Changes in dermal connective tissue due to ageing and photodamage

Introduction and general description

• 1  Kligman AM, Lavker RM. Cutaneous aging. The difference between intrinsic aging and photoaging. J Cutaneous Aging Cosmetic Dermatol 1988;1:5–12.
• 2  Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoageing: mechanism, prevention and therapy. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:874–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 3  Kaya G, Saurat JH. Dermatoporosis: a chronic cutaneous insufficiency fragility syndrome. Clinicopathological features, mechanism, prevention and potential treatments. Dermatology 2007;215:284–294. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Wrinkles

• 4  Smith JB, Fenske NA. Cutaneous manifestations and consequences of smoking. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:717–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 5  Kligman AM, Zheng P, Lavker RM. The anatomy and pathogenesis of wrinkles. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:37–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 6  Tsuji T, Yorifuji T, Hamarta T, et al. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies on wrinkles in aged person's skin. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:329–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 7  Lavker RM. Structural alterations in exposed and unexposed skin. J Invest Dermatol 1979;73:59–69. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 8  Yin L, Morita A, Tsuji T. Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and tobacco smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2001;17:178–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Actinic elastosis

• 9  Kligman AM. Early destructive effects of sunlight on human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1969;210:2377–80.
• 10  Finlayson GR, Sams WM Jr, Smith JG. Erythema ab igne: a histopathological study. J Invest Dermatol 1966;46:104–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 11  Braverman IM, Fonferko E. Studies in cutaneous aging. II. The microvasculature. J Invest Dermatol 1982;78:444–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 12  Bonkevitch F, Souza PR. Cutis rhomboidalis protects skin from malignant epithelial tumors. Med Hypotheses 2014;82:652–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 13  Wojno T, Tenzel RR. Actinic comedonal plaque of the eye. Am J Ophthalmol 1983;96:687–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 14  Lugo A, Montalvo l, González JR, et al. Bullous solar elastosis. Am J Dermatopathol 2005;27:34–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 15  John SM, Hamm H. Actinic comedonal plaque. A rare ectopic form of the Favre–Racouchot syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:256–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 16  Carter VH, Constantine VS, Poole WL. Elastotic nodules of the antihelix. Arch Dermatol 1969;100:282–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 17  Requena L, Aguilar A, Sánchez YE. Elastotic nodules of the ears. Cutis 1989;44:452–4. Pubmed link
• 18  Weedon D. Elastotic nodules of the ear. J Cutan Pathol 1981;8:429–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 19  Davis BE, Koh HK. Faces going up in smoke. A dermatologic opportunity for cancer prevention. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:255–62. Cross Ref link
• 20  Gilchrest BA. A review of skin ageing and its medical therapy. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:867–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  Kligman LH. Connective tissue photo‐damage in hairless mice is potentially reversible. J Invest Dermatol 1987;88:S12–17. Cross Ref link
• 22  Moy LS, Murad H, Moy RL. Glycolic acid therapy, evaluation of efficacy and techniques in treatment of photodamaged lesions. Am J Cosmetic Surg 1993;10:9–13.
• 23  Hubbard BA, Unger JG, Rohrich RJ. Reversal of skin aging with topical retinoids. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133;481e–490e. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Singh M, Griffiths CEM. The use of retinoids in the treatment of photoaging. Dermatol Ther 2006;19:297–305. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Kligman AM, Dogadkina D, Lavker RM. Effects of topical tretinoin on non‐sun‐exposed protected skin of the elderly. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:25–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 26  Gilchrest BA. Turning back the clock: retinoic acid modifies intrinsic aging changes. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1711–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 27  Lateef H, Stevens MJ, Varani J. All‐trans‐retinoic acid suppresses matrix metalloproteinase activity and increases collagen synthesis in diabetic human skin in organ culture. Am J Pathol 2004;165:167–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 28  Maddin S, Laurharanta J, Agache P et al. Isotretinoin improves the appearance of photodamaged skin: results of a 36‐week, multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:56–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 29  Phillips TJ, Gottlieb AB, Leyden JJ, et al. Efficacy of 0.1% tazarotene cream for the treatment of photodamage. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1486–93. Pubmed link
• 30  Pandel R, Poljšak B, Godic A, Dahmane R. Skin photoaging and the role of antioxidants in its prevention. ISRN Dermatol 2013; Article ID 930164. Pubmed link
• 31  Farris P, Krutman J, Li YH, et al. Reservatrol: a unique antioxidant offering a multi‐mechanistic approach for treating aging skin. J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:1389–94. Pubmed link
• 32  Ang P, Barlow RJ. Non‐ablative laser resurfacing: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 2002;27:630–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 33  Watson REB, Craven NM, Kang S, et al. A short‐term screening assay, using fibrillin‐1 as a reporter molecule for photoageing repair agents. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:672–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 34  Watson REB, Long SP, Bowden JJ, et al. Repair of photoaged dermal matrix by topical application of a cosmetic ‘antiageing’ product. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:472–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hands

