance rate of 131‐I albumin from the dermis. Br J Dermatol 1970;82:593–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
220 Miller E, Rosenow EC, Olsen AM. Pulmonary manifestations of the yellow nail syndrome. Chest 1972;61:452–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
221 Bull RH, Fenton DA, Mortimer PS. Lymphatic function in the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:307–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
222 Emerson PA. Yellow nails, lymphoedema and pleural effusions. Thorax 1966;21:247–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
223 Dilley JJ, Kierland RR, Randall RV, Schick RM. Primary lymphoedema associated with yellow nails and pleural effusions. JAMA 1968;203:670–3. Cross Ref link
224 Burrows NP, Russell Jones R. Yellow nail syndrome in association with carcinoma of the gall bladder. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:471–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
225 Stosiek N, Peters KP, Hiller D, et al. Yellow nail syndrome in a patient with mycosis fungoides. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:792–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
226 Cockram CS, Richards P. Yellow nails and nephrotic syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:707–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
227 Chernosky ME, Finley VK. Yellow nail syndrome in patients with AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:731–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
228 Scher RK. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and yellow nails. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:758–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
229 Hoque SR, Mansour S, Mortimer PS. Yellow nail syndrome: not a genetic disorder? Eleven new cases and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1230–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
230 Maldonado F, Tazelaar HD, Wang CW, Ryu JH. Yellow nail syndrome: analysis of 41 consecutive patients. Chest 2008;134:375–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
231 Baran R, Thomas L. Combination of fluconazole and alpha‐tocopherol in the treatment of yellow nail syndrome. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8:276–8. Pubmed link
232 Ayres S, Mihan R. Yellow nail syndrome. Response to vitamin E. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:267–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
233 Williams HC, Buffham R, du Vivier A. Successful use of topical vitamin E solution in the treatment of nail changes in yellow nail syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1023–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
234 Arroyo JF, Cohen ML. Yellow nail syndrome cured by zinc supplementation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:62–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
235 Pang SM. Yellow nail syndrome resolution following treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:605–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
236 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M. Systemic itraconazole in the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:1064–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
237 Baran R. The new oral antifungal drugs in the treatment of the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:189–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
238 Piraccini BM, Urciuoli B, Starace M, Tosti A, Balestri R. Yellow nail syndrome: clinical experience in a series of 21 patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014;12:131–7. Pubmed link

Red lunulae

239 Cohen PR. Red lunulae: case report and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:292–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
240 Wilkerson MG, Wilkin JK. Red lunulae revisited: a clinical and histopathologic examination. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:453–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
241 de Berker D, Goettmann S, Baran R. Subungual myxoid cysts: clinical manifestations and response to therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:394–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Longitudinal erythronychia

242 de Berker DA, Perrin C, Baran R. Localized longitudinal erythronychia: diagnostic significance and physical explanation. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:1253–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
243 Baran R, Perrin C. Localized multinucleate distal subungual keratosis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:77–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
244 Zaias N, Ackerman AB. The nail in Darier–White disease. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:193–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
245 Baran R, Perrin C. Focal subungual warty dyskeratoma. Dermatology 1997;195:278–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
246 Baran R, Dawber RP, Perrin C, Drape JL. Idiopathic polydactylous longitudinal erythronychia: a newly described entity. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:219–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
247 Baran R, Perrin C. Longitudinal erythronychia with distal subungual keratosis: onychopapilloma of the nail bed and Bowen's disease. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:132–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
248 Gee BC, Millard PR, Dawber RP. Onychopapilloma is not a distinct clinicopathological entity. Br J Dermatol 2002;146:156–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Splinter haemorrhages

249 Heath D, Williams DR. Nail haemorrhages. Br Heart J 1978;40:1300–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
250 Kilpatrick ZM, Greenberg PA, Sanford JP. Splinter haemorrhages, their clinical significance. Arch Intern Med 1965;115:730–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
251 Monk BE. The prevalence of splinter haemorrhages. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:183–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
252 Young JB, Will EJ, Mulley GP. Splinter haemorrhages: facts and fiction. J R Coll Phys Lond 1988;22:240–3.
253 Gross NJ, Tall R. Clinical significance of splinter haemorrhages. BMJ 1963;ii:1496–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
254 Ames DE, Asherson RA, Aynes B, et al. Bilateral adrenal infarction, hypoadrenalism and splinter haemorrhages in the primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1994;31:117–20. Cross Ref link
255 Nakamura M, Miyachi Y. Sunitinib‐induced subungual splinter haemorrhage and acral erythema. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:344–5. Pubmed link

Acute trauma

256 Van Beek AL, Kassan MA, Adson MH, Dale V. Management of acute fingernail injuries. Hand Clin 1990 Feb;6(1):23–35. Pubmed link

Subungual haematoma

257 Dean B, Becker G, Little C. The management of the acute traumatic subungual haematoma: a systematic review. Hand Surg 2012;17:151–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
258 Braun RP, Baran R, Le Gal FA, et al. Diagnosis and management of nail pigmentations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:835–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
259 Oztas MO. Clinical and dermoscopic progression of subungual hematomas. Int Surg 2010;95:239–41. Pubmed link
260 Stone OJ, Mullins JF. The distal course of nail haemorrhage. Arch Dermatol 1963;88:186–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
261 Roser SE, Gellman H. Comparison of nail bed repair versus nail trephination for subungual hematomas in children. J Hand Surg 1999;24A:1166–70. Cross Ref link
262 Batrick N, Hashemi K, Freij R. Treatment of uncomplicated subungual haematoma. Emerg Med J 2003;20:65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail bed laceration

263 Brown RE. Acute nail bed injuries. Hand Clin 2002;18:561–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
264 Tos P, Titolo P, Chirila NL, Catalano F, Artiaco S. Surgical treatment of acute fingernail injuries. J Orthop Traumatol 2012;13:57–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
265 Zook EG. Understanding the perionychium. J Hand Ther 2000;13:269–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Delayed trauma

266 Hoffman S. Correction of a split nail deformity. Arch Dermatol 1973;108:568–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
267 Zook EG, Baran R, Haneke E, Dawber RPR. Nail surgery and traumatic abnormalities. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Haneke E, Tosti A, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:425–514.

