Infantile dermatoses

    Cradle cap

    • 1  Foley P, Zuo Y, Plunkett A, et al. The frequency of common skin conditions in preschool‐aged children in Australia: seborrhoeic dermatitis and pityriasis capitis (cradle cap). Arch Dermatol 2003;139:318–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 2  David E, Tanuos H, Sullivan T, et al. A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study to estimate the efficacy and tolerability of a non‐steroidal cream for the treatment of cradle‐cap (seborrhoeic dermatitis). J Drugs Dermatol 2013;12:448–52. Pubmed link

    Seborrhoeic dermatitis

    • 3  Wananukul S, Chimdanporn A, Yumyourn P, et al. Malassezia furfur in infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2005;23:101–5. Pubmed link
    • 4  Nakabayashi A, Sei Y. Relationship between Malassezia yeast and infantile seborrheoic dermatitis. Nihon Ishinkin Gakkat Zasshi 2001;42:218–20. Cross Ref link
    • 5  Poindexter GB, Burkhart CN, Morrell DS. Therapies for pediatric seborrheic dermatitis. Pediatr Ann 2009;38:333–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 6  Alexopoulos A, Kakourou T, Orfanou I, Xaidara A, Chrousos G. Retrospective analysis of the relationship between infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(2):125–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Atopic eczema

    • 7  Osawa R, Akiyama M, Shimizu H. Filaggrin gene defects and the risk of allergic disorders. Allergol Int 2011;60:1–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 8  Illi S, von Mutius E, Lau S, et al. The natural course of atopic dermatitis from birth to age 7 years and the association with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:925–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 9  Eller E, Kjaer HE, Høst A, et al. Development of atopic dermatitis in the DARC birth cohort. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010:307–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 10  Halkjaer LB, Loland L, Buchvald FF, et al. Development of atopic dermatitis during the first 3 years of life: the Copenhagen prospective study on asthma in childhood cohort study in high risk children. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:561–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 11  Williams HC, Pembroke AC, Forsdyke H, et al. London born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32(2 Pt 1):212–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 12  Siverberg JI, Simpson EL, Durkin HG, Joks R. Prevalence of atopic disease in foreign born American children. JAMA Pediatr 2013;167:554–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 13  Skov L, Hlakjaer LB, Agner T, et al. Neonatal colonization with Staph. aureus is not associated with the development of atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1286–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 14  Matsumoto K, Shimanouchi Y, Kawakubo K, et al. Infantile eczema at one month of age is associated with cord blood eosinophilia and subsequent development of atopic dermatitis and wheezing until 2 years of age. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005;137(Suppl. 1):69–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 15  Flohr C, Perkin M, Logan K, et al. Atopic dermatis and disease severity are the main risk factors for food sensitization in exclusively breast fed infants. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134:345–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 16  Barbarot S, Gras‐Laguen C, Colas H, et al. Lower risk of atopic dermatitis among infants born extremely preterm compared with higher gestational age. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:1257–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 17  Kawamoto N, Fukao T, Hirayama K, et al. Total IgE at 6 months predicts the persistence of atopic dermatitis at 14 months. Allergy Asthma Proc 2013;34:362–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 18  Margolis DJ, Apter AJ, Gupta J, et al. The persistence of atopic dermatitis and filaggrin (FLG) mutations in a US longitudinal cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012:130:912–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 19  Mason JM, Carr J, Buckley C, et al. Improved emollient use reduces atopic eczema symptoms and is cost neutral in infants: before and after evaluation of a multifaceted educational support programme. BMC Dermatol 2013;13:7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 20  Valdman‐Grinshpoun Y, Ben‐Amitai D, Zvulunov A. Barrier‐restoring therapies in atopic dermatitis: current approaches and future perspectives. Dermatol Res Pract 2012;article 923134. (last accessed May 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/923134
    • 21  Bergmann MM, Caubert JC, Boguniewicz M, Eigenmann PA. Evaluation of food allergy in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:2–8. Cross Ref link
    • 22  Fleischer DMSpergel JM, Assa'ad AH, Pongracic JA. Primary prevention of allergic disease through nutritional interventions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2013;1:29–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 23  Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW, et al. Effects or early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of complementary foods and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics 2008;121:183–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 24  Nwaru BI, Craig LC, Allan K, et al. Breastfeeding and introduction of complementary foods during infancy in relation to risk of asthma and atopic diseases up to 10 years. Clin Exp Allergy 2013;43:1263–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 25  Zutavern A, Brockow I, Schaaf B, et al. Timing of solid food introduction in relation to eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis and food and inhalant sensitization at the age of 6 years: results from the prospective cohort study LISA. Pediatrics 2008;121:e44–52. Pubmed link
    • 26  Saavedra JM, Boguniewicz M, Chamlin S, et al. Patterns of clinical management of atopic dermatitis in infants and toddlers: a survey of three physician specialities in United States. J Pediatr 2013:163:1747–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Napkin dermatitis