• 35  Burks JW, Wise LJ, Clark WH. Degenerative collagenous plaques of the hands. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:362–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 36  Jordaan HF, Rossouw DJ. Digital papular calcific elastosis: a histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural study of 20 patients. J Cutan Pathol 1990;17:358–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 37  Menegesha YM, Kayal JD, Swerlick RA. Keratoelastoidosis marginalis. J Cutan Med Surg 2002;6:23–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Rongioletti F, Betti R, Crosti C, et al. Marginal papular acrokeratodermas: a unified nosology for focal acral hyperkeratosis, acrokeratoelastoidosis and related disorders. Dermatology 1994;188:28–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 39  Calderone DC, Fenske NA. The clinical spectrum of actinic elastosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:1016–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 40  Todd D, Al‐Aboosi M, Hameed O, et al. The role of UV light in the pathogenesis of digital papular calcific elastosis. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:379–81. Pubmed link
• 41  Mortimore RJ, Conrad RJ. Collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hands. Australas J Dermatol 2001;42:211–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Adult colloid milium and colloid degeneration of the skin

• 42  Mehregan D, Hooten J. Adult colloid milium: a case report and literature review. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:1531–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  Innocenzi D, Barduagni F, Cerio R, Wolter M. UV‐induced colloid milium. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:347–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 44  Dummer R, Laetsch B, Stutz S, et al. Elastosis colloidalis conglomerata (adult colloid milium, paracolloid of the skin) a maximal manifestation of actinic elastosis. Eur J Dermatol 2006;16:163–6. Pubmed link
• 45  Holzberger PC. Concerning adult colloid milium. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:711–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Muscardin LM, Bellocci M, Balus K. Papuloverrucous colloid milium: an occupational variant. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:884–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Findlay GH, Morrison JGL, Simson IW, et al. Exogenous ochronosis and pigmented colloid milium from hydroquinone bleaching creams. Br J Dermatol 1975;93:613–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Hashimoto K, Miller F, Bereston ES. Colloid milium: histochemical and electron microscopic studies. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:684–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Handfield‐Jones SE, Atherton D, Black M. Juvenile colloid milium. Br J Dermatol 1991;125:80–1. Cross Ref link
• 50  Chowdhury MMV, Blackford S, Williams S. Juvenile colloid milium. Br J Dermatol 1999;141(Suppl. 55):102–7.
• 51  Hashimoto K, Nakayama H, Chimenti S, et al. Juvenile colloid milium. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. J Cutan Pathol 1989;16:164–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Sanjuan EB, Planas G, Piquero J, et al. Colloid milium associated with multiple myeloma. Int J Dermatol 1994;33:793–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Netscher DT, Sharma S, Kinner BM, Lyos A, Griego RD. Adult‐type colloid milium of hands and face successfully treated with dermabrasion. South Med J 1996;89:1004–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Ammirati CT, Giancola JM, Hruza GJ. Adult‐onset facial colloid milium successfully treated with the long‐pulsed Er:YAG laser. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:215–19. Pubmed link

Other causes of cutaneous atrophy

Atrophy due to corticosteroids

• 55  Henqqe VR, Ruzicka T, Schwartz RA, et al. Adverse effects of topical corticosteroids. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:1–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 56  Turpeinen M, Raitio H, Pelkonen AS, et al. Skin thickness in children treated with daily or periodical inhaled budesonide for mild persistent asthma. The Helsinki early intervention childhood asthma study. Pediatr Res 2010;67:221–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 57  Sarrni H, Hopsu‐Havu BK. The decrease of hyaluronate synthesis by anti‐inflammatory steroids in vivo. Br J Dermatol 1978;98:445–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 58  Averbeck M, Gebhardt C Anderegg U, et al. Suppression of hyaluran synthase 2 expression reflects the atrophogenic potential of glucocorticoids. Exp Dermatol 2010;19:757–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 59  Risteli J. Effect of prednisolone on the activities of intracellular enzymes of collagen biosynthesis in rat skin. Biochem Pharmacol 1977;26:1295–8. Cross Ref link
• 60  Autio P, Oikarinen A, Melkko J, et al. Systemic glucocorticoids decrease the synthesis of type I and type III collagen in human skin in vivo, whereas isotretinoin has little effect. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:660–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 61  Oishi Y, Fu ZW, Ohnuki Y, et al. Molecular basis of the alteration in skin collagen metabolism in response to in vivo dexamethasone treatment: effects on the synthesis of collagen type I and III, collagenase, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:859–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Werth VP, Kligman AM, Shi X, et al. Lack of correlation of skin thickness with bone density in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid. Arch Dermatol Res 1998;290:388–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 63  Nuutinen P, Riekki R, Parikka M, et al. Modulation of collagen synthesis and mRNA by continuous and intermittent use of topical hydrocortisone in human skin. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:39–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Koob TJ, Jeffrey JJ, Eisen AZ. Regulation of human skin collagenase activity by hydrocortisone and dexamethasone in organ culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1974;61:1083–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Lehmann P, Zheng P, Lavker RM, et al. Corticosteroid atrophy in human skin. A study of light scanning and transmission electron microscopy. J Invest Dermatol 1983;81:169–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 66  Jablonska S, Groniowska M, Dabrowski J. Comparative evaluation of skin atrophy in man produced by topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:193–206. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Barnes L, Kaya G, Rollason V. Topical corticosteroid‐induced skin atrophy: a comprehensive review. Drug Saf 2015;38:493–509. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Burton JL, Winter GD. Experimentally induced steroid atrophy in the domestic pig and man. Br J Dermatol 1976;94(Suppl. 12):107–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Dykes PF, Marks R. An appraisal of the methods used in the assessment of atrophy from topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol 1979;101:599–609. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 70  James MP, Black MH, Sparkes CG. Measurement of dermal atrophy induced by topical steroids using a radiographic technique. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:303–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 71  Marks R, Halprin K, Fukui K, et al. Topically applied triamcinolone and macromolecular synthesis by human epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 1971;56:470–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Holze E, Plewig G. Effects of dermatitis, stripping and steroids on the morphology of corneocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1977;68:350–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 73  Pinnell S. Management of cutaneous atrophy after corticosteroid injection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:521. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  McMichael AJ, Griffiths CEM, Talwar HS, et al. Concurrent application of tretinoin (retinoic acid) partially protects against corticosteroid‐induced epidermal atrophy. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:60–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Shumaker PR, Rao J, Goldman MP. Treatment of local, persistent cutaneous atrophy following corticosteroid injection with normal saline infiltration. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:1340–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Kaya G, Tran C, Sorg O, et al. Hyaluronate fragments reverse skin atrophy by a CD44‐dependent mechanism. PLOS Med 2006;3:e493. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Schäcke H, Zollner TM, Dӧcke WD, et al. Characterization of ZK245186, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist for the topical treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2009;158:1088–103. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Striae