Nail biting

268 Hurley PT, Balu V. Self‐inflicted anonychia. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:956–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
269 Malone AJ, Massler M. Index of nail biting in children. J Abnorm Social Psychol 1952;47:193–202. Cross Ref link
270 Pacan P, Grzesiak M, Reich A, Kantorska‐Janiec M, Szepietowski JC. Onychophagia and onychotillomania: prevalence, clinical picture and comorbidities. Acta Derm Venereol 2014;94:67–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
271 Alessandri Bonetti G, Incerti Parenti S, Zucchelli G. Onychophagia and postorthodontic isolated gingival recession: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;142:872–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
272 Baran R. Nail biting and picking as a possible cause of longitudinal melanonychia. Dermatologica 1990;181:126–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
273 Combes FC, Scott MJ. Onychotillomania. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1951;63:778–80. Cross Ref link
274 Hamann K. Onychotillomania treated with pimozide (Orap). Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1982;62:364–7.
275 Tosti A, Peluso AM, Bardazzi F, et al. Phalangeal osteomyelitis due to nail biting. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:206–7.
276 Waldmann BA. Osteomyelitis caused by nail biting. Pediatr Dermatol 1991;7:189–90. Cross Ref link
277 Norton L. Self‐induced trauma to the nails. Cutis 1987;40:223–7. Pubmed link
278 Leonard HL, Lenane MC, Swedo SC, et al. A double blind comparison of clomipramine and desipramine treatment of severe onychophagia (nail biting). Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:821–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
279 Silber KP, Haynes CE. Treating nailbiting: a comparative analysis of mild aversion and competing response therapies. Behav Res Ther 1992;30:15–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Damage from nail manicure instruments

280 Brauer E, Baran R. Cosmetics: the care and adornment of the nail. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Haneke E, Tosti A, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 3nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:358–369.

Onychogryphosis and nail hypertrophy

281 Cohen PR, Scher RK. Geriatric nail disorders: diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:521–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
282 Dawber RPR, Bristow I, Mooney J. The Foot: Problems in Podiatry and Dermatology. London: Dunitz, 1996.
283 Douglas MA, Krull EA. Diseases of the nails. In: Conn WB, ed. Current Therapy. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1981:712.
284 Gilchrist AK. Common foot problems in the elderly. Geriatrics 1979;34:67–70. Pubmed link
285 Lubach D. Erbliche onychogryphosis. Hautarzt 1982;33:331–3. Pubmed link
286 Baran R, Bureau H. Congenital malalignment of the great toenail as a cause of ingrowing toenail in infancy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;6:619–23. Cross Ref link

Ingrowing toenail

287 Baran R, Bureau H. Congenital malalignment of the great toenail as a cause of ingrowing toenail in infancy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983;6:619–23. Cross Ref link
288 Cambiaghi S, Pistritto G, Gelmeti C. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux in twins. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:635–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
289 Samman PD. Nail deformities due to trauma. In: Samman PD, Fenton DA, eds. The Nails in Disease. London: Heinemann, 1986:148–9.
290 Baran R, Haneke E, Richert B. Pincer nails: definition and surgical treatment. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:261–6. Pubmed link
291 de Berker DA, Richert B, Duhard E, Piraccini BM, André J, Baran R. Retronychia: proximal ingrowing of the nail plate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:978–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
292 Verbov J. Ingrowing toenails in infancy. BMJ 1978;ii:1087. Cross Ref link
293 Katz A. Congenital ingrown toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:519–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
294 Piraccini BM, Parente GL, Varotti E, Tosti A. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux: clinical features and follow‐up of seven cases. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:348–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
295 Baran R. Retinoids and the nails. J Dermatol Treat 1990;1:151–4. Cross Ref link
296 Higgins EM, Hughes JR, Snowden S, Pembroke AC. Cyclosporin‐induced periungual granulation tissue. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:829–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
297 Nicolopoulos J, Howard A. Docetaxel‐induced nail dystrophy. Australas J Dermatol 2002;43:293–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
298 Wasner G, Hilpert F, Schattschneider J, et al. Docetaxel‐induced nail changes: a neurogenic mechanism. A case report. J Neurooncol 2002;58:167–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
299 Stemmler HJ, Gutschow K, Sommer H, et al. Weekly docetaxel (Taxotere) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2001;12:1393–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
300 Ward HA, Russo GG, Shrum J. Cutaneous manifestations of antiretroviral therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:284–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
301 Heim M, Schapiro J, Wershavski M, Martinowitz U. Drug‐induced and traumatic nail problems in the haemophilias. Haemophilia 2000;6:191–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
302 Wernick J, Gibbs RC. Pedal biomechanics and toenail disease. In: Scher RK, Daniel CR, eds. Nails: Therapy, Diagnosis, Surgery. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1990:244–9.
303 Schulte KW, Neumann NJ, Ruzicka T. Surgical pearl: nail splinting by flexible tube. A new noninvasive treatment for ingrown toenails. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:629–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
304 Arai H, Arai T, Nakajima H, Haneke E. Formable acrylic treatment for ingrowing nail with gutter splint and sculptured nail. Int J Dermatol 2004;43:759–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
305 Lemont H, Brady J. Amelanotic melanoma masquerading as an ingrown toenail. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002;92:306–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
306 Rounding C, Hulm S. Surgical treatments for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD001541. Pubmed link
307 Richert B. Surgical management of ingrown toenails: an update overdue. Dermatol Ther 2012;25:498–509. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Tumours under or adjacent to the nail

