Part 9, Reference for Chapter 105: Disorders of the Lymphatic Vessels
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Clinical presentations of lymphatic dysfunction
Chronic, venous and drug‐induced oedema
- 1 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 2 Impact of obesity on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs. J Vasc Surg 2010;52(3):664–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 3 Massive scrotal edema: an unusual manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity‐hypoventilation syndrome. Case Rep Med 2013;2013:685–716. , .
- 4 Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. Q J Med 2003;96(10):731–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 5 Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovasc Res 2010;87(2):198–210. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 6 Investigation of the swollen limb with isotope lymphography. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:29–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Chronically swollen leg
- 7 Brief hospitalizations of elderly patients: a retrospective, observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2014;22:17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 8 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 9 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
Phleboedema and mixed lymphovenous disease
- 10 Expression of the fms‐like tyrosine kinase FLT4 gene becomes restricted to lymphatic endothelium during development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:3566–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 11 Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovasc Res 2010;87(2):198–210. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 12 VCP Coordinators. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders in geographically diverse populations: results from the Vein Consult Program. Int Angiol 2012;31(2):105–15. Pubmed link , , , , ;
- 13 Human lymphatic vessel contractile activity is inhibited in vitro but not in vivo by the calcium channel blocker nifedipine. J Physiol 2014;592(2):4697–714. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 14 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 15 Lymphoedema Research Consortium. Mutations in FOXC2 are strongly associated with primary valve failure in veins of the lower limb. Circulation 2007;115(14):1912–20 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al;
- 16 Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa: an institutional analysis of 21 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64(6):1104–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 17 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 18 The effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in long‐term therapy of lymphedema of lower limbs. Lymphat Res Biol 2014;12(2):103–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 19 A randomized trial comparing treatments for varicose veins. N Engl J Med 2014;371(13):1218–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Lipodermatosclerosis (chronic cellulitis)
- 20 Brief hospitalizations of elderly patients: a retrospective, observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2014;22:17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 21 Lipodermatosclerosis is characterized by elevated expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases: implications for venous ulcer formation. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111(5):822–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 22 Skin iron deposition characterises lipodermatosclerosis and leg ulcer. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2010;40(6):777–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 23 Lower limb cellulitis and its mimics: part II. Conditions that simulate lower limb cellulitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(2):177. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 24 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 25 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Varicose Veins in the Legs: the Diagnosis and Management of Varicose Veins. NICE Guidelines No. CG168. NICE, 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG168 (last accessed August 2015).
Recurrent cellulitis (erysipelas)
- 26 UK Dermatology Clinical Trials Network's PATCH I Trial Team. Penicillin to prevent recurrent leg cellulitis. N Engl J Med 2013;368(18):1695–703. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al;
- 27 The role of beta‐hemolytic streptococci in causing diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis: a prospective investigation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2010;89:217–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 28 Erysipelas as a sign of sub‐clinical primary lymphoedema: a prospective quantitative scintigraphic study of 40 patients with unilateral erysipelas of the leg. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1210–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 29 Interdigital lesions and frequency of acute dermatolymphangioadenitis in lymphoedema in a filariasis‐endemic area. Br J Dermatol 2006;154(5):933–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 30 Risk factors for erysipelas of the leg (cellulitis): case control study. BMJ 1999;318:591–4. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 31 Oedema as a risk factor for multiple episodes of cellulitis/erysipelas of the lower leg: a series with community follow‐up. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:947–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 32 Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. Q J Med 2003;96:731–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 33 New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease. J Clin Invest 2014;124(3):915–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 34 Staphylococcus aureus is the most common identified cause of cellulitis: a systematic review. Epidemiol Infect 2010;138(3):313–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 35 Recurrent cellulitis: risk factors, etiology, pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2014;16(9):422. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 36 Clinical outcomes of bacteraemia in cellulitis of the leg. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014;39(6):683–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 37 Severe lower limb cellulitis is best diagnosed by dermatologists and managed with shared care between primary and secondary care. Br J Dermatol 2011;164(6):1326–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 38 British Lymphology Society (BLS). Consensus Document on the Management of Cellulitis in Lymphoedema. BLS, 2013. http://www.thebls.com/docs/Cellulitis_Consensus_2013.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
Swollen arm
- 39 Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(6):500–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 40 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 41 Recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection of the hand complicated by persistent lymphoedema. Australas J Dermatol 2005;46(2):110–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 42 Hand dermatitis and lymphoedema. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(1):177–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 43 Upper limb lymphatic function in inflammatory arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:214–17. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 44 Lymphoedema of the upper limb in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1993;22:350–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 45 Clinical delineation and natural history of the PIK3CA‐related overgrowth spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2014;164(7):1713–33. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 46 Diagnosing cancer‐related lymphoedema in the arm. J Lymphoedema 2006;1:12–15. , , , , .
- 47 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 48 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015).
- 49 Primary subclavian vein thrombosis and its long‐term effect on quality of life. Vascular 2011;8:327–32. Cross Ref link , , , , .
Swollen face, head and neck
- 50 Impact of secondary lymphedema after head and neck cancer treatment on symptoms, functional status, and quality of life. Head Neck 2013;35(7):1026–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 51 Bilateral blepharochalasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19:725–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 52 Otophyma: a case report and review of the literature of lymphedema (elephantiasis) of the ear. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30(1):67–72 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 53 Influence of amifostine on late radiation‐toxicity in head and neck cancer – a follow‐up study. Anticancer Res 2007;27:1953–6. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 54 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 55 Solid facial edema as a complication of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 1985;121:87–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 56 Persistent lymphoedema in Morbihan disease: formation of perilymphatic epithelioid cell granulomas as a possible pathogenesis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008;33:764–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 57 Elephantiasis of external ear: a rare manifestation of pediculosis capitis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63:363–5 . , .