• 78  Stevanovic DV. Corticosteroid‐induced atrophy of the skin with telangiectasia. A clinical and experimental study. Br J Dermatol 1972;87:548–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Shuster S. The cause of striae distensae. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1979;59(85):161–9. Pubmed link
• 80  Herxheimer H. Cutaneous striae in normal boys. Lancet 1953;ii:204. Cross Ref link
• 81  Carr RD, Hamilton JF. Transverse striae of the back. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:26–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 82  Thiers H, Moulin G, Larive M. Les vergetures de la corticothérapie locale. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1969;96:29–36. Pubmed link
• 83  Darvay A, Acland K, Lynn W, Russell‐Jones R. Striae formation in two HIV‐positive persons receiving protease inhibitors. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:467–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Zheng PS, Lauker RM, Lehmann P, et al. Morphologic investigations on the rebound phenomenon after corticosteroid‐induced atrophy in human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1984;82:345–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  Bertin C, Lopes‐Da Cunha A, Nkengne A, et al. Striae distensae are characterized by distinct microstructural features as measured by non‐invasive methods in vivo. Skin Res Technol 2014;20:81–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 86  Zheng P, Lavker RM, Kligman AM. Anatomy of striae. Br J Dermatol 1985;112:185–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Arem AJ, Kischer CW. Analyses of striae. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980;65:22–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  De Paepe A, Devereux RB, Dietz HC, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for the Marfan syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1996;62:417–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Bergman R, Nevit MJ, Gescheidt‐Shoshany H, Pimienta AL, Reinstein E. Atrophic skin patches with abnormal elastic fibres as a presenting sign of the MASS phenotype associated with mutation in the fibrillin‐1 gene. JAMA Dermatol 2014;150(8):885–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Agg B, Benke K, Szilveszter B, et al. Possible extracardiac predictors of aortic dissection in Marfan syndrome. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014;14:47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 91  Tung JY, Kiefer AK, Mullins M, et al. Genome‐wide association analysis implicates elastin microfibrils in the development of nonsyndromic striae distensae. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:2628–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 92  Poidevin LOS. Striae gravidarum. Their relation to adrenal cortical hyperfunction. Lancet 1959;ii:436–8. Cross Ref link
• 93  Chernovsky ME, Knox JM. Atrophic striae after occlusive corticosteroid therapy. Arch Dermatol 1964;90:15–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 94  Kikuchi I, Horikawa S. Perilymphatic atrophy of the skin. A side effect of topical corticosteroid injection therapy. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:558–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 95  McAvoy BR. No evidence for topical preparations in preventing stretch marks in pregnancy. Br J Gen Pract 2013;63:212. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 96  Al‐Himdani S, Ud‐Din S, Gilmore S, et al. Striae distensae: a comprehensive revision and evidence‐based evaluation of prophylaxis and treatment. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:527–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 97  Heixsal D, Soirefmann M, Porto MD, et al. Superficial dermabrasion versus topical tretinoin on early striae distensae: a randomized pilot study. Dermatol Surg 2014;40:537–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 98  Shokeir H, El Bedewi A, Sayed S, et al. Efficacy of pulsed dye laser versus intense pulsed light in the treatment of striae distensae. Dermatol Surg 2014;40:632–40. Pubmed link
• 99  Goldman A, Rossato F, Prati C. Stretch marks: treatment using the 1,064nm Nd:YAG Laser. Dermatol Surg 2008;34:686–91. Pubmed link
• 100  Kou BJ, Lee DH, Kim MN, et al. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of striae distensae in Asian skin. Am J Clin Dermatol 2008;9:33–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 101  Ud‐Din S, McAnelly SL, Bowring A, et al. A double blind controlled clinical trial assessing the effect of topical gels on striae distensae (stretch marks): a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Arch Dermatol Res 2013;305:603–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Acquired poikiloderma