    • 27  Erasala GN, Romain C, Merlay I. Diaper area and disposable diapers. Curr Prob Dermatol 2011;40:83–9. Cross Ref link
    • 28  Liu N, Wang X, Odio M. Frequency and severity of diaper dermatitis with use of traditional Chinese cloth diapers: observations in 3–9 month old chidren. Pediatr Dermatol 2011;28:380–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Jacquet dermatitis

    • 29  Robson KJ, Maunghan JA, Purcell SD, et al. Erosive papulonodular dermatosis associated with topical benzocains: a report of two cases and evidence that granuloma gluteale, pseudoverrucous papules and Jacquet's erosive dermatitis are a disease spectrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:S74–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infantile gluteal granuloma

    • 30  Robson KJ, Maunghan JA, Purcell SD, et al. Erosive papulonodular dermatosis associated with topical benzocains : a report of two cases and evidence that granuloma gluteale, pseudoverrucous papules and Jacquet's erosive dermatitis are a disease spectrum. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:S74–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 31  Isogai R, Yamada H. Factors involved in development of diaper‐area granuloma in the aged. J Dermatol 2013;40(12):1038–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infantile psoriasis

    • 32  Rogers M. Childhood psoriasis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2002:14:404–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 33  Tollefson MM, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, Maradit Kremers H. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population‐based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010:62:979–87. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 34  Seyhan M, Coskun Bk, Sağlam H, et al. Psoriasis in childhood and adolescence: evaluation of demographic and clinical features. Peditr Int 2006:48:525–30. Cross Ref link
    • 35  Morris A, Rogers M, Fischer G, Williams K. Childhood psoriasis: a clinical review of 1262 cases. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:188–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 36  Silverberg NB. Update on pediatric psoriasis, part 1: clinical features and demographics. Cutis 2010;86:118–24. Pubmed link
    • 37  Shah KN. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric psoriasis: current and future. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013;14:195–213. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Parakeratosis pustulosa

    • 38  Cronin E, Samman PD. Parakeratosis pustulosa. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11:643–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 39  Richert B, André J. Nail disorders in children: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2011;12:101–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infantile acropustulosis

    • 40  Mazereeuw‐Hautier J. Infantile acropustulosis.Presse Med 2004;6(19 Pt 1):1352–4. Cross Ref link

    Pityriasis alba

    • 41  Jadotte YT, Janniger CK. Pityriasis alba revisited: perspectives on an enigmatic disorder of childhood. Cutis 2011;87:66–72. Pubmed link
    • 42  Blessman Webber M, Sponchiado de Alvila LG, Albaneze R, et al. Pityriasis alba: a study of pathogenic factors. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereal 2002;16:463–8. Cross Ref link
    • 43  Vinod S, Singh G, Dash K, Grover S. Clinico‐epidemiological study of pityriasis alba. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2002;68:338–40. Pubmed link

    Infantile acne

    • 44  Cunliffe WJ, Baron SE, Coulson IH. A clinical and therapeutic study of 29 patients with infantile acne. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:463–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 45  Miller IM, Echeverria B, Torrelo A, Jemec GB. Infantile acne treated with oral isotretinoin. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30:513–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 46  Bree AF, Siegfried EC. Acne vulgaris in preadolescent children: recommendations for evaluation. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(1):27–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Urticaria

    • 47  Mortureux P, Leaute‐Labreze C, Legrain‐Lifermann V, et al. Acute urticaria in infancy and early childhood: a prospective study. Arch Dermatol 1998;134(3): 319–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 48  Bourrier T. [Anaphylactic shock in the infant.] Arch Pediatr 2000;7(12):1347–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 49  Sicherer SH, Leung DY. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008;121(6):1351–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 50  Ferrari GG, Eng PA. IgE‐mediated food allergies in Swiss infants and children. Swiss Med Wkly 2011;141:w13269. Pubmed link
    • 51  Bailey E, Shaker M. An update on childhood urticaria and angioedema. Curr Opin Pediatr 2008;20(4):425–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 52  Twarog FJ. Urticaria in childhood: pathogenesis and management. Pediatr Clin North Am 1983;30(5):887–98. Pubmed link
    • 53  Kawasaki T, Kosaki F, Okawa S, et al. A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan. Pediatrics 1974;54(3):271–6. Pubmed link
    • 54  Posch C, Kaulfersch W, Rappersberger K. Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;63(12):947–51.
    • 55  Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD. Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin‐like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle‐Wells syndrome. Nat Genet 2001;29(3):301–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 56  Feldmann J, Prieur AM, Quartier P, et al. Chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome is caused by mutations in CIAS1, a gene highly expressed in polymorphonuclear cells and chondrocytes. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71(1):198–203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Viral exanthems