308 de Berker DA, Richert B, Duhard E, Piraccini BM, André J, Baran R. Retronychia: proximal ingrowing of the nail plate. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:978–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
309 Richert B. Frictional pyogenic granuloma of the nail bed. Dermatology 2001;202:80–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
310 Colver GB. Onychotillomania. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:397–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
311 Piraccini BM, Bellavista S, Misciali C, Tosti A, de Berker D, Richert B. Periungual and subungual pyogenic granuloma. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:941–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
312 Piraccini BM, Iorizzo M. Drug reactions affecting the nail unit: diagnosis and management. Dermatol Clin 2007;25:215–21, vii. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
313 Campbell JP, Grekin RC, Ellis CN, Matsuda‐John SS, Swanson NA, Voorhees JJ. Retinoid therapy is associated with excess granulation tissue responses. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:708–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
314 Teknetzis A, Ioannides D, Vakali G, Lefaki I, Minas A. Pyogenic granulomas following topical application of tretinoin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:337–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
315 Dawkins MA, Clark AR, Feldman SR. Pyogenic granuloma‐like lesion associated with topical tazarotene therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:154–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
316 Bouscarat F, Bouchard C, Bouhour D. Paronychia and pyogenic granuloma of the great toes in patients treated with indinavir. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1776–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
317 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, D'Antuono A, Marzaduri S, Bettoli V. Paronychia associated with antiretroviral therapy. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:1165–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
318 Calista D, Boschini A. Cutaneous side effects induced by indinavir. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:292–6. Pubmed link
319 Freiman A, Bouganim N, O'Brien EA. Case reports: mitozantrone‐induced onycholysis associated with subungual abscesses, paronychia, and pyogenic granuloma. J Drugs Dermatol 2005;4:490–2. Pubmed link
320 Higgins EM, Hughes JR, Snowden S, Pembroke AC. Cyclosporin‐induced periungual granulation tissue. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:829–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
321 Curr N, Saunders H, Murugasu A, Cooray P, Schwarz M, Gin D. Multiple periungual pyogenic granulomas following systemic 5‐fluorouracil. Australas J Dermatol 2006;47:130–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
322 Piguet V, Borradori L. Pyogenic granuloma‐like lesions during capecitabine therapy. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:1270–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
323 Piqué‐Duran E, Pérez‐Díaz MJ, Pérez‐Cejudo JA. Pyogenic granuloma‐like lesions caused by capecitabine therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:652–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
324 Vaccaro M, Barbuzza O, Guarneri F, Guarneri B. Nail and periungual toxicity following capecitabine therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;66:325–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
325 Paul LJ, Cohen PR. Paclitaxel‐associated subungual pyogenic granuloma: report in a patient with breast cancer receiving paclitaxel and review of drug‐induced pyogenic granulomas adjacent to and beneath the nail. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:262–8. Pubmed link
326 Minisini AM, Tosti A, Sobrero AF, et al. Taxane‐induced nail changes: incidence, clinical presentation and outcome. Ann Oncol 2003;14:333–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
327 Wollina U. Multiple eruptive periungual pyogenic granulomas during anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. J Dermatol Case Rep 2010;4:44–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
328 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Camacho‐Martinez F. Onychomadesis and pyogenic granuloma following cast immobilization. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:231–2. Pubmed link
329 Tosti A, Baran R, Peluso AM, Fanti PA, Liguori R. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy with prominent involvement of the nail apparatus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:865–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
330 Mazereeuw‐Hautier J, Bonafé J‐L. Bilateral Beau's lines and pyogenic granulomas following Guillain‐Barré syndrome. Dermatology 2004;209:237–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
331 Siragusa M, Schepis C, Cosentino FI, Spada RS, Toscano G, Ferri R. Nail pathology in patients with hemiplegia. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:557–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
332 Guhl G, Torrelo A, Hernández A, Zambrano A. Beau's lines and multiple periungueal pyogenic granulomas after long stay in an intensive care unit. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25:278–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
333 Rettig AC, Strickland JW. Glomus tumor of the digits. J Hand Surg 1977;2A:261–5. Cross Ref link
334 Van Geertruyden J, Lorea P, Goldschmidt D, et al. Glomus tumours of the hand. A retrospective study of 51 cases. J Hand Surg 1996;21B:257–60. Cross Ref link
335 André J, Sass U, Richert B, Theunis A. Nail pathology. Clin Dermatol 2013;31:526–39. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
336 Anakwe RE, McEachan JE. A glomus tumour beneath the painful unpolished nail. Can Med Assoc J 2010;182:1329. Cross Ref link
337 Foucher G, Le Viet D, Dailiana Z, Pajardi G. Glomus tumor of the nail area. A propos of a series of 55 patients. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 1999;85:362–6. Pubmed link
338 Jablon M, Horowitz A, Bernstein DA. Magnetic resonance imaging of a glomus tumor of the fingertip. J Hand Surg 1990;15A:507–9. Cross Ref link
339 Drapé JL, Idy‐Peretti I, Goettmann S, et al. Subungual glomus tumors: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1995;195:507–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
340 Richert B, Baghaie M. Medical imaging and MRI in nail disorders: report of 119 cases and review. Dermatol Ther 2002;15:159–64. Cross Ref link
341 Gandhi J, Yang SS, Hurd J. The anatomic location of digital glomus tumor recurrences. J Hand Surg 2010;35A:986–9. Cross Ref link
342 di Chiacchio N, Richert B, Haneke E. Surgery of the matrix. In: Richert B, di Chiacchio N, Haneke E, eds. Nail Surgery. London: Informa, 2011:103–32. Cross Ref link
343 Lee D‐W, Yang J‐H, Chang S, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics of extradigital and digital glomus tumours: a retrospective comparative study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1392–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
344 Heim U, Hänggi W. Subungual glomus tumors. Value of the direct dorsal approach. Ann Chir Main 1985;4:51–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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360 Kint A, Baran R. Histopathologic study of Koenen tumors. Are they different from acquired digital fibrokeratoma? J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:369–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
361 Baran R, Perrin C. Pseudo‐fibrokeratoma of the nail apparatus with melanocytic pigmentation: a clue for diagnosing Bowen's disease. Acta Derm Venereol 1994;74:449–50. Pubmed link
362 Haneke E. Epidermoid carcinoma (Bowen's disease) of the nail apparatus simulating acquired ungual fibrokeratoma. Skin Cancer 1991;6:217–21.
363 Baran R, Mikhail G, Costini B, Tosti A, Goettmann‐Bonvallot S. Distal digital keratoacanthoma: two cases with a review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:575–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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371 Baran R, Kint A. Onychomatrixoma. Filamentous tufted tumour in the matrix of a funnel‐shaped nail: a new entity (report of three cases). Br J Dermatol 1992;126:510–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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376 Rashid RM, Swan J. Onychomatricoma: benign sporadic nail lesion or much more? Dermatol Online J 2006;12(6):4. Pubmed link
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383 Raison‐Peyron N, Alirezai M, Meunier L, Barneon G, Meynadier J. Onychomatricoma: an unusual cause of nail bleeding. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23:138. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
384 Baran R, Perrin C. Bowen's disease clinically simulating an onychomatricoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:947–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
385 Miteva M, de Farias DC, Zaiac M, Romanelli P, Tosti A. Nail clipping diagnosis of onychomatricoma. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:1117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
386 Goettmann S, Drape JL, Idy‐Peretti I, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool in the diagnosis of tumours of the nail apparatus. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:701–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
387 Soto R, Wortsman X, Corredoira Y. Onychomatricoma: clinical and sonographic findings. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:1461–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
388 Ashby‐Richardson H, Rogers GS, Stadecker MJ. Superficial acral fibromyxoma: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2011;135:1064–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
389 Fetsch JF, Laskin WB, Miettinen M. Superficial acral fibromyxoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 37 cases of a distinctive soft tissue tumor with a predilection for the fingers and toes. Hum Pathol 2001;32:704–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
390 André J, Sass U, Theunis A. Diseases of the nails. In: Calonje E, Brenn T, Lazar A, McKee PH, eds. McKee's Pathology of the Skin, 4th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2012:1051–75. Cross Ref link
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392 Cogrel O, Stanislas S, Coindre J‐M, et al. Superficial acral fibromyxoma: three cases. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2010;137:789–93.
393 Chabbab F, Metz T, Saez Beltran L, Theunis A, Richert B. Superficial acral fibromyxoma in a sub‐matricial location: an unusual variant. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2014;141:94–105. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
394 Hollmann TJ, Bovée JVMG, Fletcher CDM. Digital fibromyxoma (superficial acral fibromyxoma): a detailed characterization of 124 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:789–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
395 Baran R, Perrin C. Localized multinucleate distal subungual keratosis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:77–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
396 Baran R, Perrin C. Longitudinal erythronychia with distal subungual keratosis: onychopapilloma of the nail bed and Bowen's disease. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:132–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
397 Miteva M, Fanti PA, Romanelli P, Zaiac M, Tosti A. Onychopapilloma presenting as longitudinal melanonychia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:e242–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
398 Criscione V, Telang G, Jellinek NJ. Onychopapilloma presenting as longitudinal leukonychia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63:541–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
399 Richert B, Iorizzo M, Tosti A, André J. Nail bed lichen planus associated with onychopapilloma. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:1071–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
400 Lecerf P, Richert B, Theunis A, André J. A retrospective study of squamous cell carcinoma of the nail unit diagnosed in a Belgian general hospital over a 15‐year period. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:253–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
401 Mikhail GR. Subungual epidermoid carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:291–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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410 Baran RL, Gormley DE. Polydactylous Bowen's disease of the nail. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:201–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
411 Goodman G, Mason G, O'Brien T. Polydactylous Bowen's disease of the nail bed. Australas J Dermatol 1995;36:164–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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415 Matoso A, Jellinek N, Telang GH. Verrucous carcinoma of the nail unit. Am J Dermatopathol 2012;34:e106–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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417 Canovas F, Dereure O, Bonnel F. A propos of a case of epidermoid carcinoma of the nail bed with intraneural metastasis to the median nerve. Chir Main 1998;17:232–5. Pubmed link
418 Kouskoukis CE, Scher RK, Kopf AW. Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the nail bed. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1982;8:853–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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420 Laffitte E, Saurat J‐H. Recurrent Bowen's disease of the nail: treatment by topical imiquimod. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2003;130:211–13.
421 Sturm HM. Bowen's disease and 5‐fluorouracil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:513–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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425 Sheen Y‐S, Sheen M‐C, Sheu H‐M, Yang S‐F, Wang Y‐W. Squamous cell carcinoma of the big toe successfully treated by intra‐arterial infusion with methotrexate. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:982–3. Pubmed link
426 Serrano‐Ortega S, Fernández‐Angel I, Dulanto‐Campos E, Rodríguez‐Archilla A, Linares‐Solano J. Basal cell carcinoma arising in professional radiodermatitis of the nail. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:628–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
427 Engel E, Ulrich H, Vasold R, et al. Azo pigments and a basal cell carcinoma at the thumb. Dermatology 2008;216:76–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
428 Forman SB, Ferringer TC, Garrett AB. Basal cell carcinoma of the nail unit. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:811–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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432 Thai KE, Young R, Sinclair RD. Nail apparatus melanoma. Australas J Dermatol 2001;42:71–81; quiz 82–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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435 Möhrle M, Häfner HM. Is subungual melanoma related to trauma? Dermatology 2002;204:259–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
436 Stern DK, Creasey AA, Quijije J, Lebwohl MG. UV‐A and UV‐B penetration of normal human cadaveric fingernail plate. Arch Dermatol 2011;147:439–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
437 Theunis A, Richert B, Sass U, Lateur N, Sales F, André J. Immunohistochemical study of 40 cases of longitudinal melanonychia. Am J Dermatopathol 2011;33:27–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
438 Bristow IR, de Berker DA, Acland KM, Turner RJ, Bowling J. Clinical guidelines for the recognition of melanoma of the foot and nail unit. J Foot Ankle Res 2010;3:25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
439 Ishihara Y, Matsumoto K, Kawachi S, Saida T. Detection of early lesions of ‘ungual’ malignant melanoma. Int J Dermatol 1993;32:44–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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441 André J, Moulonguet I, Goettmann‐Bonvallot S. In situ amelanotic melanoma of the nail unit mimicking lichen planus: report of 3 cases. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:418–21. Pubmed link
442 Vassallo C, Derlino F, Torti S, et al. Longitudinal deep fissure and distal onycholysis of the right thumb. Amelanotic subungual melanoma. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:947–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
443 Banfield CC, Dawber RP. Nail melanoma: a review of the literature with recommendations to improve patient management. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:628–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
444 Koga H, Saida T, Uhara H. Key point in dermoscopic differentiation between early nail apparatus melanoma and benign longitudinal melanonychia. J Dermatol 2011;38:45–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
445 Tosti A, Argenziano G. Dermoscopy allows better management of nail pigmentation. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1369–70. Pubmed link
446 Ronger S, Touzet S, Ligeron C, et al. Dermoscopic examination of nail pigmentation. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1327–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
447 Hirata SH, Yamada S, Enokihara MY, et al. Patterns of nail matrix and bed of longitudinal melanonychia by intraoperative dermatoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:297–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
448 Debarbieux S, Hospod V, Depaepe L, Balme B, Poulalhon N, Thomas L. Perioperative confocal microscopy of the nail matrix in the management of in situ or minimally invasive subungual melanomas. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:828–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
449 Jellinek N. Nail matrix biopsy of longitudinal melanonychia: diagnostic algorithm including the matrix shave biopsy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:803–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
450 Richert B, Theunis A, Norrenberg S, André J. Tangential excision of pigmented nail matrix lesions responsible for longitudinal melanonychia: evaluation of the technique on a series of 30 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:96–104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
451 Finley RK III, Driscoll DL, Blumenson LE, Karakousis CP. Subungual melanoma: an eighteen‐year review. Surgery 1994;116:96–100. Pubmed link
452 Moehrle M, Metzger S, Schippert W, Garbe C, Rassner G, Breuninger H. ‘Functional’ surgery in subungual melanoma. Dermatol Surg 2003;29:366–74. Pubmed link
453 Duarte AF, Correia O, Barros AM, Azevedo R, Haneke E. Nail matrix melanoma in situ: conservative surgical management. Dermatology 2010;220:173–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
454 Chow WTH, Bhat W, Magdub S, Orlando A. In situ subungual melanoma: digit salvaging clearance. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012;66:274–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
455 Lazar A, Abimelec P, Dumontier C. Full thickness skin graft for nail unit reconstruction. J Hand Surg 2005;30B:194–8. Cross Ref link
456 Rayatt SS, Dancey AL, Davison PM. Thumb subungual melanoma: is amputation necessary? J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2007;60:635–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
457 Sureda N, Phan A, Poulalhon N, Balme B, Dalle S, Thomas L. Conservative surgical management of subungual (matrix derived) melanoma: report of seven cases and literature review. Br J Dermatol 2011;165:852–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
458 High WA, Quirey RA, Guillén DR, Munõz G, Taylor RS. Presentation, histopathologic findings, and clinical outcomes in 7 cases of melanoma in situ of the nail unit. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:1102–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
459 Neczyporenko F, André J, Torosian K, Theunis A, Richert B. Management of in situ melanoma of the nail apparatus with functional surgery: report of 11 cases and review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28:550–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
460 Braun RP, Baran R, Le Gal FA, et al. Diagnosis and management of nail pigmentations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:835–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail fold infections