- 58 Persistent oedema in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1983;9:517–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 59 Endovasal granulomatous lymphangitis as a pathogenetic factor in cheilitis granulomatosa. J Oral Pathol 1985;14:363–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 60 Complications after polymethylmethacrylate injections: report of 32 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;121:1811–20. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 61 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 62 National Rosacea Society Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea. Standard management options for rosacea, part 2: options according to subtype. Cutis 2009;84(2):97–104. Pubmed link , , , et al;
- 63 Orofacial granulomatosis: clinical features and long‐term outcome of therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;62:611–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 64 Lymphedema outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;152(2):284–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Swollen genitalia and mons pubis
- 65 Pathology of lymphoedema. Clin Dermatol 1995;13:433–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 66 Management of genital lymphoedema. In: Browse NL, Burnand KG, Mortimer PS, eds. Diseases of the Lymphatics. London: Arnold, 2003:217–30. .
- 67 Elephantiasis of the penis and scrotum. A review of 350 cases. Am J Surg 1985;149:686–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 68 Genital elephantiasis due to donovanosis: forgotten but not gone yet … Int J STD AIDS 2012;23(11):835–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 69 Lymphoedema Research Consortium. Emberger syndrome – primary lymphedema with myelodysplasia: report of seven new cases. Am J Med Genet A 2010;152A(9):2287–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al;
- 70 Analysis of the phenotypic abnormalities in lymphoedema‐distichiasis syndrome in 74 patients with FOXC2 mutations or linkage to 16q24. J Med Genet 2002;39(7):478–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 71 Hennekam syndrome can be caused by FAT4 mutations and be allelic to Van Maldergem syndrome. Hum Genet 2014;133(9):1161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 72 Medical complications, clinical findings, and educational outcomes in adults with Noonan syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012;158A(12):3106–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 73 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015).
- 74 Massive localized lymphedema: review of an emerging problem and report of a complex case in the mons pubis. Ann Plast Surg 2012;68(1):101–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 75 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 76 The management of genital lymphoedema. BJU Int 2008;102(4):480–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 77 Rapid resolution of hidradenitis suppurativa after bariatric surgical intervention. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014;39(3):315–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Obesity‐related lymphoedema
- 78 Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(6):500–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 79 A randomized controlled trial of weight reduction as a treatment for breast cancer‐related lymphedema. Cancer 2007;110:1868–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 80 Managing chronic oedema in the morbidly obese patient. Br J Nurs 2009;18(18):1120–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 81 Lymphatic transport of high‐density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. J Clin Invest 2014;124(3):929–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 82 Lymphatic vessels are essential for the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues by SR‐BI‐mediated transport of HDL. Cell Metab 2013;17(5):671–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 83 Lymphatic vascular defects promoted by Prox1 haploinsufficiency cause adult‐onset obesity. Nat Genet 2005;37(10):1072–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 84 Obesity related chronic lymphoedema‐like swelling and physical function. Q J Med 2015;108(3):183–7. Cross Ref link , , , , , .
- 85 Lower‐extremity lymphedema and elevated body‐mass index. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2136–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 86 Reduced adipose tissue lymphatic drainage of macromolecules in obese subjects: a possible link between obesity and local tissue inflammation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37(5):748–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 87 Iliofemoral venous pressure correlates with intraabdominal pressure in morbidly obese patients. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2005;39:505–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 88 Impact of obesity on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs. J Vasc Surg 2010;52(3):664–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 89 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 90 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015).
Abdominal wall lymphoedema
- 91 Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa on the abdomen of a Turkish female patient caused by morbid obesity [Letter]. Dermatol Online J 2010;16(8):14. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 92 Acute lipodermatosclerosis in a pendulous abdomen. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18(2):164–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 93 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015)..
- 94 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 95 New method of abdominoplasty for morbidly obese patients. ANZ J Surg 2004;74(6):504–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
Cancer‐related lymphoedema
- 96 Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(6):500–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 97 Treatment factors affecting breast cancer‐related lymphedema after systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy in stage II/III breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014;148(1):91–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 98 Adjuvant radiotherapy following radical hysterectomy for patients with early‐stage cervical carcinoma (1984–1996). Radiother Oncol 1999;51:161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 99 Adjuvant radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy of the cervical cancer. Prognostic factors and complications. Strahlenther Onkol 1998;174:504–9 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 100 Postoperative complications after vulvectomy and inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy using separate groin incisions. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003;13:522–7 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 101 Complications of pelvic lymph node dissection for prostate cancer. Curr Urol Rep 2011;12(3):203–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 102 Treatment‐related morbidity in phase III RTOG studies of extended‐field irradiation for carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1984;10(10):1861–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 103 Contemporary morbidity from lymphadenectomy for penile squamous cell carcinoma: the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Experience. J Urol 2002;167:1638–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 104 Prospective assessment of lymphedema incidence and lymphedema‐associated symptoms following lymph node surgery for melanoma. Melanoma Res 2013;23(4):290–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 105 Incidence and severity of lymphoedema following limb salvage of extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Sarcoma 2011;2011:289673. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 106 Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981‐22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open‐label, phase 3 non‐inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2014;15(12):1303–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 107 Classification of cutaneous intravascular breast cancer metastases based on immunolabeling for blood and lymph vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:633–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 108 Inflammatory breast carcinoma (carcinoma erysipeloides), an easily overlooked diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:324–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Swollen breast and breast lymphoedema
- 109 Risk factors associated with breast lymphedema. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21(4):1202–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 110 An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology, 5th edn. London: Arnold, 2010. .