    • 57  Folster‐Holst R, Kreth HW. Viral exanthems in childhood – infectious (direct) exanthems. Part 1: classic exanthems. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7:309–16. Pubmed link
    • 58  Drago F, Paolino S, Rebora A, et al. The challenge of diagnosing atypical exanthems: a clinico‐laboratory study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:1282–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 59  Landolt B, Staubil G, Lips U, Weibel L. Skin disorders encountered in a Swiss pediatric emergency department. Swiss Med Wkly 2013;143:13731.
    • 60  Kaida A, Kubo H, Sekiguchi J, et al. Detection of 5 rash‐associated viruses using multiplex real‐time PCR during 2006–11. Jpn J Infect Dis 2012;65:430–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Roseola

    • 61  Koch WC. Fith (human parvovirus) and sixth (herpesvirus 6) diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14:343–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 62  Caselli E, Di Luca D. Molecular biology and clinical associations of roseolaviruses, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7. New Microbiol 2007;30:173–87. Pubmed link
    • 63  Eshima N, Tokumaru O, Hara S, et al. Age‐specific sex related differences in infections: a statistical analysis of national surveillance data in Japan. PLOS One 2012;12:7(7):e42261.
    • 64  Zerr DM, Meier AS, Selke SS, et al. A population based study of primary human herpesvirus 6 infection. N Engl J Med 2005:352:768–76. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Fifth disease

    • 65  Koch WC. Fith (human parvovirus) and sixth (herpesvirus 6) diseases. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001;14:343–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 66  Röhrer C, Gärtner B, Sauerbrei A, et al. Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in the German population. Epidemiol Infect 2008;136:1564–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 67  Smith PT, Landry ML, Carey H, et al. Papular‐purpuric gloves and socks syndrome associated with acute parvovirus B19 infection: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:164–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Zaki ME, Ashray RE. Clinical and haematological study for parvovirus B19 infection in children with acute leukaemia. Int J Lab Hematol 2010;32:159–66. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Hand, foot and mouth disease

    • 69  Frydenberg A, Starr M. Hand, foot and mouth disease. Aust Fam Physician 2003;32:594–5. Pubmed link
    • 70  Puenpa J, Chieochansin T, Linsuwanon P, et al. Hand foot and mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6, Thailand 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2013;19:641–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Varicella

    • 71  Pinquier D, Lécuyer A, Levy C, et al. Inverse correlation between varicella severity and level of anti‐varicella zoster virus maternal antibodies in infants below one year of age. Hum Vaccin 2011;7:534–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 72  Pinquier D, Gagneur A, Balu L, et al. Prevalence of anti‐varicella‐zoster virus antibodies in French infants under 15 months of age. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2009;16:484–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Measles

    • 73  Ghebrehewet S, Hayhurst G, Keenan A, Moore H. Outbreak of measles in central and eastern Cheshire, UK, October 2008–February 2009. Epidemiol Infect 2013;141:1849–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 74  Cockman P, Dawson l, Mathur R, Hull S. Improving MMR vaccination rates: herd immunity is a realistic goal. BMJ 2011;4:343.

    Impetigo

    • 75  Rortveit S, Rortveit G. Impetigo in epidemic and non‐epidemic phases: an incidence study over 4½ years in a general population. Br J Dermatol 2007;157:100–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Lamand V, Dauwalder O, Tristan A, et al. Epidemiological data of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in France from 1997 to 2007 and microbiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;12;514–21. Cross Ref link
    • 77  Bangert S, Levy M, Hebert AA. Bacterial resistance and impetigo treatment trends: a review. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;3:243–8. Cross Ref link

    Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

    • 78  Lamand V, Dauwalder O, Tristan A, et al. Epidemiological data of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in France from 1997 to 2007 and microbiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012;12;514–21. Cross Ref link
    • 79  Yamasaki O, Yamaguchi T, Sugai M, et al. Clinical manifestations of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome depend on serotypes of exfoliative toxins. J Clin Microbiol 2005:43:1890–3 Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Blistering distal dactylitis

    • 80  Scheinfeld NS. Is blistering distal dactylitis a variant of bullous impetigo? Clin Exp Dermatol 2007;32:314–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Perianal dermatitis

    • 81  Block SL. Perianal dermatitis: much more than just a diaper rash. Pediatr Ann 2013;42:12–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cutaneous Candida infection