• 102  Okazaki M, Kikuchi I. Radiodermatitis. An analysis of 43 cases. J Dermatol 1986;13:356–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 103  Carroll CL, Lang W, Snively B, et al. Development and validation of the Dermatomyositis Skin Severity Index. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:345–350. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 104  Bloom B, Marchbein S, Fischer M, et al. Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides. Dermatol Online J 2012;18(12):4. Pubmed link

Atrophic scars

• 105  Leung AKC, Pinkao C, Suave RS. Scarring resulting from chickenpox. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:378–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 106  Murdoch ME, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, et al. A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:260–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 107  Colomb D. Stellate spontaneous pseudoscars. Senile and presenile forms: especially those forms caused by prolonged corticoid therapy. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:551–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 108  Zac FG, Pai SH, Kanshepolsky J. Stellate spontaneous pseudoscars (Colomb). Arch Dermatol 1968;98:499–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 109  McCash S, Emanuel PO. Defining diabetic dermopathy. J Dermatol 2011;38(10):988–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 110  Cohen BA, Esterley NB, Nelson PF. Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatitis healing with reticulated supple scarring. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:361–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 111  Tlougan BE, Paller AS, Schaffer JV, et al. Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring: unifying clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69(6):909–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 112  Gupta AK, Rasmussen JE, Headington JT. Extensive congenital erosions and vesicles healing with reticulate scarring. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:369–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 113  De Lange A, Bayet B, Debauche C, et al. Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulated scarring in a newborn: an innovative treatment using a silicone dressing. Pediatr Dermatol 2009;26:735–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Spontaneous atrophic scarring of the cheeks

• 114  Marks VJ, Miller OF. Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis. Br J Dermatol 1986;115:105–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 115  McCoriston LR, Roys HC. Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis. Arch Dermatol 1951;64:59–61. Cross Ref link
• 116  Paradisi M, Angelo C, Conti G, et al. Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis: a pediatric case. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:478–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 117  Kolenik SA, Perez MI, Davidson DM, et al. Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:837–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 118  Gordon PM, Doherty VR. Familial atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:982–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 119  Ou T, Wang B, Fang K. Familial atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis: case report and pedigree analysis. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:821–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans

• 120  Steere AC. Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1989;321:586–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 121  Coulson IH. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with coexisting.morphoea. Br J Dermatol 1989;121:263–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 122  Aberer E, Kersten A, Klade H. Heterogeneity of Borrelia burgdorferi in the skin. Am J Dermatopathol 1996;18:571–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Flisiak I, Schwartz RA, Chodynicka B. Clinical features and specific immunological response against Borrelia afzelii in patients with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Med 1999;30:267–78. Pubmed link
• 124  Boehmer‐Andersson E, Hovmark A, Asbrink E. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans: histopathologic findings and clinical correlation in 111 cases. Acta Derm Venereol 1998;78:207–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 125  Asbrink E, Hovmark A. Successful cultivation of spirochaetes from the skin lesions of patients with erythema chronicum migrans and acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand B 1985;93:161–3. Pubmed link
• 126  Asbrink E, Hovmark A. Early and late cutaneous manifestations of Ixodes borne borreliosis (Lyme borreliosis). Ann NY Acad Sci 1988;539:4–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 127  Müller KE. Damage of collagen and elastic fibres by Borrelia burgdorferi: known and new clinical and histological aspects. Open Neurol J 2012;6:179–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 128  Mullegger RR, McHugh G, Ruthazar R. Differential expression of cytokine mRNA in skin specimens from patients with erythema migrans or acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. J Invest Dermatol 2000;115:1115–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 129  Grygorczuk S, Péter O, Kondrusik M, et al. Assessment of the different Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species in patients with Lyme borreliosis from north‐east Poland by studying preferential serologic response and DNA isolates. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013;20:21–9. Pubmed link
• 130  Stinco G, Ruscio M, Bergamo S, et al. Clinical features of 705 Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive patients in an endemic area of northern Italy. Sci World J 2014;2014(1)414505. Cross Ref link
• 131  Burgdorf WHC, Worret W, Schultka O. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:595–601. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Santos M, Ribiero‐Rodrigues R, Talhari C, et al. Presence of Borrelia burgdorferi ‘sensu lato’ in patients with morphoea from the Amazonia region in Brazil. Int J Dermatol 2011;50:1373–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 133  Aberer E, Neumann R, Stanek G. Is localised scleroderma a Borrelia infection? Lancet 1985;ii:278. Cross Ref link
• 134  Halkier‐Sorensen L. Antibodies to the Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with scleroderma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1989;69:116–19.
• 135  Tee SI, Martinez‐Escanamé M, Zuriel D, et al. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans with pseudolymphomatous infiltrates. Am J Dermatopathol 2013;35:338–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 136  Fagrell B, Heiland RA, Howe TR. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans can mimic a peripheral vascular disorder. Acta Med Scand 1986;20:485–8.
• 137  Goos W, Schwarz‐Speck M. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Dermatologica 1972;145:287–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 138  Leverkas M, Finner AM, Pokrywka A, et al. Metastatic squamous carcinoma of the ankle in long‐standing untreated acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Dermatology 2008;217:215–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 139  Garbe C, Stein H, Dienemann D, Orfanos CE. Borrelia burgdorferi‐associated cutaneous B cell lymphoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:584–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 140  Rees DHE, O'Connell S, Brown MM, et al. The value of serological testing for Lyme disease in the UK. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:132–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 141  Aberer E, Breier F, Stanek G. Success and failure in the treatment of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. Infection 1996;24:85–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 142  Stanek G, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis. Lancet 2003;362:1639–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 143  Mullegger RR, Glatz M. Is serological follow‐up useful for patients with cutaneous Lyme borreliosis? Curr Probl Dermatol 2009;37:178–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Atrophodermas

