Scaling disorders of the scalp

    Seborrhoeic dermatitis

    • 1  Gupta A, Bluhm R. Seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2004;18:13–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 2  Kim G‐W, Jung H‐J, Ko H‐C, et al. Dermoscopy can be useful in differentiating scalp psoriasis from seborrhoeic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:652–6. Pubmed link
    • 3  Gupta A, Richardson M, Paquet M. Systematic review of oral treatments for seborrhoeic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28:16–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Psoriasis

    • 4  Wright A, Messenger A. Scarring alopecia in psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1990;70:156–9. Pubmed link
    • 5  Mason A, Mason J, Cork M, et al. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis of the scalp: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:519–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 6  Poulin Y, Papp K, Bissonnette R, et al. Clobetasol proprionate shampoo 0.05% is efficacious and safe for long‐term control of scalp psoriasis. Cutis 2010;85:43–50. Pubmed link
    • 7  Kircik L, Kumar S. Scalp psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol 2010;9:s101–5. Pubmed link
    • 8  Wong J, Kamanger F, Nguyen T, et al. Excismer laser therapy for hairline psoriasis: a useful addition to the scalp psoriasis treatment algorithm. Skin Therapy Lett 2012;17:6–9. Pubmed link

    Pityriasis amiantacea

    • 9  Knight AG. Pityriasis amiantacea: a clinical and histopathological investigation. Clin Exp Dermatol 1977;2:137–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Secondary cicatricial alopecia

      Scleroderma and morphoea

      • 10  McKenna DB, Benton EC. A tri‐linear pattern of scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ following Blaschko's lines. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:467–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 11  Whiting DA. Cicatricial alopecia: clinico‐pathological findings and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:211–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Necrobiotic disorders

      • 12  Jones EW. Necrobiosis lipoidica presenting on the face and scalp. An account of 29 patients and a detailed consideration of recent histochemical findings. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 1971;57:202–20. Pubmed link
      • 13  Katta R, Nelson B, Chen D, et al. Sarcoidosis of the scalp: a case series and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:690–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 14  Wong GA, Verbov JL. Subcutaneous granuloma annulare of the scalp in a diabetic child. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19:276–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Sarcoidosis

      • 15  Sinclair RD, Banfield C, Dawber RPR. Handbook of Diseases of the Hair and Scalp. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1999.
      • 16  Katta R, Nelson B, Chen D, et al. Sarcoidosis of the scalp: a case series and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:690–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Follicular mucinosis

      • 17  Rongioletti F, De Lucchi S, Meyes D, et al. Follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular study comparing the primary benign form and the mycosis fungoides‐associated follicular mucinosis. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37:15–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 18  Schneider S, Metze D, Bonsmann G. Treatment of so‐called idiopathic follicular mucinosis with hydroxychloroquine. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:420–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Cicatricial pemphigoid

      • 19  Pearson RW. Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of blistering diseases: a selective review. In: Malkinson F, Pearson RW, eds. Year Book of Dermatology. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1977:7–25.
      • 20  Kurzhals G, Stolz W, Maciejewski W, et al. Localized cicatricial pemphigoid of the Brunsting‐Perry type with transition into disseminated cicatricial pemphigoid. Report of a case proved by preembedding immunogold electron microscopy. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:580–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 21  Leenutaphong V, von Kries R, Plewig G. Localized cicatricial pemphigoid (Brunsting‐Perry): electron microscopic study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:1089–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp

      • 22  Wise F, Parkhurst HJ. A rare form of suppurating cicatrizing disease of the scalp (perifolliculitis capitis abscedens et suffodiens). Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1921;4:750–8. Cross Ref link
      • 23  Chicarilli ZN. Follicular occlusion triad: hidradenitis suppurativa, acne conglobata, and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Ann Plast Surg 1987;18:230–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 24  Whiting DA. Cicatricial alopecia: clinico‐pathological findings and treatment. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:211–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 25  Scheinfeld NS. A case of dissecting cellulitis and a review of the literature. Dermatol Online J 2003;9:8. Pubmed link
      • 26  Chui CT, Berger TG, Price VH, et al. Recalcitrant scarring follicular disorders treated by laser‐assisted hair removal: a preliminary report. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:34–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 27  Navarini A, Trueb R. Three cases of dissecting cellulitis of the scalp treated with adalimumab: control of inflammation within residual structural disease. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:517–20. Pubmed link
      • 28  Dyall‐Smith D. Signs, syndromes and diagnoses in dermatology. Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Australas J Dermatol 1993;34:81–2, quiz 83–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Thickened scalp disorders