    • 82  Fillipidi A, Galanakis E, Maraki S, et al. The effect of maternal flora on Candidia colonisation in the neonate. Mycoses 2014;57:43–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Blanco D, van Rossem K. A prospective two‐year assessment of miconazole resistance in Candida spp. With repeated treatment with 0.25% miconazole nitrate ointment in neonates and infants with moderate diaper dermatitis complicated by cutaneous candidiasis. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30;717–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Tinea corporis

    • 84  Raimer SS, Beightler EL, Hebert AA, et al. Tinea faceii in infants caused by Trichophyton tonsurans. Pediatr Dermatol 1986;3:452–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Tinea capitis

    • 85  Michaels BD, Del Rosso JQ. Tinea capitis in infants: recognition, evaluation and management suggestions. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2012;5:49–59. Pubmed link
    • 86  Romano C, Gianni C, Papini M. Tinea capitis in infants less than 1 year of age. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18;465–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 87  Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A, Gil J, et al. Tinea capitis in infants in their first year of life. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:886–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Scabies

    • 88  Katsarou A, Armenaka M, Kosmadaki M, et al. Skin disease in Greek and immigrant children in Athens. Int J Dermatol 2012;51:173–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 89  Sardana K, Mahajan S, Sarkar R, et al. The spectrum of skin disease among Indian children. Pediatr Dermatol 2009;26:6–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 90  Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, et al. The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134(6):1527–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Bécourt C, Marguet C, Balguerie X, Joly P. Treatment of scabies with oral ivermectin in 15 infants: a retrospective study on tolerance and efficacy. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:931–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Molluscum contagiosum

    • 92  Dohil MA, Lin P, Lee J, et al. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:47–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 93  Braue A, Ross G, Varigos G, Kelly H. Epidemiology and impact of childhood molluscum comtagiosum: a case series and critical review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 2005;22:287–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Acute haemorrhagic oedema in infancy

    • 94  Legrain V, Lejean S, Taieb A, et al. Infantile acute hemorrhagic edema of the skin: study of ten cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24(1):17–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 95  Saraclar Y, Tinaztepe K, Adalioğlu G, et al. Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) – a variant of Henoch‐Schonlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990;86(4 Pt 1):473–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Kawasaki disease

    • 96  Jamieson N, Singh‐Grewal D. Kawasaki disease: a clinician's update. Int J Pediatr 2013;2013:645391.
    • 97  Tseng CF, Fu YC, Fu LS, Betau H, Chi CS. Clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease in infants. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 2001:64:168–73. Pubmed link
    • 98  Chang FY, Hwang B, Chen SJ, et al. Characteristics of Kawasaki disease in infants younger than 6 months of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:241–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Chronic bullous disease of childhood

    • 99  Mintz EM, Morel KD. Clinical features, diagnosis, and pathogenesis of chronic bullous disease of childhood. Dermatol Clin 2011;29(3):459–62, ix. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Salmhofer W, Soyer HP, Wolf P, et al. UV light‐induced linear IgA dermatosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50 (1):109–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 101  Wojnarowska F. Chronic bullous disease of childhood. Semin Dermatol 1988;7(1):58–65. Pubmed link
    • 102  Coleman H, Shrubb VA. Chronic bullous disease of childhood – another cause for potential misdiagnosis of sexual abuse? Br J Gen Pract 1997;47(421):507–8. Pubmed link
    • 103  Mintz EM, Morel KD. Treatment of chronic bullous disease of childhood. Dermatol Clin 2011;29(4):699–700. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

    • 104  De Gaspari G, Bardare M, Costantino D. AU antigen in Crosti‐Gianotti acrodermatitis. Lancet 1970;1(7656):1116–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 105  Caputo R, Gelmetti C, Ermacora E, et al. Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 308 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26(2 Pt 1):207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 106  Brandt O, Abeck D, Gianotti R, Burgdorf W. Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(1):136–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 107  Chuh AA, Chan HH, Chiu SS, Ng HY, Peiris JS. A prospective case control study of the association of Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome with human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 infections. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(6):492–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 108  Taieb A, Pompougnac E, Hans P, et al. [Pediatric papular acrodermatitis and double primary infection by the hepatitis B virus and the Epstein‐Barr virus.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1985;112(11):889–92. Pubmed link
    • 109  Velangi SS, MJ Tidman. Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome after measles, mumps and rubella vaccination. Br J Dermatol 1998;139(6):1122–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 110  Kolivras A, Andre J. Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome following hepatitis A vaccination. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25(6):650. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 111  Taieb A, Plantin P, Du Pasquier P, et al. Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome: a study of 26 cases. Br J Dermatol 1986;115(1):49–59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 112  Chuh AA. Diagnostic criteria for Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome: a prospective case‐control study for validity assessment. Cutis 2001;68(3):207–13. Pubmed link
    • 113  Chuh A, Zawar V. The epidemiology, etiology and Chuh and Zawar's diagnostic criteria of Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome. Exp Rev Dermatol 2013;8.1:57–64. Cross Ref link
    • 114  Smith KJ, Skelton H. Histopathologic features seen in Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome secondary to Epstein‐Barr virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(6):1076–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Papular urticaria