• 144  Curth HO. The genetics of follicular atrophoderma. Arch Dermatol 1978;114:1479–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez

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Localized abdominal wall atrophy

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Paroxysmal haematoma of the finger

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Panatrophy

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Facial hemiatrophy

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Disorders of elastic fibre degradation

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Lax skin

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Acquired cutis laxa

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• 218  Hill VA, Seymour CA, Mortimer PS. Penicillamine‐induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa and cutis laxa in Wilson's disease. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:560–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 220  Fornieri C, Quaglino D, Lungarella G, et al. Elastin production and degradation in cutis laxa acquisita. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:583–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 224  Verhagen AR, Woerdemann MJ. Post‐inflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:183–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Anetoderma

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• 245  Prizant TL, Lucky AW, Frieden IJ, et al. Spontaneous atrophic patches in extremely premature infants. Anetoderma of prematurity. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:671–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 246  Cartlidge PH, Fox PE, Rutter N. The scars of newborn intensive care. Early Hum Dev 1990;21:1–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 247  Shames BS, Nassif A, Bailey CS, et al. Secondary anetoderma involving a pilomatrixoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16:557–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 248  Page EH, Assaad M. Atrophic dermatofibroma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:947–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 249  Gamo R, Ortiz‐Romero P, Sopeno J, et al. Anetoderma developing in juvenile xanthogranuloma. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:503–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 251  Davis W. Wilson's disease and penicillamine‐induced anetoderma. Arch Dermatol 1977;113:976–7. Cross Ref link
• 252  Peterman A, Scheel M, Sams WM Jr, et al. Hereditary anetoderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:999–1000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 253  Zellman GL, Levy ML. Congenital anetoderma in twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36:483–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 255  Hofer T, Golderberger D, Itin PH. Anetoderma and borreliosis: is there a pathogenic relationship? Eur J Dermatol 2003;13:399–401. Pubmed link
• 256  Venencie PY, Winkelmann RK, Moore BA. Ultrastructural findings in the skin lesions of patients with anetoderma. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1984;64:112–20.
• 257  Venencie PY, Winkelmann RK. Monoclonal antibody studies in the skin lesions of patients with anetoderma. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:747–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 258  Ghomrasseni S, Dridi M, Gogly B, et al. Anetoderma: an altered balance between metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Am J Dermatopathol 2002;24:118–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 259  Kossard S, Kronman KR, Dicken CH, et al. Inflammatory macular atrophy. Immunofluorescence and ultrastructural findings. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:325–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 260  Werth VP. Decay‐accelerating factor in human skin is associated with elastic fibers. J Invest Dermatol 1988;91:511–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 261  Haider M, Alenazi M, Almutawa A, et al. Lupus erythematosus‐associated primary and secondary anetoderma. J Cutan Med Surg 2012;16:64–7. Pubmed link
• 262  De Bracco MM, Bianchi CA, Bianchi O, et al. Hereditary complement (C2) deficiency with discoid lupus erythematosus and idiopathic anetoderma. Int J Dermatol 1979;18:713–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 263  Ryll‐Nardzewski C. Remarques sur le lupus érythémate profond et sur l'anetodermie érythématoide. Ann Dermatol Syphiligr (Paris) 1960;87:627–36. Pubmed link
• 264  Schnitzler L, Sayag J. Pseudotumoral lupus anetoderma and infantile chorea. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1988;115:679–85.
• 265  Randle HW, Muller S. Generalized elastolysis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;8:869–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 266  Bergman R, Friedman‐Birnbaum R. An immunofluorescence study of primary anetoderma. Clin Exp Dermatol 1990;15:124–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 267  Hodak E, Shamai‐Lubovitz O, David M, et al. Primary anetoderma associated with a wide‐spectrum of autoimmune abnormalities. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;25:415–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Mid‐dermal elastolysis, Upper dermal elastolysis