461 Dardu M, Ruocco V. Clinical cytologic features of antibiotic resistant acute paronychia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:120–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
462 Sezer E, Bridges AE, Koseoglu D, Yuksek J. Acquired periungual fibrokeratoma developing after acute staphylococcal paronychia. Eur J Dermatol 2009;19:636–7. Pubmed link
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464 Karpathios T, Moustaki M, Yiallouros P, et al. HSV‐2 meningitis disseminated from a herpetic whitlow. Paediatr Int Child Health 2012;32:121–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
465 Huff JC. Erythema multiforme. Dermatol Clin 1985;3:141–52. Pubmed link
466 Walker S. Paronychia of the great toenail of infants. Clin Pediatr 1979;18:247.
467 Baran R. Nail alterations in hand eczema. In: Alikhan A, Lachapelle JM, Maibach HI, eds. Textbook of Hand Eczema. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 2014:37–47. Cross Ref link
468 Hay RJ, Baran R. Onychomycosis: a proposed revision of the clinical classification. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:1219–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
469 Dawber RPR, Baran R. Painful dorso‐lateral fissure of the fingertip: an extension of the lateral nail groove. Clin Exp Dermatol 1984;9:419–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
470 Palfi, Ponai K, Varkonyi V, et al. Primary syphilis of the finger. Dermatology 2008;217:252–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
471 Velez AP, Greene JN, Vincent AL, Elko‐Simms LM. Impact and etiology of periungual toe infections in neutropenic patients. Infect Dis Clin Pract 2012;20:e31–4. Cross Ref link
472 Baran R. Treatment of ingrowing toenails in infancy. J Dermatol Treat 1989;1:55–7. Cross Ref link
473 Fleming TE, Brodell RT. Subungual abscess: a bacterial infection of the nail bed. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:486–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail psoriasis