    • 115  Steen CJ, Carbonaro PA, Schwartz RA. Arthropods in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(6):819–42, quiz 842–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 116  Hernandez RG, Cohen BA. Insect bite‐induced hypersensitivity and the SCRATCH principles: a new approach to papular urticaria. Pediatrics 2006;118(1):e189–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 117  Demain JG. Papular urticaria and things that bite in the night. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2003;3(4)291–303. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 118  Jordaan HF, Schneider JW. Papular urticaria: a histopathologic study of 30 patients. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19(2):119–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 119  Howard R, Frieden IJ. Papular urticaria in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1996;13(3):246–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis

    • 120  Lucky AW, Easterly NB, Heskel N, et al. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy. Pediatr Dermatol 1984;1(3):202–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 121  Taieb A, Bassan‐Andrieu L, Maleville J. Eosinophilic pustulosis of the scalp in childhood. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;27(1):55–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 122  Taieb A. Infantile eosinophilic pustular “folliculitis” in infancy: a nonfollicular disease. Pediatr Dermatol 1994;11(2):186. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 123  Hernandez‐Martin A, Nuno‐Gonzalez A, Colmenero I, et al. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of infancy: a series of 15 cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(1):150–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 124  Boone M, Dangoisse C, Andre J, et al. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in three atopic children with hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Dermatology 1995;190(2):164–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 125  Maruo K, Kayashima KI, Ono T. Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dermal infiltrated eosinophils in eosinophilic pustular folliculitis. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(3):417–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 126  Duarte AM, Kramer J, Yusk JW, et al. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy and childhood. Am J Dis Child 1993;147(2):197–200. Pubmed link
    • 127  Larralde M, Morales S, Muñoz AS, et al. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis in infancy: report of two new cases. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16(2):118–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 128  Patel NP, Laguada B, Roberts NM, et al. Treatment of eosinophilic pustulosis of infancy with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 2012;167(5):1189–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Dermoid cysts

    • 129  Ahuja R, Azar NF. Orbital dermoids in children. Semin Ophthalmol 2006;21(3):207–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 130  Raqbi F Zérah M, Bodemer C, et al. [Dermoid cysts revealed by meningitis with medullary compression.] Arch Pediatr 2001;8(5):499–503. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Preauricular cysts and sinuses

    • 131  Huang XY, Tay GS, Wansaicheong GK, Low WK. Preauricular sinus: clinical course and associations. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133(1):65–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 132  Scheinfeld NS Silverberg NB, Weinberg JM, et al. The preauricular sinus: a review of its clinical presentation, treatment, and associations. Pediatr Dermatol 2004;21(3):191–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 133  Wang RY, Earl DL, Ruder RO, Graham JM, Jr. Syndromic ear anomalies and renal ultrasounds. Pediatrics 2001;108(2):E32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 134  Leopardi G, Chiarella G, Conti S, et al. Surgical treatment of recurring preauricular sinus: supra‐auricular approach. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 2008;28(6):302–5. Pubmed link

    Pigmentary mosaicism

    • 135  Happle R. Mosaicism in human skin. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms. Arch Dermatol 1993;129(11):1460–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 137  Happle R. Phylloid hypermelanosis: an unusual form of pigmentary mosaicism. Dermatology 2010;220(2):183–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 138  Taibjee SM, Bennett DC, Moss C. Abnormal pigmentation in hypomelanosis of Ito and pigmentary mosaicism: the role of pigmentary genes. Br J Dermatol 2004;151(2):269–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Linear morphoea