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• 279  Harmon CB, Su WPD, Gagne EJ, et al. Ultrastructural evaluation of mid‐dermal elastolysis. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:233–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 280  Varadi DP, Saqueton AC. Perifollicular elastolysis. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:143–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 281  Sterling JC, Coleman N, Pye RJ. Mid‐dermal elastolysis. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:502–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 282  Tajima S, Imazumi T, Kojiya H, et al. Elastin metabolism in skin fibroblasts explanted from a patient with mid‐dermal elastolysis. Br J Dermatol 1999;140:752–4. Pubmed link
• 283  Maghraoui G, Grossin M, Crickx B, et al. L'elastolyse acquise du derme moyen. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1994;121:259–65.
• 284  Dick GF. Elastolytic activity of P. acnes and Staph. epidermidis in acne and normal skin. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1976;56:279–82.
• 285  Wagner G, Sachse MM. Elastolysis mediodermalis: a case report and review of the literature. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011;9:810–14. Pubmed link
• 286  Eaton PA, Knable AL, Callen JP. Mid‐dermal elastolysis in a patient undergoing hemodialysis. Cutis 2009;83:141–4. Pubmed link
• 287  Cutillas E, Ferrando FJ, Marli ME, et al. Reticular variant of mid‐dermal elastolysis after insertion of a pacemaker. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:498–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 288  Lewis KG, Dill SW, Wilkel CS, et al. Mid‐dermal elastolysis preceded by acute neutrophilic dermatosis. J Cutan Pathol 2004;31:72–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 289  Bayle‐Lebey P, Periole B, Daste G, et al. Acquired localized elastolysis associated with varicose veins. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:492–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 290  Posada C, No N, De la Torre C, Flórez A. Reticular variant of mid‐dermal elastolysis. Australas J Dermatol 2013;54:69–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 291  Cohen PR, Tschen JA. Linear lumbar localised lysis of elastin fibres: a distinctive clinical presentation of mid‐dermal elastolysis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2013;6:32–9. Pubmed link
• 292  Hashimoto K, Tye MJ. Upper dermal elastolysis; a comparative study with mid‐dermal elastolysis. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:533–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 293  Newlove T, Tzu J, Meehan S. Papillary dermal elastosis. Dermatol Online J 2011;17(10):12. Pubmed link
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• 296  Gambichler T. Mid‐dermal elastolysis revisited. Arch Dermatol Res 2010;302:85–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Blepharochalasis, Ascher syndrome

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• 304  Findlay GH. Idiopathic enlargements of the lips: cheilitis granulomatosa, Ascher's syndrome and double lip. Br J Dermatol 1954;66:129–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 305  Papanayotou PH, Hatzoitis JC. Ascher's syndrome: report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1973;35:467–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 306  Pitanguy I. Ascher's syndrome. Head Neck Surg 1988;10:309–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 307  Halling F, Sandrock D, Merten HA, et al. Das Ascher syndrome. Dtsch Z Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 1991;15:440–4. Pubmed link
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• 310  Shah‐Desai S, Sandy C, Collin R. Lax eyelid syndrome or ‘progeria’ of eyelid tissues. Orbit 2004;23:3–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Actinic granuloma and annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma

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• 314  Dowling GB, Wilson‐Jones E. Atypical (annular) necrobiosis lipoidica of the face and scalp. Dermatologica 1967;135:11–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 317  Ishibashi A, Yokoyama A, Hirano K. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma occurring in covered areas. Dermatologica 1987;174:293–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 319  Pestoni C, Pereiro M, Toribio J. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma produced on an old burn scar and spreading after a mechanical trauma. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83:312–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 321  Davies MG, Newman P. Actinic granulomata in a young woman following prolonged sunbed usage. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:797–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Lim DS, Triscott J. O'Brien's actinic granuloma in association with prolonged doxycycline phototoxicity. Australas J Dermatol 2003;44:67–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  Garg A, Kundu RV, Plotkin O, Aronson IK. Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma heralding onset and recurrence of acute myelogenous leukemia. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:532–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 324  Al‐Hoqail IA, Al‐Ghamdi AM, Martinka M, et al. Actinic granuloma is a unique and distinct entity: a comparative study with granuloma annulare. Am J Dermatopathol 2002;24:209–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 325  McGrae JD. Actinic granuloma: a clinical, histopathologic and immunocytochemical study. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:43–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 326  O'Brien JP. Actinic granuloma: an annular connective tissue disorder affecting sun and heat‐damaged (elastotic) skin. Arch Dermatol 1975;111:460–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Prendiville J, Griffiths WAD, Russell‐Jones R. O'Brien's actinic granuloma. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:353–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 328  Limas C. The spectrum of primary cutaneous elastolytic granulomas and their distinction from granuloma annulare: a clinicopathological analysis. Histopathology 2004;44:277–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 329  Berliner JG, Haemel A, Le Boit PE, et al. The sarcoidal variant of annular elastolytic granuloma. J Cutan Pathol 2013;49:917–20. Cross Ref link
• 330  Ratnavel RC, Grant JW, Handfield‐Jones SE, Norris PG. O'Brien's actinic granuloma: response to isotretinoin. J R Soc Med 1995;88:528P–529P. Pubmed link
• 331  Stefanaki C, Panagiotopoulos A, Kostakis P, et al. Actinic granuloma successfully treated with acitretin. Int J Dermatol 2005;44:163–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Granuloma multiforme