- 111 Treatment factors affecting breast cancer‐related lymphedema after systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy in stage II/III breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014;148(1):91–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 112 Risk factors associated with breast lymphedema. Ann Surg Oncol 2014;21(4):1202–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 113 Lymphedema of the breast as a symptom of internal diseases or side effect of mTor inhibitors. Lymphat Res Biol 2012;10(2):63–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 114 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
Massive localized lymphoedema
- 115 Localized lymphedema (elephantiasis): a case series and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2008;36:1–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 116 Massive localised lymphoedema: a clinicopathological study of 22 cases and review of the literature. J Clin Pathol 2009;62(9):808–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 117 Massive localized lymphedema revisited: a quickly rising complication of the obesity epidemic. Ann Plast Surg 2015;74(1):126–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 118 Massive localised lymphoedema: clinical presentation and MR imaging characteristics. Skeletal Radiol 2011;40(5):647–52 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Primary lymphoedema
- 119 A new classification system for primary lymphatic dysplasias based on phenotype. Clin Genet 2010;77(5):438–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 120 Hereditary lymphedema: evidence for linkage and genetic heterogeneity. Hum Mol Genet 1998;7(13):2073–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 121 Mapping of primary congenital lymphedema to the 5q35.3 region. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64(2):547–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 122 Missense mutations interfere with VEGFR‐3 signalling in primary lymphoedema. Nature Genet 2000;25(2):153–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 123 Congenital hereditary lymphedema caused by a mutation that inactivates VEGFR3 tyrosine kinase. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67(2):295–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 124 A gene for lymphedema‐distichiasis maps to 16q24.3. Am J Hum Genet 1999;65(2):427–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 125 Mutations in FOXC2 (MFH‐1), a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema‐distichiasis syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2000;67(6):1382–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 126 Analysis of the phenotypic abnormalities in lymphoedema‐distichiasis syndrome in 74 patients with FOXC2 mutations or linkage to 16q24. J Med Genet 2002;39(7):478–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 127 Mutations in the VEGFR3 signaling pathway explain 36% of familial lymphedema. Mol Syndromol 2013;4(6):257–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 128 The classification and diagnostic algorithm for primary lymphatic dysplasia: an update from 2010 to include molecular findings. Clin Genet 2013;84(4):303–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 129 The inheritance of primary lymphoedema. J Med Genet 1985;22(4):274–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 130 Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. Q J Med 2003;96(10):731–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 131 Managing lymphoedema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(2):98–106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 132 A clinical sign for the early and differential diagnosis of lymphedema. Vasa 1976;5(3):261–2. Pubmed link .
- 133 On congenital lymphedema. Am J Med Genet 1986;24(1):127–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 134 Low‐fat diet in intestinal lymphangiectasia. Its effect on albumin metabolism. N Engl J Med 1964;270:761–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 135 Autosomal recessive intestinal lymphangiectasia and lymphedema, with facial anomalies and mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 1989;34(4):593–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 136 Hennekam syndrome presenting as nonimmune hydrops fetalis, congenital chylothorax, and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia. Am J Med Genet A 2003;120A(1):92–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 137 Lymphedema‐lymphangiectasia‐mental retardation (Hennekam) syndrome: a review. Am J Med Genet 2002;112(4):412–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 138 Mutations in CCBE1 cause generalized lymph vessel dysplasia in humans. Nature Genet 2009;41(12):1272–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 139 Linkage and sequence analysis indicate that CCBE1 is mutated in recessively inherited generalised lymphatic dysplasia. Hum Genet 2010;127(2):231–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 140 Hennekam syndrome can be caused by FAT4 mutations and be allelic to Van Maldergem syndrome. Hum Genet 2014;133(9):1161–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 141 ccbe1 is required for embryonic lymphangiogenesis and venous sprouting. Nature Genet 2009;41(4):396–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 142 CCBE1 is essential for mammalian lymphatic vascular development and enhances the lymphangiogenic effect of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C in vivo. Circ Res 2011;109(5):486–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 143 A mosaic activating mutation in AKT1 associated with the Proteus syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011;365(7):611–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 144 Somatic mosaic activating mutations in PIK3CA cause CLOVES syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012;90(6):1108–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 145 Mosaic overgrowth with fibroadipose hyperplasia is caused by somatic activating mutations in PIK3CA. Nature Genet 2012;44(8). Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 146 The challenges of Proteus syndrome: diagnosis and management. Eur J Hum Genet 2006;14(11):1151–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 147 A human papillomavirus‐associated disease with disseminated warts, depressed cell‐mediated immunity, primary lymphedema, and anogenital dysplasia – WILD syndrome. Arch Dermatol 2008;144(3):366–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 148 Milroy disease and the VEGFR‐3 mutation phenotype. J Med Genet 2005;42(2):98–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 149 FLT4/VEGFR3 and Milroy disease: novel mutations, a review of published variants and database update. Hum Mutat 2013 2013;34(1):23–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 150 Hereditary lymphedema type I associated with VEGFR3 mutation: the first de novo case and atypical presentations. Clin Genet 2006;70(4):330–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 151 Lymphatic dysfunction, not aplasia, underlies Milroy disease. Microcirculation 2010;17(4):281–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 152 Analysis of the coding regions of VEGFR3 and VEGFC in Milroy disease and other primary lymphoedemas. Hum Genet 2009;124(6):625–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 153 Mutation in vascular endothelial growth factor‐C, a ligand for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐3, is associated with autosomal dominant Milroy‐like primary lymphedema. Circ Res 2013;112(6):956–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 154 A novel stop mutation in the vascular endothelial growth factor‐C gene (VEGFC) results in Milroy‐like disease. J Med Genet 2014;51(7):475–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 155 Development of the zebrafish lymphatic system requires VEGFC signaling. Curr Biol 2006;16(12):1244–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 156 Dominantly inherited syndrome of microcephaly and congenital lymphedema. Clin Genet 1985;27(6):611–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 157 Mutations in KIF11 cause autosomal‐dominant microcephaly variably associated with congenital lymphedema and chorioretinopathy. Am J Hum Genet 2012;90(2):356–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 158 Ueber Distichiasis (congenita) vera. Ophthalmologica 1899;2(1):46–57. Cross Ref link .
- 159 Analysis of the phenotypic abnormalities in lymphoedema‐distichiasis syndrome in 74 patients with FOXC2 mutations or linkage to 16q24. J Med Genet 2002;39(7):478–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 160 FOXC2 controls formation and maturation of lymphatic collecting vessels through cooperation with NFATc1. J Cell Biol 2009;185(3):439–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 161 Defective valves and abnormal mural cell recruitment underlie lymphatic vascular failure in lymphedema distichiasis. Nature Med 2004;10(9):974–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 162 Mutations in FOXC2 are strongly associated with primary valve failure in veins of the lower limb. Circulation 2007;115(14):1912–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 163 Primary non‐syndromic lymphoedema (Meige disease) is not caused by mutations in FOXC2. Eur J Hum Genet 2008;16(3):300–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 164 Deaf mutism, lymphedema of the lower limbs and hematological anomalies (acute‐leukemia, cytopenia) with autosomal dominant transmission. J Genet Hum 1979;27(3):237–45. Pubmed link , , , .