    • 139  Christen‐Zaech S, Hakin MD, Afsar FS, Paller AS. Pediatric morphea (localized scleroderma): review of 136 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59(3):385–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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    • 141  Torrelo A, Suarez J, Colmenero I, et al. Deep morphea after vaccination in two young children. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23(5):484–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 142  Longo F, Saletta S, Lepore L, et al. Localized scleroderma after infection with Epstein‐Barr virus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993;11(6):681–3. Pubmed link
    • 143  Eisendle K, Grabner T, Zelger B. Morphoea: a manifestation of infection with Borrelia species? Br J Dermatol 2007;157(6):1189–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 144  Brownell I, Soter NA, Franks AG, Jr. Familial linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) responsive to antimalarials and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy. Dermatol Online J 2007;13(1):11. Pubmed link
    • 145  Weibel L, Harper JI. Linear morphoea follows Blaschko's lines. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(1):175–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 146  Murray KJ, Laxer RM. Scleroderma in children and adolescents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2002;28(3):603–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 147  Sommer A, Gambichler T, Bacharach‐Buhles M, et al. Clinical and serological characteristics of progressive facial hemiatrophy: a case series of 12 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(2):227–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 148  Pickert AJ Carpentieri D, Price H, et al. Early morphea mimicking acquired port‐wine stain. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(5):591–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 149  Tollefson MM, Witman PM. En coup de sabre morphea and Parry‐Romberg syndrome: a retrospective review of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):257–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 150  Foeldvari I. Do we need a minimum standards in care for children with localised scleroderma. 2012.
    • 151  Shaw LJ, Shipley J, Newell EL, et al. Scanning laser Doppler imaging may predict disease progression of localized scleroderma in children and young adults. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):152–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 152  Piram M, McCuaig CC, Saint‐Cyr C, et al. Short‐ and long‐term outcome of linear morphoea in children. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(6):1265–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 153  Li SC, Feldman BM, Higgins GC, Haines KA, Punaro MG, O'Neil KM. Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma: results of a survey of North American pediatric rheumatologists. J Rheumatol 2010;37(1):175–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Milia

    • 154  Monteagudo B, Labandeira J, Cabanillas M, et al. Prevalence of milia and palatal and gingival cysts in Spanish newborns. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29:301–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Koilonychia

    • 155  Richert B, André J. Nail disorders in children: diagnosis and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2011;12:101–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Non‐accidental injury

    • 156  Maguire S. Which injuries may indicate child abuse? Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2010;95:170–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 157  Mudd SS, Findlay JS. The cutaneous manifestations and common mimickers of physical child abuse. J Pediatr Health Care 2004:18:123–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Bite injuries

    • 158  Hein PM, Pannenbecker J, Schulz E. Bite injuries upon a newborn. Int J Legal Med 1992;105:53–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Pedal papules of infancy

    • 159  Greenberg S, Krafchik BR. Infantile pedal papules. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53:333–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 160  Larralde de Luna M, Ruiz León J, Cabrera HN. Pedal papules in newborn infants. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1990;18:9–12. Pubmed link

    Calcified cutaneous nodules of the heels

    • 161  Williamson D, Holf PJ. Calcified cutaneous nodules on the heels of children: a complication of heel sticks as a neonate. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18:138–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 162  Lemont H, Brady J. Infant heel nodules. Calcification of epidermal cysts. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002;92:112–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Hair loss in infancy

    • 163  Barth JH. Normal hair growth in children. Pediatr Dermatol 1987;4(3):173–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 164  Crowder JA, Frieden IJ, Price VH. Alopecia areata in infants and newborns. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(2):155–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 165  Marx SJ, Bliziotes MM, Nanes M. Analysis of the relation between alopecia and resistance to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986;25(4):373–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 166  Hamm H, Traupe H. Loose anagen hair of childhood: the phenomenon of easily pluckable hair. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20(2 Pt 1):242–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Juvenile xanthogranuloma

    • 167  Dehner LP. Juvenile xanthogranulomas in the first two decades of life: a clinicopathologic study of 174 cases with cutaneous and extracutaneous manifestations. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27(5):579–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 168  Chang MW, Frieden IJ, Good W. The risk intraocular juvenile xanthogranuloma: survey of current practices and assessment of risk. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(3):445–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 169  Zimmerman LE. Ocular lesions of juvenile xanthogranuloma. Nevoxanthoedothelioma. Am J Ophthalmol 1965;60(6):1011–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 170  Rodriguez‐Jurado R, Duran‐McKinster C, Ruiz‐Maldonado R. Benign cephalic histiocytosis progressing into juvenile xanthogranuloma: a non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis transforming under the influence of a virus? Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22(1):70–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 171  Jih DM, Salcedo SL, Jaworsky C. Benign cephalic histiocytosis: a case report and review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47(6):908–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Langerhans cell histiocytosis