• 333  Kumari R, Thappa DM, Chougule A, Adityan B. Granuloma multiforme: a report from India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol 2009;75:296–9. Cross Ref link
• 334  Leiker DL, Kok SH, Spaas JAJ. Granuloma multiforme: a new skin disease resembling leprosy. Int J Lepr 1964;32:368–76. Pubmed link
• 335  Marshall J, Weber HW, Kok SH. Granuloma multiforme (Leiker). Dermatologica 1967;134:193–207. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 336  Leiker DL, Ziedses des Plantes M. Granuloma multiforme in Kenya. East Afr Med J 1967;44:429–36. Pubmed link
• 337  Allenby CF, Wilson Jones E. Granuloma multiforme. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc 1969;55:88–98.
• 338  Cherian S. Granuloma multiforme in India. Int J Lepr 1990;58:719–21.
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• 340  Garrett AS. Granuloma multiforme (called Nkanu disease in the 1940s and Mkar disease in 1964). Int J Lepr 1999;67:172–4.
• 341  Cherian S. Is granuloma multiforme a photodermatosis? Int J Dermatol 1994;33:21–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Other elastolytic conditions

• 342  Mattox AR, Marshall JA, Guo A. Granulomatous mycosis fungoides with clinical features of granulomatous slack skin. Cutis 2014;93:e4–5. Pubmed link
• 343  Jawed SI, Myskowski PL, Horwitz S, et al. Primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome): Part 1. Diagnosis: clinical and histopathologic features and new molecular and biologic markers. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:205e1–16. Cross Ref link

Acquired pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like syndromes

Perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum

• 344  Premathala S, Yesudian P, Thambiah AS. Periumbilical pseudoxanthoma elasticum with transepithelial elimination. Int J Dermatol 1982;10:604–5. Cross Ref link
• 345  Kazakis AM, Parish WR. Periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:384–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 346  Somarsundaram V, Premathala S, Rao NR, et al. Periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Int J Dermatol 1987;26:536–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 347  Budania A, De D, Saikia UN, Kanwar AJ, Mahajan R, Yadav S. Periumbilical perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum: an acquired perforating disorder. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:439–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 348  Nickoloff BJ, Noodleman FR, Abel EA. Perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum associated with chronic renal failure and haemodialysis. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:1321–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 349  Lund HZ, Gilbert CF. Perforating pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Its distinction from elastosis perforans serpiginosa. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1976;100:544–6. Pubmed link
• 350  Pugashetti R, Shinkai K, Ruben BS et al. Calcium may preferentially deposit in areas of elastic tissue damage. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 351  Rongioletti F, Izakovic J, Romanelli P, et al. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like papillary dermal, elastolysis: a large case series with clinicopathological correlation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:128–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 352  Sueki H, Amemiya M, Watanaba H, et al. Spontaneous resolution in a case of pseudo‐pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:213–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Acquired pseudoxanthoma elasticum

• 353  Burge S, Ryan T. Penicillamine‐induced pseudo‐pseudoxanthoma elasticum in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:255–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 354  Na SY, Choi M, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Cho S. Penicillamine‐induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa and cutis laxa in a patient with Wilson's disease. Ann Dermatol 2010;22:468–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 355  Light N, Meyrick‐Thomas RH, Stephens A, et al. Collagen and elastin changes in d‐penicillamine‐induced pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like skin. Br J Dermatol 1986;114:381–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 356  Meyrick‐Thomas RH, Kirby JDT. Elastosis perforans serpiginosa and pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like skin changes due to D‐penicillamine. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10:386–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 357  Mainetti C, Masouyé I, Saurat JH. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like lesions in the L‐tryptophan‐ induced eosinophilia‐myalgia syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:657–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 358  Winkelmann RK, Peters MS, Venencie PY. Amyloid elastosis. A new cutaneous and systemic pattern of amyloidosis. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:498–502. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Vecchietti G, Masouyé I, Salomon D, et al. An unusual form of primary systemic amyloidosis: amyloid elastosis. Report of a case treated by haematopoietic cell transplantation. Br J Dermatol 2003;145:154–9. Cross Ref link
• 360  Fabbri E, Forni GL, Guerrini G, et al. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum‐like syndrome and thalassaemias: an update. Dermatol Online J 2009;15(7):7. Pubmed link
• 361  Barteselli G, Dell'arti L, Finger RP, et al. The spectrum of ocular alterations in patients with b‐thalassaemia syndrome suggest a pathology similar to pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Ophthalmology 2014;121:709–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Saltpetre disease

• 362  Christensen OB. An exogenous variety of pseudoxanthoma elasticum in old farmers. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1978;58:319–22.
• 363  Neilson AO, Christensen OB, Hentzer B, et al. Saltpetre‐induced dermal changes electron microscopically indistinguishable from pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1978;58:323–7.
• 364  Neri I, Marzaduri S, Berdazzi F, et al. Exogenous pseudoxanthoma elasticum: a new case in an old farmer. Acta Derm Venereol 1993;78:153–4.