        Cutis verticis gyrata

        • 29  Akesson HO. Cutis verticis gyrata and mental deficiency in Sweden. I Epidemiologic and clinical aspects. Acta Med Scand 1964;175:115–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 30  Schepis C, Palazzo R, Cannavo SP, et al. Prevalence of primary cutis verticis gyrata in a psychiatric population: association with chromosomal fragile sites. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1990;70:483–6.
        • 31  Tani T, Miyamoto Y, Kurozumi N. Surgical treatment of cutis verticis gyrata: a report of 2 cases. Br J Plast Surg 1977;30:235–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Lipoedematous alopecia

        • 32  Coskey RJ, Fosnaugh RP, Fine G. Lipedematous alopecia. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:619–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 33  Curtis JW, Heising RA. Lipedematous alopecia associated with skin hyperelasticity. Arch Dermatol 1964;89:819–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 34  Martin JM, Monteagudo C, Montesinos E, et al. Lipedematous scalp and lipedematous alopecia: a clinical and histologic analysis of 3 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:152–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 35  Yasar S, Mansur AT, Goktay F, et al. Lipedematous scalp and lipedematous alopecia: report of three cases in white adults. J Dermatol 2007;34:124–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 36  Piraccini BM, Voudouris S, Pazzaglia M, et al. Lipedematous alopecia of the scalp. Dermatol Online J 2006;12:6. Pubmed link
        • 37  Yasar S, Gunes P, Serdar Z, et al. Clinicial and pathological features of 31 cases of lipedamtous scalp and lipedemtous alopecia. Eur J Dermatol 2011;21:520–8. Pubmed link
        • 38  Fair KP, Knoell KA, Patterson JW, et al. Lipedematous alopecia: a clinicopathologic, histologic and ultrastructural study. J Cutan Pathol 2000;27:49–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
        • 39  Yip L, Mason G, Pohl, et al. Successful surgical management of lipoedematous alopecia. Australas J Dermatol 2008;49:52–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

        Tumours of the scalp

          Sebaceous naevus

          • 40  Idriss M, Elston D. Secondary neoplasms associated with nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn: a study of 707 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:332–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

          Scalp metastases

          • 41  Richmond H, Duvic M, Macfarlane D. Primary and metastatic malignant tumours of the scalp: an update. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010:11;233–46. Pubmed link

          Infections of the scalp

            Syphilis

            • 42  Vafaie J, Weinberg J, Smith B, et al., Alopecia in association with sexually transmitted disease: a review. Cutis 2005;76:361–6. Pubmed link
            • 43  Kennedy C. Syphilis presenting as hair loss. BMJ 1976;2:854. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 44  Hira SK, Patel JS, Bhat SG, et al. Clinical manifestations of secondary syphilis. Int J Dermatol 1987;26:103–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 45  Lee JY, Hsu ML. Alopecia syphilitica, a simulator of alopecia areata: histopathology and differential diagnosis. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18:87–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 46  Cuozzo DW, Benson PM, Sperling LC, et al. Essential syphilitic alopecia revisited. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:840–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

            Human immunodeficiency virus

            • 47  Smith KJ, Skelton HG, DeRusso D, et al. Clinical and histopathologic features of hair loss in patients with HIV‐1 infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:63–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 48  Calista D, Boschini A. Cutaneous side effects induced by indinavir. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:292–6. Pubmed link
            • 49  Chrysos G, Mikros S, Kokkoris S, et al. Alopecia induced by lopinavir plus ritonavir therapy in an HIV patient. J Drugs Dermatol 2007;6:742–3. Pubmed link
            • 50  Ostlere LS, Langtry JA, Staughton RC, et al. Alopecia universalis in a patient seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27:630–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 51  Stewart MI, Smoller BR. Alopecia universalis in an HIV‐positive patient: possible insight into pathogenesis. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20:180–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 52  Grossman MC, Cohen PR, Grossman ME. Acquired eyelash trichomegaly and alopecia areata in a human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patient. Dermatology 1996;193:52–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
            • 53  Leonidas JR. Hair alteration in black patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Cutis 1987;39:537–8. Pubmed link