- 165 Emberger syndrome – primary lymphedema with myelodysplasia: report of seven new cases. Am J Med Genet A 2010;152A(9):2287–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 166 Mutations in GATA2 cause primary lymphedema associated with a predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (Emberger syndrome). Nature Genet 2011;43(10):929–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 167 A Gata2 intronic enhancer confers its pan‐endothelia‐specific regulation. Development 2007;134(9):1703–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 168 Loss‐of‐function germline GATA2 mutations in patients with MDS/AML or MonoMAC syndrome and primary lymphedema reveal a key role for GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature. Blood 2012;119(5):1283–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 169 Heritable GATA2 mutations associated with familial myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia. Nature Genet 2011;43(10):1012–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 170 Rapid identification of mutations in GJC2 in primary lymphoedema using whole exome sequencing combined with linkage analysis with delineation of the phenotype. J Med Genet 2011;48(4):251–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 171 International Society of Lymphology (ISL). The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2013 consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology 2013;46(1):1–11. Pubmed link
- 172 New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease. J Clin Invest 2014;124(3):915–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Lipoedema
- 173 Lipedema of the legs: a syndrome characterized by fat legs and orthostatic edema. Staff Meetings Mayo Clin 1940;15:184–7. , .
- 174 Lipoedema: from clinical presentation to therapy. A review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2009;161(5):980–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 175 Tumescent liposuction: a new and successful therapy for lipedema. J Cutan Med Surg 2006;10(1):7–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 176 Lipedema – the non‐lymphatic masquerader. Angiology 1984;35(8):506–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 177 Lymphatic and venous function in lipoedema. Br J Dermatol 1996;134(1):1–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 178 Lipedema, a frequently unrecognized problem. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57(Suppl. 2):S1–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 179 Lipedema: an inherited condition. Am J Med Genet A 2010;152A(4):970–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 180 Lipedema of the legs; a syndrome characterized by fat legs and edema. Ann Intern Med 1951;34(5):1243–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 181 Painful fat syndrome in a male patient. Br J Plast Surg 2004;57(3):282–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 182 The chronically swollen painful extremity. A detailed study for possible etiological factors. JAMA 1974;228(13):1656–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 183 Adipose tissue remodeling in lipedema: adipocyte death and concurrent regeneration. J Cutan Pathol 2009;36(12):1293–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 184 Liposuction is an effective treatment for lipedema – results of a study with 25 patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011;9(1):33–40. Pubmed link , , .
- 185 Review of Dercum's disease and proposal of diagnostic criteria, diagnostic methods, classification and management. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2012;7:23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 186 Thick legs – not always lipedema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2013;11(3):225–33. Pubmed link , , .
- 187 [Comparative analysis of lymphoscintigraphy between lipedema and lower limb lymphedema.] J Mal Vasc 2004;29(5):257–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 188 MR imaging of the lymphatic system in patients with lipedema and lipo‐lymphedema. Microvasc Res 2009;77(3):335–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 189 Microlymphatic aneurysms in patients with lipedema. Lymphology 2001;34(4):170–5. Pubmed link , , .
- 190 High‐resolution cutaneous ultrasonography to differentiate lipoedema from lymphoedema. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(2):296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 191 Lymphedema treatment decreases pain intensity in lipedema. Lymphology 2011;44(4):178–82. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 192 Leitlinie Medizinischer Kompressionsstrumpf (MKS). Phlebologie 2006;35:315–20. , , , et al.
- 193 Lipödem: Verbesserte Lebensqualität durch Therapiekombination. Dtsch Ärztebl 2005;102:A1061–7. , , .
- 194 Das Lipödem – ein wenig beachtetes Krankheitsbild. Vasomed 2008;20:59–65. , .
- 195 Tumescent liposuction in lipoedema yields good long‐term results. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(1):161–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 196 Long‐term outcome after surgical treatment of lipedema. Ann Plast Surg 2012;68(3):303–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 197 Lipödem und Lymphödem – komprimieren oder absaugen? Vasomed 2012;24:18–19. .
Yellow nail syndrome
- 198 Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 12th edn. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
- 199 The yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1964;76:153–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 200 Characteristics of patients with yellow nail syndrome and pleural effusion. Respirology 2014;19(7):985–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 201 Yellow nails, lymphoedema and pleural effusions. Thorax 1966;21:247–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 202 Lymphatic function in the yellow nail syndrome. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:307–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 203 Yellow nail syndrome with familial primary hypoplasia of lymphatics, manifest late in life. Proc Roy Soc Med 1966;59:447. Pubmed link .
- 204 Perinatal manifestations of maternal yellow nail syndrome. Pediatrics 1992;89:1016–18. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 205 Yellow nail syndrome presenting as non‐immune hydrops: second case report. Am J Med Genet 2000;93:1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 206 Yellow nail syndrome: not a genetic disorder? Eleven new cases and a review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2007;156(6):1230–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 207 Yellow nail syndrome: analysis of 41 consecutive patients. Chest 2008;134:375–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 208 Yellow nail syndrome in three siblings: a randomized double‐blind trial of topical vitamin E. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23(4):390–5 . Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 209 Combination of fluconazole and alpha‐tocopherol in the treatment of yellow nail syndrome. J Drugs Dermatol 2009;8(3):276–8. Pubmed link , .
Lymphatic malformation and lymphangioma circumscriptum
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- 211 Fetal cystic hygroma, cause and natural history. N Engl J Med 1983;309:822–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 212 Lymphangiomas of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:519–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 213 Cutaneous lymphangioma circumscriptum: frog spawn on the skin. Int J Dermatol 2009;48(12):1290–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 214 Lymphatic malformations: clinical course and management in 64 cases. Australas J Dermatol 2011;52(3):186–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 215 Management of lymphatic malformations. Clin Plast Surg 2011;38:75–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 216 The pathology of lymphangioma circumscriptum. Br J Dermatol 1976;94:473–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 217 Genetics of lymphatic anomalies. J Clin Invest 2014;124(3):898–904. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 218 Lymphangioma circumscriptum. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1724. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 219 Somatic mosaic activating mutations in PIK3CA cause CLOVES syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2012;90(6):1108–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 220 A mosaic activating mutation in AKT1 associated with the Proteus syndrome. N Engl J Med 2011;365(7):611–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 221 Current concepts in lymphatic malformation. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005;39(1):67–81. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 222 The physiological and pathophysiological roles of platelet CLEC‐2. Thromb Haemost 2013;109(6):991–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 223 Squamous cell carcinoma arising within congenital lymphangioma circumscriptum. Br J Dermatol 1993;129(3):337–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 224 Safety and efficacy of bleomycin sclerotherapy for microcystic lymphatic malformation. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2014;37(6):1476–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 225 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015).