    • 172  Alston RD, Tatevossian RG, McNally RJ, et al. Incidence and survival of childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis in northwest England from 1954 to 1998. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48(5):555–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 173  Sidler AK, Huston BM, Livasy C, et al. Pathological case of the month. Eosinophilic granuloma (Langerhans cell histiocytosis). Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2000;154(10):1057–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 174  Haroche J Cohen‐Aubart F, Emile JF, et al. Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim‐Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation. Blood 2013;121(9):1495–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 175  Kansal R, Quintanilla‐Martinez L, Datta V, et al. Identification of the V600D mutation in Exon 15 of the BRAF oncogene in congenital, benign langerhans cell histiocytosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013;52(1):99–106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 176  Stein SL, Paller AS, Haut PR, et al. Langerhans cell histiocytosis presenting in the neonatal period: a retrospective case series. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155(7):778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 177  Titgemeyer C, Grois N, Minkov M, et al. Pattern and course of single‐system disease in Langerhans cell histiocytosis data from the DAL‐HX 83‐ and 90‐study. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001;37(2):108–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 178  Lau L, Krafchik B, Trebo MM, et al. Cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis in children under one year. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006;46(1):66–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 179  Weitzman D, Goldbourt U. The significance of various blood pressure indices for long‐term stroke, coronary heart disease, and all‐cause mortality in men: the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease study. Stroke 2006;37(2):358–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Mastocytosis

    • 180  Ma D, Stence DD, Bossler AB, et al. Identification of KIT activating mutations in paediatric solitary mastocytoma. Histopathology 2014;64(2):218–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 181  Torrelo A, Alvarez‐Twose I, Escribano L. Childhood mastocytosis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2012;24(4):480–6. Pubmed link
    • 182  Valent P. Diagnostic evaluation and classification of mastocytosis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2006;26(3):515–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 183  Hannaford R, Rogers M. Presentation of cutaneous mastocytosis in 173 children. Australas J Dermatol 2001;42(1):15–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 184  Stein DH. Mastocytosis: a review. Pediatr Dermatol 1986;3(5):365–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 185  Kettelhut BV, Metcalfe DD. Pediatric mastocytosis. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96(Suppl. 3):S15–18; discussion S18, S60–5. Cross Ref link
    • 186  Metcalfe DD. The treatment of mastocytosis: an overview. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96(Suppl. 3):S55–6; discussion S56–9, S60–5. Cross Ref link
    • 187  Businco L, Cantani A, Buscinco E, et al. Systemic mastocytosis in a 5‐year‐old child: successful treatment with disodium cromoglycate. Clin Allergy 1984;14(2):147–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 188  Heide R, Beishuizen A, de Groot H, et al. Mastocytosis in children: a protocol for management. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25(4):493–500. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 189  Simons FE, Gu X, Silver NA, Simons KJ. EpiPen Jr versus EpiPen in young children weighing 15 to 30 kg at risk for anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002;109(1):171–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Infantile and congenital haemangiomas