            Pustular conditions of the scalp

              Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp

              • 54  Caputo R, Veraldi S. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:96–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 55  Pye RJ, Peachey RD, Burton JL. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:559–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 56  Grattan CE, Peachey RD, Boon A. Evidence for a role of local trauma in the pathogenesis of erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13:7–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 57  Rongioletti F, Delmonte S, Rossi ME, et al. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp following cryotherapy and topical tretinoin for actinic keratoses. Clin Exp Dermatol 1999;24:499–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 58  Lovell CR, Harman RR, Bradfield JW. Cutaneous carcinoma arising in erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp. Br J Dermatol 1980;103:325–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 59  Ikeda M, Arata J, Isaka H. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp successfully treated with oral zinc sulphate. Br J Dermatol 1982;106:742–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 60  Boffa MJ. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp successfully treated with calcipotriol cream. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:593–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 61  Broussard K, Berger, T, Rosenblum M, et al. Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp: a review with a focus on dapsone therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:680–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Iatrogenic scalp pustulation

              • 62  Chiu HY, Chiu HC. Scalp pustules in a patient receiving chemotherapy. JAMA 2013;310:1068–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
              • 63  Robert C, Soria JC, Spatz A, et al. Cutaneous side‐effects of kinase inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:491–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

              Other scalp disorders

                Scalp pruritus

                • 64  Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Stӓnder S, et al. The neurobiology of itch. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006;7:535‐47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 65  Bin Saif GA, Ericson ME, et al. The itchy scalp – scratching for an explanation. Experimental Dermatology 2011;20:959–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 66  Misery L, Sibauld V, Ambronati M, et al. Sensitive scalp: does this condition exist? An epidemiological study. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58:234‐8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 67  Goon AT‐J, Yosipovitch G, Chan Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of generalized idiopathic pruritis in patients from a tertiary referral center in Singapore. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:1023–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 68  Ständer S, Weissharr E, Mettang T, et al. Clinical classification of itch: a Position Paper of the International Forum for the Study of Itch. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:291–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 69  Yoshioka T, Imura K, Asakawa M, et al. Impact of the Gly573Ser substitution in TRPV3 on the development of allergic and pruritic dermatitis in mice. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:714–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 70  Reimann S, Luger T, Metze D. Topical administration of capsaicin in dermatology for treatment of itching and pain. Hautarzt 2000;51:164–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 71  Kesavan S, Walters CE, Holland KT, et al. The effects of Malassezia on pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in‐vitro. Med Mycol 1998:36;97–106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 72  Kesavan S, Holland KT, Ingham E. The effect of lipid extraction on the immunomodulatory activity of Malassezia species in vitro. Med Mycol 2000:38;239–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 73  Thomas DS, Ingham E, Bojar RA, et al. In vitro modulation of human keratinocyte pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine production by the capsule of Malassezia species. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2008:54;203–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 74  Kasraie S, Niebuhr M, Werfel T. Interleukin (IL)‐31 induces pro‐inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes and macrophages following stimulation with staphylococcal exotoxins. Allergy 2010: 65: 712–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 75  Dubin G. Extracellular proteases of Staphylococcus spp. Biol Chem 2002;383:1075–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

                Scalp dysaesthesia

                • 76  Hoss D, Segal S. Scalp dysesthesia. Arch Dermatol 1998;143:327–30. Cross Ref link
                • 77  Misery L, Sibauld V, Ambronati M, et al. Sensitive scalp: does this condition exist? An epidemiological study. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58:234–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 78  Thornsberry LA, English JC. Scalp dysesthesia related to cervical spine disease. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149:200–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 79  Sarifakioglu E, Onur P. Women with scalp dysesthesia treated with pregabalin. Int J Dermatol 2013;52:1417–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
                • 80  Lee R, Spencer PSJ. Antidepressants and pain: a review of the pharmacological data supporting the use of certain tricyclics in chronic pain. J Int Med Res 1977;5:146–56. Pubmed link
                • 81  Feinmann C. Pain relief by antidepressants: possible modes of action. Pain 1985;23:1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link