- 226 International Union of Phlebology. Diagnosis and treatment of primary lymphedema. Consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP)‐2013. Int Angiol 2013;32(6):541–74. Pubmed link , , , et al;
- 227 An open‐label study to evaluate sildenafil for the treatment of lymphatic malformations. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(6):1050–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Lymphoedema as a result of amniotic band constriction
- 228 Neonatal consequences of placental and membrane dysfunction. Reprod Fertil Dev 1991;3(4):431–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 229 One‐stage release of congenital constriction band in lower limb from new born to 3 years. Indian J Orthop 2010;44(2):198–201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 230 A case of amniotic band syndrome with cleft lip and palate. Maxillofac Oral Surg 2011;10(4):354–6. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 231 Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2009 January; 85(1): 52–57.
- 232 Limb amputation in amniotic band syndrome: serial ultrasonographic and Doppler observations. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:312–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 233 Amniotic band syndrome: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis and neonatal management. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2003;32:693–704. , , , , , .
- 234 Amniotic bands in paternal half‐siblings. Clin Dysmorphol 2010;19(2):62–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 235 The wide spectrum of clinical expression in Adams‐Oliver syndrome: a report of two cases. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(6):1157–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 236 New developments in clinical aspects of lymphatic disease. J Clin Invest 2014;124(3):915–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 237 Congenital constriction band of the upper arm: the role of three‐dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis, counseling and multidisciplinary consultation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2004;23:520–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 238 Fetoscopic release of extremity amniotic bands with risk of amputation. J Pediatr Orthop 2009;29:290–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Lymphangiomatosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis and non‐malignant lymphatic tumours
- 239 Extensive venous/lymphatic malformations causing life‐threatening haematological complications. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:558–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 240 Viewpoints on vessels and vanishing bones in Gorham‐Stout disease. Bone 2014;63:47–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 241 Gorham‐Stout disease and generalized lymphatic anomaly – clinical, radiologic, and histologic differentiation. Skeletal Radiol 2013;42(7):917–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 242 Benign lymphangio‐endothelioma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:229–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 243 Benign lymphangioendothelioma (acquired progressive lymphangioma): a lesion not to be confused with well‐differentiated angiosarcoma and patch stage Kaposi's sarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of a series. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:1047–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 244 Benign lymphangioendothelioma: a clinical, histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of four cases. J Cutan Pathol 2013;40(11):945–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 245 Maffucci's syndrome. Q J Med 1942;11:203–28. , , , et al.
- 246 Maffucci's syndrome. Circulation 2001;104:1693. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 247 Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis, a newly characterized vascular anomaly presenting with hemoptysis in an adult woman. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014;11(1):92–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 248 Benign lymphangiomatous papules of the skin following radiotherapy: a report of five new cases and review of the literature. Histopathology 1999;35:319–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 249 Vascular proliferations of the skin after radiation therapy for breast cancer: clinicopathologic analysis of a series in favor of a benign process: a study from the French Sarcoma Group. Cancer 2007;109(8):1584–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 250 Radiation‐induced vascular lesions of the skin: an overview. Adv Anat Pathol 2013;20(6):407–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
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Lymphangiectasia
- 252 Penicillamine dermopathy with lymphangiectases. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:92–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 253 Acquired vulval lymphangiomata mimicking genital warts. Br J Dermatol 1993;129: 34–6. Cross Ref link , .
- 254 Acquired lymphangiomata: report of four cases and a discussion of the pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 255 The pathology of lymphangioma circumscriptum. Br J Dermatol 1976;94(5):473–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 256 Management of lymph and chyle reflux. In: Browse NL, Burnand KG, Mortimer PS, eds. Diseases of the Lymphatics. London: Arnold, 2003:259–92. .
- 257 The role of the gastrointestinal system in “idiopathic hypoproteinemia.” Gastroenterology 1961;41:197–207. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 258 Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia diagnosed by endoscopy following the intake of a high‐fat meal. Eur J Pediatr 2008;167:237–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 259 Protein‐losing enteropathy in children. Eur J Pediatr 2010;169(10):1179–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 260 Primary intestinal lymphangiectasia. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2004;7:3–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 261 A review of the surgical treatment of vulval lymphangioma and lymphangiectasia: four case reviews. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2006;59:1442–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Lymphocele, seroma and lymph fistula
- 262 Lymphocele following lymphadenectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1961;82:783–92. Pubmed link , .
- 263 Postmastectomy seroma. A study of the nature and origin of seroma after mastectomy. Dan Med Bull 1989;36(5):487–9. Pubmed link , , , .
Lymphatic filariasis
- 264 Lymphedema. Am J Med 2001;110:288–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 265 Lymphatic filariasis: the disease and its control. Fifth report of the WHO Expert Committee on Filariasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1992;821:1–71. Pubmed link
- 266 Insights into the pathogenesis of disease in human lymphatic filariasis. Lymph Res Biol 2013;11(3):144–8. Cross Ref link .