Acrokeratoelastoidosis

• 365  Costa OG. Ackrokeratoelastoidosis. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1954;70:228–31. Cross Ref link
• 366  Rubegni P, De Aloe G, Romano C, Flori ML, Fimiani M. Acrokeratoelastoidosis: a report of two sporadic cases. Clin Exp Dermatol 1997;22:62–4. Pubmed link
• 367  Rongioletti F, Betti R, Crosti C, Rebora A. Marginal papular acrokeratodermas: a unified nosography for focal acral hyperkeratosis, acrokeratoelastoidosis and related disorders. Dermatology 1994;188:28–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 368  Erkek E, Kocak M, Bozdoğan O, Atasoy P, Birol A. Focal acral hyperkeratosis: a rare cutaneous disorder within the spectrum of Costa acokeratoelastoidosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2004;21:128–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Acquired disorders of elastic tissue deposition

Linear focal elastosis

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• 370  Vogel PS, Cardenas A, Ross EV, et al. Linear focal elastosis. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:855–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Kanitakis J, Chouvet B, Dupin M, et al. Linear focal elastosis. Eur J Dermatol 1997;7:300–2.
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• 373  Moiin A, Hashimoto K. Linear focal elastosis in a young black man: a new presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:874–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 376  Choi SW, Lee JH, Woo HJ, et al. Two cases of linear focal elastosis: different histopathologic findings. Int J Dermatol 2000;39:207–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 378  Hashimoto K. Linear focal elastosis: keloidal repair of striae distensae. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:309–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 379  Seo JK, Chen JS, Jung SY, et al. A case of linear focal elastosis with a family history. Ann Dermatol 2010;22:209–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 380  White G. Linear focal elastosis: a degenerative or regenerative process of striae distensae. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;22:468. Cross Ref link
• 381  Neve S, Kirtschig G. Elastotic striae associated with striae distensae after application of very potent topical corticosteroids. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006;31:452–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Late‐onset focal dermal elastosis

• 382  Tajima S, Shimizu K, Izumi T, et al. Late‐onset focal dermal elastosis: clinical and histological features. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:303–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Elastofibroma dorsi

• 384  Nagamine N, Nohara Y, Ito E. Elastofibroma in Okinawa: a clinicopathologic study of 170 cases. Cancer 1982;50:1794–805. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 385  Fukuda Y. Histogenesis of the unique elastinophilic fibres of elastofibroma. Hum Pathol 1987;18:424–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 386  Kapff PD. Elastofibroma of hand. J Bone Joint Surg 1987;69:468–9.
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• 388  Gartmann H, Groth W, Kuhn A. Elastofibroma dorsi. Z Hautkr 1988;63:525–8. Pubmed link
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• 390  Mortman KD, Hochheiser GM, Giblin EM, et al. Elastofibroma dorsi: clinicopathologic review of 6 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2007;83:1894–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 391  Nagano S, Yokouchi M, Setoyama T, et al. Elastofibroma dorsi: surgical indications and complications of a rare soft tissue tumour. Mol Clin Oncol 2014;2:421–4. Pubmed link
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Elastoderma

• 393  Kornberg RL, Hendler SS, Oikarinen AI, et al. Elastoderma: disease of elastin accumulation within the skin. N Engl J Med 1985;312:771–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 394  Yen A, Wen J, Grau M, et al. Elastoderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:389–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 395  de Waal AC, Blocx WA, Seyger MM, et al. Elastoderma: an uncommon cause of acquired hyperextensible skin. Acta Derm Venereol 2012;92:328–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Papular elastorrhexis

• 396  Bordas X, Ferrandiz C, Ribera M, et al. Papular elastorrhexis: a variety of nevus anelasticus? Arch Dermatol 1987;123:433–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 397  Sears JK, Seabury Stone M, Argenyi Z. Papular elastorrhexis: a variant of connective tissue nevus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:409–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 399  Choi Y, Jin SY, Lee JH, et al Papular elastorrhexis: a case and differential diagnosis. Ann Dermatol 2011;23(Suppl. 1):S53–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 400  Schorr WF, Opitz JM, Reyes CN. The connective tissue nevus–osteopoikilosis syndrome. Arch Dermatol 1992;106:208–14. Cross Ref link
• 401  Schirren H, Schirren CG, Stolz W, et al. Papular elastorrhexis: a variant of dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata (Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome). Dermatology 1994;189:368–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 403  Lee SH, Park SH, Yoon TJ, et al. Papular elastorrhexis improved by intralesional injection of triamcinolone. J Dermatol 2001;28:569–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Fibromatoses and other causes of diffuse fibrosis

Fibromatoses

Palmar fascial fibromatosis

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