474 Zaias N. Psoriasis of the nail. A clinical–pathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:567–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
475 Samman PD. The Nails in Disease, 3rd edn. London: Heinemann, 1978.
476 de Jong EM, Seegers BA, Gulinck MK, Boezeman JB, van de Kerkhof PC. Psoriasis of the nails associated with disability in a large number of patients: results of a recent interview with 1,728 patients. Dermatology 1996;193:300–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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478 Nanda A, Kaur S, Kaur I, et al. Childhood psoriasis: an epidemiologic survey of 112 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 1990;7:19–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
479 Stankler L. Foetal psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:684. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
480 Tosti A, Peluso AM, Zucchelli V. Clinical features and long‐term follow‐up of 20 cases of parakeratosis pustulosa. Pediatr Dermatol 1998;15:259–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
481 McGonagle D, Tan AL, Benjamin M. The nail as a musculoskeletal appendage: implications for an improved understanding of the link between psoriasis and arthritis. Dermatology 2009;218:97–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
482 Tan AL, Tanner SF, Waller ML, et al. High‐resolution [¹⁸F]fluoride positron emission tomography of the distal interphalangeal joint in psoriatic arthritis: a bone–enthesis–nail complex. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:898–904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
483 Brazzelli V, Carugno A, Alborghetti A, et al. Prevalence, severity and clinical features of psoriasis in fingernails and toenails in adult patients: Italian experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1354–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
484 Rich P, Scher RK. Nail Psoriasis Severity Index: a useful tool for evaluation of nail psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:206–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
485 Baran R. A nail psoriasis severity index. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:568–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
486 Chruściel A, Karlinska‐Jachowska M, Młynek A, Sysa‐Jędrzejowska A, Zalewska‐Janowska A. Application of R.L. Baran scale in nail plates evaluation in psoriasis. Dermatol Klin 2007;9:84–8.
487 Zaias N. Psoriasis of the nail unit. Dermatol Clin 1984;2:493–505.
488 Grammer‐West NY, Corvette DM, Giandoni MB, Fitzpatrick JE. Clinical pearl: nail plate biopsy for the diagnosis of psoriatic nails. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:260–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
489 Sonnex TS, Griffiths WAD, Nicol WJ. The nature and significance of the transverse white band of human nails. Semin Dermatol 1991;10:12–16. Pubmed link
490 Gupta AK, Lynde CW, Jain HC, et al. A higher prevalence of onychomycosis in psoriatics compared with non‐psoriatics: a multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:786–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
491 Cohen PR, Prystowsky JH. PRP: a view of diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:801–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
492 Macaulay WL. Transverse ridging of the thumbnails. Arch Dermatol 1966;93:421–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
493 Calvert HT, Smith MA, Wells RS. Psoriasis and the nails. Br J Dermatol 1963;75:415–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
494 Ganor S. Chronic paronychia and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:685–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
495 Burden AD, Kemmett D. The spectrum of nail involvement in palmoplantar pustulosis. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:1079–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
496 Dulanto P, Armijo‐Morens M, Camacho‐Martinez F. Histological finding in parakeratosis pustulosa. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1974;54:365–7.
497 Hjorth N, Thomsen K. Parakeratosis pustulosa. Br J Dermatol 1967;79:527–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
498 Miller JL, Soltani K, Toutellotte CD. Psoriatic acro‐osteolysis without arthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1971;53:371–4. Pubmed link
499 Mahowald ML, Parrish RM. Severe osteolytic arthritis mutilans pustular psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:434–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
500 Pirracini BM, Fanti PA, Morelli R, Tosti A. Hallopeau's acrodermatitis continua of the nail apparatus: a clinical and pathological study of 20 patients. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1994;74:65–7.
501 Lovy M, Bluhm G, Morales A. The occurrence of nail pitting in Reiter's syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;2:66–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
502 Sonnex TS, Dawber RPR, Zachary CB, et al. The nails in adult type I pityriasis rubra pilaris. A comparison with Sézary syndrome and psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15:956–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
503 Bazex A, Griffiths A. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica. A new cutaneous marker of malignancy. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:301–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
504 Richard M, Giroux JM. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica (Bazex syndrome). J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:178–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
505 Handfield‐Jones S, Matthews CNA, Ellis JP, et al. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex. J R Soc Med 1992;85:548–50. Pubmed link
506 Wright V, Roberts MC, Hill AGS. Dermatological manifestations in psoriatic arthritis. A follow up study. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1979;59:235–40.
507 Baker H, Golding DN, Thompson M. The nails in psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:549–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
508 Jones SM, Armas JB, Cohen MG, et al. Psoriatic arthritis: outcome of disease subsets and relationship of joint disease to nail and skin disease. Br J Rheumatol 1994;33:834–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
509 Boisseau‐Garsaud AM, Beylot‐Barry M, Doutre MS, et al. Psoriatic onycho‐pachydermo‐periostitis. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:176–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
510 Lewin K, Dewit S, Ferrington RA. Pathology of the fingernail in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:555–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
511 Samman PD. The ventral nail. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:192–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
512 de Berker D, Westgate G, Leigh I. Patterns of hard keratin (Ha‐1) expression in nail matrix correspond to nail plate morphology [Abstract]. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:584–5. Cross Ref link
513 de Berker D. Management of nail psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:357–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
514 Jiaravuthisan MM, Sasseville D, Vender RB, Murphy F, Muhn CY. Psoriasis of the nail: anatomy, pathology, clinical presentation, and a review of the literature on therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:1–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
515 Cassell S, Kavanaugh AF. Therapies for psoriatic nail disease. A systematic review. J Rheumatol 2006;33:1452–6. Pubmed link
516 de Berker DA, Lawrence CM. A simplified protocol of steroid injection for psoriatic nail dystrophy. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:90–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
517 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cameli N, et al. Calcipotriol ointment in nail psoriasis: a controlled double‐blind comparison with betamethasone dipropionate and salicylic acid. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:655–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
518 Rigopoulos D, Ioannides D, Prastitis N, Katsambas A. Nail psoriasis: a combined treatment using calcipotriol cream and clobetasol propionate cream. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 2002;82:140.
519 Piraccini BM, Tosti A, Iorizzo M, Misciali C. Pustular psoriasis of the nails: treatment and long‐term follow‐up of 46 patients. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:1000–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
520 Marx JL, Scher RK. The response of psoriatic nails to photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1023–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
521 Handfield‐Jones SE, Boyle J, Harman RRM. Local PUVA treatment for nail psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1987;116:280–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
522 Baran R. Retinoids and the nails. J Dermatol Treat 1990;1:151–4. Cross Ref link
523 Tosti A, Ricotti C, Romanelli P, Cameli N, Piraccini BM. Evaluation of the efficacy of acitretin therapy for nail psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:269–71. Pubmed link
524 Scher RK, Stiller M, Zhu YI. Tazarotene 0.1% gel in the treatment of fingernail psoriasis: a double blind, randomized, vehicle‐controlled study. Cutis 2001;68:355–8. Pubmed link
525 Sánchez‐Regaña M, Sola‐Ortigosa J, Alsina‐Gibert M, Vidal‐Fernández M, Umbert‐Millet P. Nail psoriasis: a retrospective study on the effectiveness of systemic treatments (classical and biological therapy). J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:579–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
526 de Vries AC, Bogaards NA, Hooft L, et al. Interventions for nail psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;(1):CD007633. Pubmed link
527 Gümüşel M, Özdemir M, Mevlitoğlu I, Bodur S. Evaluation of the efficacy of methotrexate and cyclosporine therapies on psoriatic nails: a one‐blind, randomized study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1080–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
528 Lawry M. Biological therapy and nail psoriasis. Dermatol Ther 2007;20:60–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
529 de Berker D. Biologics in nail psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:236–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
530 Jemec GB, Ibler KS. Treatment of nail psoriasis with TNF‐α or IL12/23 inhibitors. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:939–42. Pubmed link
531 Sfikakis PP, Iliopoulos A, Elezoglou A, Kittas C, Stratigos A. Psoriasis induced by anti‐tumor necrosis factor therapy: a paradoxical adverse reaction. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:2513–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
532 Bauza A, Redondo P, Aquerreta D. Psoriatic onycho‐pachydermo periostitis: treatment with methotrexate. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:901–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
533 Tosti A, Guerra L, Bardazzi F, Lanzarini M. Topical cyclosporin in nail psoriasis. Dermatologica 1990;180:110. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
534 Fritz K. Psoriasis of the nail. Successful topical treatment with 5‐fluorouracil. Z Hautkr 1988;64:1083–8.
535 Fredriksson T. Topically applied fluorouracil in the treatment of psoriatic nails. Arch Dermatol 1974;110:735–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
536 Yu RCH, King CM. A double blind study of superficial radiotherapy in psoriatic nail dystrophy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1992;72:134–6.
537 Kwang TY, Nee TS, Seng KTH. A therapeutic study of nail psoriasis using electron beams. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1995;75:90.