- 267 Lymphatic filariasis: perspectives on lymphatic remodelling and contractile dysfunction in filarial disease pathogenesis. Microcirculation 2013;20(5):349–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 268 Current practices in the management of lymphatic filariasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009;7:595–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 269 World Health Organization (WHO). Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2014;89(38):409–18. Pubmed link
- 270 The Wellcome Trust lecture. Inflammatory responses to filarial connective tissue parasites. Parasitology 1987;94(Suppl.):S101–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 271 Bacteriologic studies of skin, tissue fluid, lymph, and lymph nodes in patients with filarial lymphedema. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997;57:7–15. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 272 A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of the efficacy of oral penicillin, diethylcarbamazine or local treatment of the affected limb in preventing acute adenolymphangitis in lymphoedema caused by brugian filariasis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1999;93:367–77. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 273 Pathogenesis of lymphatic disease in bancroftian filariasis: a clinical perspective. Parasitol Today 2000;16:544–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 274 The histopathology of bancroftian filariasis revisited: the role of the adult worm in the lymphatic‐vessel disease. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2002;96:531–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 275 Lymphatics in human lymphatic filariasis: in vitro models of parasite induced lymphatic remodeling. Lymphat Res Biol 2009;7:215–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 276 Lymphoscintigraphic analysis of lymphatic abnormalities in symptomatic and asymptomatic human filariasis. J Infect Dis 1994;170:927–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 277 Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaremia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996;90:55–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 278 Episodic adenolymphangitis and lymphoedema in patients with bancroftian filariasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992;89:72–4. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 279 Acute attacks in the extremities of persons living in an area endemic for bancroftian filariasis: differentiation of two syndromes. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93:413–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 280 Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. Annu Rev Med 1992;43:417–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 281 Persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation associated with interstitial lung disease in patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia following conventional treatment with diethylcarbamazine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1088–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 282 The ICT filariasis test: a rapid‐format antigen test for diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. Parasitol Today 1997;13:401–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 283 Filarial chyluria: long‐term experience of a university hospital in India. Int J Urol 2004;11(4):193–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 284 Impact on the quality of life of lymphoedema patients following introduction of a hygiene and skin care regimen in a Guyanese community endemic for lymphatic filariasis: a preliminary clinical intervention study. Filaria J 2003;2(1):1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 285 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Lymphatic filariasis. http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/lymphaticFilariasis/index.html (last accessed August 2015).
Podoconiosis
- 286 Non‐filarial elephantiasis – confirmed as a geochemical disease and renamed podoconiosis. Ethiop Med J 1988;26:151–3. Pubmed link .
- 287 Recent advances in podoconiosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2009;103:377–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 288 Podoconiosis, non‐filarial elephantiasis, and lymphology. Lymphology 2010;43:168–77. Pubmed link .
- 289 Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015;92(1):148–58. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 290 Elephantiasis of non‐filarial origin (podoconiosis) in the highlands of north‐western Cameroon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2008;102(6):1–12. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 291 Non‐filarial elephantiasis in the Mt Elgon area (Kapchorwa District) of Uganda. Acta Trop 2001;78:171–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 292 Podoconiosis: Non‐filarial Elephantiasis. Oxford: Oxford Medical Publications, 1990.
- 293 Individual correlates of podoconiosis in areas of varying endemicity: a case–control study. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2013;7:e2554. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 294 Modelling environmental factors correlated with podoconiosis: a geospatial study of non‐filarial elephantiasis. Int J Health Geogr 2014;13:24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 295 The elemental content of lymphatic tissues in barefooted people in Ethiopia, with reference to endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978;72(2):132–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 296 HLA class II locus and susceptibility to podoconiosis. N Engl J Med 2012;366(13):1200–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 297 The association of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in East Africa with soil derived from volcanic rocks. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1976;70(4):288–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 298 Environmental factors in the etiology of endemic elephantiasis of the lower legs in tropical Africa. Trop Geog Med 1984;36(1):1–5. , .
- 299 Idiopathic lymphoedema of Ethiopia and Kenya. East Afr Med J 1960;37:53–74. Pubmed link .
- 300 Endemic elephantiasis: early signs and symptoms, and control. Ethiop Med J 1983;21(4):243–53. Pubmed link .
- 301 Pre‐elephantiasic stage of endemic nonfilarial elephantiasis of lower legs: “podoconiosis”. Trop Doct 1984;14(3):115–19. Pubmed link .
- 302 Health professionals' attitudes and misconceptions regarding podoconiosis: potential impact on integration of care in southern Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009;104:42–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
Pretibial myxoedema
- 303 Dermopathy of Graves disease (pretibial myxedema). Review of 150 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1994;73:1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 304 Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26:553. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 305 Dermopathy of Graves' disease (pretibial myxedema): long‐term outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;98:438–46. , , , et al.
- 306 Pretibial myxedema associated with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a case report. Clin Diagn Res 2014;8(6):YD01–2. , , .
- 307 Euthyroid pretibial myxedema. Am J Med 1987;82(2):318–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
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- 311 Trauma and pressure explain the clinical presentation of the Graves' disease triad. Thyroid 2000;10:629–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 312 Pretibial mucin. Histologic patterns and clinical correlation. Arch Dermatol 1993;129(9):1152–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 313 Thyroid dermopathy and acropachy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;26(4):553–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 314 Pretibial myxedema localized to scar tissue. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:54–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 315 Localized myxedema on the nasal dorsum in a patient with Graves' disease: report of a case. J Endocrinol Invest 1989;12:717–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 316 Unusual locations of localized myxedema in Graves' disease. Report of three cases. Arch Dermatol 1986;122:85–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 317 Atypical presentation of infiltrative thyroid dermopathy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35:56–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 318 Pretibial myxedema: pathophysiology and treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol 2005;6(5):295–309. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 319 Treatment of pretibial myxedema with topical steroid ointment application with sealing cover (steroid occlusive dressing technique: steroid ODT) in Graves' patients. Intern Med 2010;49(7):665–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 320 Surgical excision of pseudotumorous pretibial myxedema. Foot Ankle Int 1996;17:107–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 321 Multipoint subcutaneous injection of long‐acting glucocorticid as a cure for pretibial myxedema. Thyroid 2011;21:83–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 322 Therapy: evidence‐based treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy. Nature Rev Endocrinol 2009;5:653–4. Cross Ref link .
- 323 Successful treatment of exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema with plasmapheresis. BMJ 1979;1:374–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 324 Pretibial myxedema and high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin treatment. Thyroid 1994;4:399–408. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 325 Treatment‐resistant elephantiasic thyroid dermopathy responding to rituximab and plasmapheresis. Australas J Dermatol 2012;53(1):e1–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 326 Octreotide (long‐acting release formulation) treatment in patients with Graves' orbitopathy: clinical results of a four‐month, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:841–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Trauma‐induced lymphoedema
- 327 Lymphatic complications from variceal surgery. Phlebologie 1993;46:563–8. Pubmed link , .
- 328 Lymphatic complications after varicose veins surgery: risk factors and how to avoid them. Phlebology 2012;27(Suppl. 1):139–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 329 Incidence of unilateral arm lymphoedema after breast cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(6):500–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 330 Adrenomedullin haploinsufficiency predisposes to secondary lymphedema. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(7):1768–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 331 Risk of lymphoedema following the treatment of breast cancer. Br J Surg 1986;73:580–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 332 Intraoperative lymph mapping with preoperative vein mapping to prevent postoperative lymphorrhea following paramalleolar bypass surgery in patients with critical limb ischemia. Surg Today 2014;44(3):436–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 333 The transverse upper gracilis flap: eefficiencies and design tips. Can J Plast Surg 2013;21(3):162–6. Pubmed link , , .
- 334 Understanding the three‐dimensional anatomy of the superficial lymphatics of the limbs. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;134(5):1065–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 335 Secrétan's syndrome: hard edema of the dorsum of the hand. Plast Reconstr Surg 1980;65:182–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 336 Factitious lymphoedema as a psychiatric condition mimicking reflex sympathetic dystrophy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2008;2:216. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 337 Puffy hand syndrome due to drug addiction: a case–control study of the pathogenesis. Addiction 2006;101(9):1347–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 338 Skin lesions in drug addicts. BMJ 1970;2(7):647–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
- 339 Lymphoedema Framework. Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema. International Consensus. London: Medical Education, 2006. http://www.lympho.org/mod_turbolead/upload/file/Lympho/Best_practice_20_July.pdf (last accessed August 2015).
- 340 British Lymphology Society (BLS). What is Lymphoedema? www.thebls.com/cellulitis (last accessed August 2015).
Lymphoedema due to immobility
- 341 The frequency of lymphedema in an adult spina bifida population. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2011;90(2):89–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 342 Prevalence of oedema of the lower limbs in multiple sclerosis patients: a vascular and lymphoscintigraphic study. Mult.Scler 2006;12:659–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 343 Systematic review of aetiology and treatment of post‐stroke hand oedema and shoulder‐hand syndrome. Scand J Rehabil Med 2000;32(1):4–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
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- 345 Acute lipodermatosclerosis in a pendulous abdomen. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993;18:164–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 346 Effects of continuous passive motion on the edematous hands of two persons with flaccid hemiplegia. Am J Occup Ther 1994;48(5):403–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Lymphangitis
- 347 Herpes simplex virus infection of the hand. Clinical features and management. Am J Med 1988;85(2A):53–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 348 Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lancet 2010;376(9747):1175–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 349 Seventeen‐year‐old girl hospitalized for localized swelling, pruritus, tenderness, and lymphatic streaking with eosinophilia. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1(3):299–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 350 Absorption of bacteria and snake venoms from the tissues: importance of the lymphatic circulation. Lancet 1941;1:623–6. Cross Ref link , .
- 351 Venomous snakebites in Italy: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Trop Med Parasitol 1988;39(1):62–6. Pubmed link .
- 352 First aid for snake bite. Med J Aust 1982;1:103. Pubmed link , , .
- 353 Mondor's phlebitis: a lymphovascular process. Dermatologica 1986;172:133–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 354 Axillary web syndrome after axillary dissection. Am J Surg 2001;181:434–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 355 Mondor's disease of the breast resulting from jellyfish sting. Med J Aust 1992;157(11–12):836–7. Pubmed link , , .
- 356 Hemostatic properties of the lymph: relationships with occlusion and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012;38(2):213–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 357 Sclerosing lymphangitis of penis – literature review and report of 2 cases. Dermatol Online J 2014;20(7):ii. , , .
- 358 Classification of cutaneous intravascular breast cancer metastases based on immunolabeling for blood and lymph vessels. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:633–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 359 Inflammatory breast carcinoma (carcinoma erysipeloides), an easily overlooked diagnosis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:324–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Complications of lymphoedema
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- 361 Pathology of lymphedema. Clin Dermatol 1995;13(5):433–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .
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- 363 A case of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome due to group G streptococci identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis. J Infect Chemother 2012;18(6):919–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 364 Acute dermal abscesses caused by Serratia marcescens. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(5):891–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 365 Lymphoedema: an underestimated health problem. Q J Med 2003;96(10):731–8. Cross Ref link , , , et al.
- 366 The psychological morbidity of breast cancer‐related arm swelling. Psychological morbidity of lymphoedema. Cancer 1993;72(11):3248–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 367 Lymphangiosarcoma in postmastectomy lymphoedema. Cancer 1948;1:64–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 368 Lymphedema‐related angiogenic tumors and other malignancies. Clin Dermatol 2014;32(5):616–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 369 Basal cell carcinomas arising in chronic lymphoedema. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1988;14:781–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 370 Squamous carcinoma of the foot arising in association with longstanding verrucous hyperplasia in a patient with congenital lymphoedema. Cancer 1984;54:943–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 371 Malignant lymphoma of skin associated with postmastectomy lymphoedema. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:206–8. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 372 Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the skin associated with chronic limb lymphoedema. Br J Dermatol 1985;113:751–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 373 Cutaneous secondary follicular centre cell lymphoma in association with lymphoedema praecox. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:186–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 374 Malignant melanomas in lymphoedematous arm following radical mastectomy for breast carcinoma. J R Soc Med 1972;65:253–4. .
- 375 Malignant melanoma appearing in a postmastectomy lymphoedematous arm: a novel association of double primary tumours. J Surg Oncol 1985;30:16–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 376 Unusual sarcoma arising in lymphoedema. J R Soc Med 1985;78:1497–8. , , .
- 377 Merkel cell carcinoma after postmastectomy lymphedema. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(6):983. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 378 Kaposi's sarcoma on a lymphoedematous arm following radical mastectomy. Tumori 1992;78:407–8. Pubmed link , .
- 379 Porokeratosis in association with lymphoedema. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30(2):152–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 380 Primary focal lymphoedema with xanthoma. J R Soc Med 1988;81:113–14. Pubmed link , .
- 381 Localized xanthomas associated with primary lymphedema. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(1):113–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 382 Localized atypical pemphigoid on lymphoedema following radiotherapy. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1993;73:461–4. , , , et al.
- 383 Toxic epidermal necrolysis localized to an area of lymphoedema. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;17:456–7. Cross Ref link , , .