Darier disease of the nails

538 Bingham EA, Burrows D. Darier's disease. Br J Dermatol 1984;111(Suppl. 26):88–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
539 Burge SM, Wilkinson JD. Darier–White disease: a review of the clinical features in 163 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:40–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
540 Ronchese F. The nail in Darier's disease. Arch Dermatol 1965;91:617–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
541 Schubert H. Darier's disease. Z Haut Geschlechskr 1966;41:239–44.
542 Zaias N, Ackerman AB. The nail in Darier–White disease. Arch Dermatol 1973;107:193–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
543 Downs AM, Ward KA, Peachey RD. Subungual squamous cell carcinoma in Darier's disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:277–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Eczema involving the nails

544 Yu M, Kim SW, Kim MS, Han TY, Lee JH, Son SJ. Clinical study of patients with hand eczema accompanied by nail dystrophy. J Dermatol 2013;40:406–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
545 Maio P, Carvalho R, Amaro C, Santos R, Cardoso J. Letter: Allergic contact dermatitis from sculptured acrylic nails: special presentation with a possible airborne pattern. Dermatol Online J 2012;18(2):13. Pubmed link
546 Marren P, de Berker DAR, Powell S. Occupational contact dermatitis due to Quaternium 15 presenting as nail dystrophy. Contact Dermatitis 1991;25:253–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
547 Boiko S, Kaufman RA, Lucky AW. Osteomyelitis of the distal phalanges in three children with severe atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:418–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Lichen planus of the nails

548 Samman PD. The nails in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1961;73:288–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
549 Tosti A, Peluso AM, Fanti PA, et al. Nail lichen planus. Clinical and pathological study of 24 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:724–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
550 Tosti A, Fanti PA, Morelli R, et al. Trachyonychia associated with alopecia areata. A clinical and pathological study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:266–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
551 de Berker D, Dawber RPR. Childhood lichen planus. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16:233. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
552 Milligan A, Graham‐Brown RAC. Lichen planus in childhood: a review of six cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:340–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
553 Baran R, Jancovici E, Sayag J, Dawber RPR. Longitudinal melanonychia in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:369–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
554 Baran R. Lichen planus of the nails mimicking the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1117–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
555 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cameli N. Nail changes in lichen planus may resemble those of yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:848–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
556 Cornelius CE, Shelley WB. Permanent anonychia due to lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1967;96:434–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
557 Samman PD. Idiopathic atrophy of the nails. Br J Dermatol 1985;81:746–9. Cross Ref link
558 de Berker D, Dalziel K, Dawber RPR, Wojnarowska F. Pemphigus associated with nail dystrophy. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:461–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
559 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Cambiaghi S, Jorizzo M. Nail lichen planus in children: clinical features, response to treatment, and long‐term follow‐up. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:1027–32. Pubmed link
560 Munro CS, Cox NH, Marks JM, et al. Lichen nitidus presenting as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and nail dystrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:381–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
561 Saurat JH, Gluckman E. Lichen planus‐like eruption following bone marow transplantation: a manifestation of the graft‐versus‐host disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 1977;2:335–44. Pubmed link
562 Ramrakha‐Jones VS, Paul M, McHenry P, Burden AD. Nail dystrophy due to lichen sclerosus? Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:507–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
563 Tosti A, Peluso AM, Misciali C, Cameli N. Nail lichen striatus: clinical features and long‐term follow‐up of five patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:908–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
564 Barth JH, Millard PR, Dawber RPR. Idiopathic atrophy of the nails. A clinicopathological study. Am J Dermatopathol 1988;10:514–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
565 Zaias N. The nail in lichen planus. Arch Dermatol 1970;101:264–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
566 Pandhi D, Singal A, Bhattacharya SN. Lichen planus in childhood: a series of 316 patients. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31:59–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
567 Lear JT, English JS. Erosive and generalized lichen planus responsive to azathioprine. Clin Exp Dermatol 1996;21:56–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
568 Manousaridis I, Manousaridis K, Peitsch WK, Schneider SW. Individualizing treatment and choice of medication in lichen planus: a step by step approach. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2013;11:981–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
569 Pinter A, Pätzold S, Kaufmann R. Lichen planus of nails: successful treatment with alitretinoin. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011;9:1033–4. Pubmed link