- 384 Atypical neutrophilic dermatosis on the upper extremity affected by post‐mastectomy lymphoedema: report of 2 cases. Dermatologica 1991;183:230–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 385 Necrotizing fasciitis in congenital lymphoedema. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:41–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
Imaging of the lymphatic system
- 386 Lymphangiography in man; a method of outlining lymphatic trunks at operation. Clin Sci (Lond) 1952;11(1):13–20. Pubmed link .
- 387 Isotope lymphography: a new method of investigating the role of the lymphatics in chronic limb oedema. Br J Surg 1985;72(11):906–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 388 Investigation of the swollen limb with isotope lymphography. Br J Dermatol 1990;123(1):29–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 389 Clinical assessment of human lymph flow using removal rate constants of interstitial macromolecules: a critical review of lymphoscintigraphy. Lymph Res Biol 2007;5(3):183–202. Cross Ref link , , , .
- 390 Lymphatic dysfunction, not aplasia, underlies Milroy disease. Microcirculation 2010;17(4):281–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 391 Current techniques for lymphatic imaging: state of the art and future perspectives. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014;40(3):270–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 392 Preliminary experience with a novel fluorescence lymphography using indocyanine green in patients with secondary lymphedema. J Vasc Surg 2007;45(5):1016–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 393 Near‐infrared illumination system‐integrated microscope for supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis. Microsurgery 2014;34(1):23–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 394 Interstitial MR lymphangiography – a diagnostic imaging method for the evaluation of patients with clinically advanced stages of lymphedema. Acta Trop 2007;104(1):8–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 395 Prox‐1 and VEGFR3 antibodies are superior to D2‐40 in identifying endothelial cells of lymphatic malformations – a proposal of a new immunohistichemical panel to differentiate lymphatic from other vascular malformations. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2009;12:187–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 396 The classification and diagnostic algorithm for primary lymphatic dysplasia: an update from 2010 to include molecular findings. Clin Genet 2013;84(4):303–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
Lymphoedema management
- 397 Medical Education Partnership (MEP). Best Practice for the Management of Lymphoedema: International Consensus. London: MEP Ltd, 2006.
- 398 Conservative treatment of lymphoedema of the limbs. Angiology 1985;36:171–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 399 Lymphoedema: Advice on Self‐management and Treatment, 3rd edn. Beaconsfield: Beaconsfield Publishers, 2007. , .
- 400 Lymph transport in skin. Clin Dermatol 1995;13:419–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 401 A randomized, controlled, parallel group clinical trial comparing multi‐layer bandaging followed by hosiery versus hosiery alone in the treatment of patients with lymphedema of the limb. Cancer 2000;88:2832–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 402 Anonymous. Compression for lymphoedema. Lancet 1986;i:896.
- 403 The measurement of skin lymph flow by isotope clearance – reliability, reproducibility, injection dynamics, and the effect of massage. J Invest Dermatol 1990;95(6):677–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 404 A randomised controlled trial of weight reduction as a treatment for breast cancer‐related lymphedema. Cancer 2007;110:1868–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 405 Randomised controlled trial comparing a low‐fat diet with a weight‐reduction diet in breast cancer‐related lymphedema. Cancer 2007;109:1949–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , .
- 406 Non‐randomised phase II trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with chronic arm lymphoedema and tissue fibrosis after radiotherapy for early breast cancer. Radiother Oncol 2004;70:217–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 407 Treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema with low‐level laser therapy: a double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Cancer 2003;98:1114–22. (Erratum in Cancer 2003;98:2742.) Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 408 Efficacy of pneumatic compression and low‐level laser therapy in the treatment of postmastectomy lymphoedema: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2009;23:117–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 409 Randomised phase II trial of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in patients with chronic arm lymphoedema after radiotherapy for cancer. Radiother Oncol 2010;97(1):101–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 410 Effect of low‐level laser therapy on pain and swelling in women with breast cancer‐related lymphedema: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Cancer Surviv 2015;9(2):287–304. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 411 Could Kinesio tape replace the bandage in decongestive lymphatic therapy for breast‐cancer‐related lymphedema? A pilot study. Support Care Cancer 2009;17:1353–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 412 Workshop III: diagnosis and management of lymphedema. Cancer 1998;83(Suppl.):282–5. , , .
- 413 Lack of effect of coumarin in women with lymphedema after treatment for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1999;340(5):346–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 414 Vascular endothelial growth factor‐C gene therapy restores lymphatic flow across incision wounds. FASEB J 2004;18(14):1707–9. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 415 Therapeutic lymphangiogenesis with human recombinant VEGF‐C. FASEB J 2002;16(14):1985–7. Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 416 Molecular regulation of lymphangiogenesis and targets for tissue oedema. Trends Mol Med 2001;7(1):18–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , .
- 417 Therapeutic differentiation and maturation of lymphatic vessels after lymph node dissection and transplantation. Nature Med 2007;13(12):1458–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 418 Improved regeneration of autologous transplanted lymph node fragments by VEGF‐C treatment. Anat Rec 2012;295(5):786–91. Cross Ref link , , , , , .
- 419 Lymph node transfer and perinodal lymphatic growth factor treatment for lymphedema. Ann Surg 2013;257(5):961–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , et al.
- 420 Diseases of the Lymphatics. London, Arnold, 2003. , , .
- 421 Elephantiasis and the Kondoleon operation; a 20‐year postoperative follow‐up. Am J Surg 1950;79(2):327–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 422 The management of genital lymphoedema. Br J Urol Int 2008;102:480–4. Cross Ref link , , .
- 423 Surgical lymphaticovenous shunts in patients with secondary lymphoedema. Br J Surg 1968;55(6):440–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , .
- 424 Microsurgery for lymphedema: clinical research and long‐term results. Microsurgery 2010;30(4):256–60. Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 425 Lymphatic venous anastomosis (LVA) for treatment of secondary arm lymphedema. A prospective study of 11 LVA procedures in 10 patients with breast cancer related lymphedema and a critical review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;113(2):199–206. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 426 Postmastectomy lymphedema: long‐term results following microsurgical lymph node transplantation. Ann Surg 2006;243(3):313–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 427 Risk of donor‐site lymphatic vessel dysfunction after microvascular lymph node transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015;68(4):551–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , , , .
- 428 Lymphedema: a comprehensive review. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59(4):464–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link , , , .
- 429 From lymph to fat: complete reduction of lymphoedema. Phlebology 2010;25(Suppl. 1):52–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link .