Nails in childhood and old age

570 Baran R, Barth J, Dawber RPR, eds. Nail Disorders. London: Dunitz, 1991:78–101.
571 de Berker D. Childhood nail diseases. Dermatol Clin 2006;24:355–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
572 Hammerton MD, Shrank AB. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux. Pediatr Dermatol 1988;5:243–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
573 Piraccini BM, Parente GL, Varotti E, Tosti A. Congenital hypertrophy of the lateral nail folds of the hallux: clinical features and follow‐up of seven cases. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17:348–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
574 Baran R. Congenital malalignment of the toe nail. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:1346. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
575 Gupta AK, Skinner AR, Baran R. Onychomycosis in children: an overview. J Drugs Dermatol 2003;2:31–4. Pubmed link
576 Gupta AK, Skinner AR. Onychomycosis in children: a brief overview with treatment strategies. Pediatr Dermatol 2004;21:74–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
577 Turano AF. Beau's lines in infancy. Pediatrics 1968;41:996–4. Pubmed link
578 Parry EJ, Morley WN, Dawber RPR. Herringbone nails: an uncommon variant of nail growth in childhood. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:1021–2. Pubmed link
579 Singh G, Haneef NS, Uday A. Nail changes and disorders among the elderly. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005;71:386–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
580 Baran R. Nail care in the ‘golden years’ of life. Curr Med Res Opin 1982;7:96–101. Pubmed link
581 Brauer E, Baran R. Cosmetics: the care and adornment of the nail. In: Baran R, Dawber RPR, de Berker DAR, Haneke E, Tosti A, eds. Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 3rd edn. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2001:366–8.
582 Woodrow P, Dickson N, Wright P. Foot care for non‐diabetic older people. Nurs Older People 2005;17:31–2.
583 Helfand AE. Assessing onychial disorders in the older patient. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2003;20:431–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
584 Loo DS. Onychomycosis in the elderly: drug treatment options. Drugs Aging 2007;24:293–302. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
585 Tavakkol A, Fellman S, Kianifard F. Safety and efficacy of oral terbinafine in the treatment of onychomycosis: analysis of the elderly subgroup in Improving Results in Onychomycosis Concomitant Lamisil and Debridement (IRON‐CLAD), an open‐label, randomized trial. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2006;4:1–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Imaging of the nail

586 Destouet JM, Murphy WA. Acquired osteolysis and acronecrosis. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26:1150–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
587 El Komy MHM, Baran R. Acroosteolysis presenting with brachyonychia following exposure to cold. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; doi: 10.1111/jdv.12826.
588 Maroteaux P. Five cases of microgeodic disease of phalanges of unknown etiology in infants. Ann Radiol (Paris) 1970;13:229–36. Pubmed link
589 Van Acker T, Eykens A, Wouters C, Toelen J. The phalangeal microgeodic syndrome in childhood: awareness leads to diagnosis. Eur J Pediatr 2013;172:763–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
590 Baran R, Tosti A. Acroosteolysis in a guitar player. Acta Derm Venereol 1993;73:64–5. Pubmed link
591 Baran R, Turkmani MG, Mubki T. Acquired racquet nails: a useful sign of hyperparathyroidism. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28:257–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
592 Mathis WH Jr, Schulz MD. Roentgen diagnosis of glomus tumors. Radiology 1948;51:71–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
593 Van Geertruyden J, Lorea P, Goldschmidt D, et al. Glomus tumours of the hand. Retrospective Study of 51 cases. J Hand Surg 1996;21B:257–60. Cross Ref link
594 Lovett JA, Haines TA, Bentz ML. Subungual kerato‐acanthoma masquerading as a chronic paronychia. Ann Plast Surg 1995;38:84–7. Cross Ref link
595 Meng Q, Watt I. Phalangeal osteoid osteoma. Br J Radiol 1989;62:321–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
596 Schajowicz F, Aiello CA, Slullitel I. Cystic and pseudo‐cystic lesions of the terminal phalanx with special reference to epidermoid cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1970;68:84–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
597 Baran R. Nail tumours: Clinical overview. In: Wortsman X, Jemec GBE, eds. Dermatologic Ultrasound with Clinical and Histologic Correlations. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013:409–18. Cross Ref link
598 Gambichler T, Jaedicke V, Terras S. Optical coherence tomography in dermatology: technical and clinical aspects. Arch Dermatol Res 2011;303:457–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
599 Aydin SZ, Castillo‐Hallego C, Ash ZR, et al. Potential use of optical coherence tomography and high‐frequency ultrasound for the assessment of nail disease in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Dermatology 2013;227:45–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
600 Hongcharu W, Dwyer P, Anderson RR. Confirmation of onychomycosis by in vivo confocal microscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:214–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
601 Pharaon M, Garri‐Toussaint M, Khemis A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment monitoring of toenail onychomycosis by reflectance confocal microscopy: prospective cohort study in 58 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71:56–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
602 Hirata SH, Yalada S, Enokihara MY, et al. Patterns of nail matrix and bed of longitudinal melanonychia by intraoperative dermatoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:297–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
603 Debarbieux S, Hospod V, Depaepe L, Balme B, Poulalhon N, Thomas L. Perioperative confocal microscopy of the nail matrix in the management of in situ or minimally invasive subungual melanomas. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:828–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
604 Drapé JL. Magnetic resonance imaging. In: Baran R, De Berker DAR, Holzberg M, Thomas L, eds. Baran and Dawber Diseases of the Nails and Their Management, 4th edn. Oxford: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2012:154–82.
605 Rossi D, Russo A, Manna E, et al. The role of nail videocapillaroscopy in early diagnosis of scleroderma. Autoimmun Rev 2013;12:821–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
606 Ribeiro CF, Siqueira EB, Holler AP, Fabricio L, Skare TL. Periungual capillaroscopy in psoriasis. An Bras Dermatol 2012;87:550–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Nail surgery

607 Richert B. Basic nail surgery. Dermatol Clin 2006;24:313–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
608 Abimelec P, Dumontier C. Basic and advanced nail surgery. In: Scher RK, Daniel CR, eds. Nails: Diagnosis, Therapy, Surgery, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2005:265–89.
609 Serour F, Ben‐Yehuda Y, Boaz M. EMLA cream prior to digital nerve block for ingrown nail surgery does not reduce pain at injection of anesthetic solution. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002;46:203–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
610 Cornelius P, Kendall J, Meek S, Rajan R. Alkalinisation of lignocaine to reduce the pain of digital nerve blockade. J Accid Emerg Med 1996;13:339–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
611 Davidson JA, Boom SJ. Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection. BMJ 1992;305:617–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
612 Andrades PR, Olguin FA, Calderón W. Digital blocks with or without epinephrine. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:1769–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
613 Katis PG. Epinephrine in digital blocks: refuting dogma. CJEM 2003;5:245–6. Pubmed link
614 Krunic AL, Wang LC, Soltani K, Weitzul S, Taylor RS. Digital anesthesia with epinephrine: an old myth revisited. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:755–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
615 Chowdhry S, Seidenstricker L, Cooney DS, Hazani R, Wilhelmi BJ. Do not use epinephrine in digital blocks: myth or truth? Part II. A retrospective review of 1111 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126:2031–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
616 Reichl M, Quinton D. Comparison of 1% lignocaine with 0.5% bupivacaine in digital ring blocks. J Hand Surg 1987;12B:375–6. Cross Ref link
617 Richert B. Anesthesia of the nail apparatus. In: Richert B, di Chiacchio N, Haneke E, eds. Nail Surgery. London: Informa, 2010:24–30. Cross Ref link
618 Casati A, Vinciguerra F, Scarioni M, et al. Lidocaine versus ropivacaine for continuous interscalene brachial plexus block after open shoulder surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003;47:355–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
619 Peng PWH, Coleman MM, McCartney CJL, et al. Comparison of anesthetic effect between 0.375% ropivacaine versus 0.5% lidocaine in forearm intravenous regional anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002;27:595–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
620 Moffitt DL, De Berker DA, Kennedy CT, Shutt LE. Assessment of ropivacaine as a local anesthetic for skin infiltration in skin surgery. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:437–40. Pubmed link
621 Fayman M, Beeton A, Potgieter E, Becker PJ. Comparative analysis of bupivacaine and ropivacaine for infiltration analgesia for bilateral breast surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2003;27:100–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
622 Gherardini G, Samuelson U, Jernbeck J, Aberg B, Sjöstrand N. Comparison of vascular effects of ropivacaine and lidocaine on isolated rings of human arteries. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995;39:765–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
623 Flarity‐Reed K. Methods of digital block. J Emerg Nurs 2002;28:351–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
624 Schnitzler L, Baran R, Civatte J, Schubert B, Verret JL, Hurez D. Biopsy of the proximal nail fold in collagen diseases. J Dermatol Surg 1976;2:313–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
625 Baran R, Kechijian P. Longitudinal melanonychia (melanonychia striata): diagnosis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1165–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
626 Haneke E, Baran R. Longitudinal melanonychia. Dermatol Surg 2001;27:580–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
627 Di Chiacchio, Richert B, Haneke E. Surgery of the matrix. In: Richert B, di Chiacchio N, HanekeE, eds. Nail Surgery. London: Informa, 2010:103–32. Cross Ref link
628 Richert B, Theunis A, Norrenberg S, André J. Tangential excision of pigmented nail matrix lesions responsible for longitudinal melanonychia: evaluation of the technique on a series of 30 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:96–104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
629 De Berker DA, Baran R. Acquired malalignment: a complication of lateral longitudinal nail biopsy. Acta Derm Venereol 1998;78:468–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
630 de Berker DA. Lateral longitudinal nail biopsy. Australas J Dermatol 2001;42:142–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
631 Richert B. Surgery of the nail plate. In: Richert B, di Chiacchio N, Haneke E, eds. Nail Surgery. London: Informa, 2010:31–41. Cross Ref link
632 Baran R, Richert B. The management of onychomycosis. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 2003;130:1260–71.
633 Keyser JJ, Littler JW, Eaton RG. Surgical treatment of infections and lesions of the perionychium. Hand Clin 1990;6:137–53; discussion 155–7. Pubmed link
634 Baran R, Bureau H. Surgical treatment of recalcitrant chronic paronychias of the fingers. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1981;7:106–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
635 Haneke E, Richert B, di Chiacchio N. Surgery of the proximal nail fold. In: Richert B, di Chiacchio N, Haneke E, eds. Nail Surgery. London: Informa, 2010:42–54. Cross Ref link
636 Rounding C, Bloomfield S. Surgical treatments for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(2):CD001541. Pubmed link
637 Eekhof JAH, Van Wijk B, Knuistingh Neven A, van der Wouden JC. Interventions for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;(4):CD001541. Pubmed link
638 Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R, Losa Iglesias ME, Viejo Tirado F, Serrano Pardo R. Cauterization of the germinal nail matrix using phenol applications of differing durations: a histologic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:706–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
639 Cordoba Diaz D, Losa Iglesias ME, Cordoba Diaz M, Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R. Evidence of the efficacy of alcohol lavage in the phenolization treatment of ingrown toenails. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:794–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
640 Ozdemir E, Bostanci S, Ekmekci P, Gurgey E. Chemical matricectomy with 10% sodium hydroxide for the treatment of ingrowing toenails. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:26–31. Pubmed link
641 Kim S‐H, Ko H‐C, Oh C‐K, Kwon K‐S, Kim M‐B. Trichloroacetic acid matricectomy in the treatment of ingrowing toenails. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:973–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

The nail and cosmetics

642 Schoon D, Baran R. The care and adornment of the nail. In: Baran R, De Berker DA, Holzberg M, Thomas L, eds. Nail Diseases and Their Management. Oxford: Wiley‐Blackwell, 2012:471–83. Cross Ref link
643 Baran R, André J. Side‐effects of nail cosmetics. J Cosmet Dermatol 2005;4:204–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
644 Fisher AA, Baran R. Adverse reactions to acrylate sculptured nails with particular reference to prolonged paresthesia. Am J Contact Dermatitis 1991;2:38–42. Cross Ref link
645 Hemmer W, Focke M, Wantke F, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis in artificial fingernails prepared from UV light‐cured acrylates. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:377–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Log in to Rooks online

Structure

Blood supply

Nail growth and morphology

Clubbing

Koilonychia

Pincer nail

Anonychia

Nail shedding

Onycholysis

Pterygium

Ventral pterygium

Longitudinal grooves

Transverse grooves and Beau's lines

Nail pitting

Trachyonychia

Onychoschizia

Changes in nail colour

True leukonychia

Apparent leukonychia

Colour changes due to drugs and chemicals

Yellow nail syndrome

Red lunulae

Longitudinal erythronychia

Splinter haemorrhages

Acute trauma

Subungual haematoma

Nail bed laceration

Delayed trauma

Nail biting

Damage from nail manicure instruments

Onychogryphosis and nail hypertrophy

Ingrowing toenail

Tumours under or adjacent to the nail

Nail fold infections

Nail psoriasis

Darier disease of the nails

Eczema involving the nails

Lichen planus of the nails

Nails in childhood and old age

Imaging of the nail

Nail surgery

The nail and cosmetics