      Infantile haemangiomas

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      • 191  Hoornweg MJ, Smeulders MJ, Ubbink DT, van der Horst CM. The prevalence and risk factors of infantile haemangiomas: a case‐control study in the Dutch population. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012;26(2):156–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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      • 193  Regnier S, Dupin N, Le Danff C, et al. Endothelial cells in infantile haemangiomas originate from the child and not from the mother (a fluorescence in situ hybridization‐based study). Br J Dermatol 2007;157(1):158–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 194  Walter JW, Blei F, Anderson JL, et al. Genetic mapping of a novel familial form of infantile hemangioma. Am J Med Genet 1999;82(1):77–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 195  Grimmer JF, Williams MS, Pimental R, et al. Familial clustering of hemangiomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;137(8):757–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 196  Jinnin M, Medici D, Park L, et al. Suppressed NFAT‐dependent VEGFR1 expression and constitutive VEGFR2 signaling in infantile hemangioma. Nat Med 2008;14(11):1236–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 197  Tollefson MM, Frieden IJ. Early growth of infantile hemangiomas: what parents' photographs tell us. Pediatrics 2012;130(2):e314–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 198  Chang LC, Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, et al. Growth characteristics of infantile hemangiomas: implications for management. Pediatrics 2008;122(2):360–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 199  Couto RA, Maclellan Ra, Zurakowski D, Greene AK. Infantile hemangioma: clinical assessment of the involuting phase and implications for management. Plast Reconstr Surg 2012;130(3):619–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 200  Bauland CG, Luning TH, Smit JM, et al. Untreated hemangiomas: growth pattern and residual lesions. Plast Reconstr Surg 2011;127(4):1643–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 201  Waner M, North PE, Scherer KA, et al. The nonrandom distribution of facial hemangiomas. Arch Dermatol 2003;139(7):869–75. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 202  Metry D, Heyer G, Hess C, et al. Consensus statement on diagnostic criteria for PHACE syndrome. Pediatrics 2009;124(5):1447–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 203  Nabatian AS, Milgraum SS, Hess CP, et al. PHACE without face? Infantile hemangiomas of the upper body region with minimal or absent facial hemangiomas and associated structural malformations. Pediatr Dermatol 2011;28(3):235–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 204  Haggstrom AN, Garzon MC, Baselga E, et al. Risk for PHACE syndrome in infants with large facial hemangiomas. Pediatrics 2010;126(2):e418–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 205  Luu M, Frieden IJ. Haemangioma: clinical course, complications and management. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):20–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 206  Dickie B, Dasgupta R, Nair R, et al. Spectrum of hepatic hemangiomas: management and outcome. J Pediatr Surg 2009;44(1):125–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 207  Christison‐Lagay ER, Burrows PE, Alomari A, et al. Hepatic hemangiomas: subtype classification and development of a clinical practice algorithm and registry. J Pediatr Surg 2007;42(1):62–7; discussion 67–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 208  Vredenborg AD, Janmohamed SR, de Laat PC, et al. Multiple cutaneous infantile haemangiomas and the risk of internal haemangioma. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):188–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 209  Kulungowski AM, Alomari AI, Chawla A, et al. Lessons from a liver hemangioma registry: subtype classification. J Pediatr Surg 2012;47(1):165–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 210  Chamlin SL, Haggstrom AN, Drolet BA, et al. Multicenter prospective study of ulcerated hemangiomas. J Pediatr 2007;151(6):684–9, 689 e1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 211  Thomson HG, Lanigan M. The Cyrano nose: a clinical review of hemangiomas of the nasal tip. Plast Reconstr Surg 1979;63(2):155–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 212  Bramhall RJ, Quaba A. A review of 58 patients with periorbital haemangiomas to determine appropriate cases for intervention. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2008;61(2):138–49. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 213  Leaute‐Labreze C, Dumas de la Roque E, Hubiche T, et al. Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2649–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 214  Marqueling AL, Oza V, Frieden IJ, Puttgen KB. Propranolol and infantile hemangiomas four years later: a systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30(2):182–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 215  Lou Y, Peng WJ, Cao Y, et al. The effectiveness of propranolol in treating infantile haemangiomas: a meta‐analysis including 35 studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014;78(1):44–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 216  Balma‐Mena A, Chakkittakandiyil A, Weinstein M, et al. Propranolol in the management of infantile hemangiomas: clinical response and predictors. J Cutan Med Surg 2012;16(3):169–73. Pubmed link
      • 217  Fuchsmann C, Quintal MC, Giguere C, et al. Propranolol as first‐line treatment of head and neck hemangiomas. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;137(5):471–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 218  Metry D, Friden IJ, Hess C, et al. Propranolol use in PHACE syndrome with cervical and intracranial arterial anomalies: collective experience in 32 infants. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30(1):71–89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 219  Solman L, Murabit A, Gnarra M, et al. Propranolol for infantile haemangiomas: single centre experience of 250 cases and proposed therapeutic protocol. Arch Dis Child 2014.
      • 220  Drolet BA, Frommelt PC, Chamlin SL, et al. Initiation and use of propranolol for infantile hemangioma: report of a consensus conference. Pediatrics 2013;131(1):128–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 221  Giachetti A, Garcia‐Monaco R, Sojo M, et al. Long‐term treatment with oral propranolol reduces relapses of infantile hemangiomas. Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(1):14–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 222  Kunzi‐Rapp K. Topical propranolol therapy for infantile hemangiomas. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(2):154–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 223  Chakkittakandiyil A, Phillips R, Frieden IJ, et al. Timolol maleate 0.5% or 0.1% gel‐forming solution for infantile hemangiomas: a retrospective, multicenter, cohort study. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(1):28–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 224  Berk DR, Lehman PA, Franz TJ, et al. On topical timolol gel‐forming solution for infantile hemangiomas. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30(1):160–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 225  McMahon P, Oza V, Frieden IJ. Topical timolol for infantile hemangiomas: putting a note of caution in “cautiously optimistic”. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(1):127–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 226  Lee D, Boscolo E, Durham JT, et al. Propranolol targets the contractility of infantile haemangioma‐derived pericytes. Br J Dermatol 2014;171(5):1129–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 227  David LR, Malek MM, Argenta LC. Efficacy of pulse dye laser therapy for the treatment of ulcerated haemangiomas: a review of 78 patients. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56(4):317–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 228  Batta K, Goodyear HM, Moss C, et al. Randomised controlled study of early pulsed dye laser treatment of uncomplicated childhood haemangiomas: results of a 1‐year analysis. Lancet 2002;360(9332):521–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 229  Scheepers JH, Quaba AA. Does the pulsed tunable dye laser have a role in the management of infantile hemangiomas? Observations based on 3 years' experience. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995;95(2):305–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 230  Kono T, Sakurai H, Groff WF, et al. Comparison study of a traditional pulsed dye laser versus a long‐pulsed dye laser in the treatment of early childhood hemangiomas. Lasers Surg Med 2006;38(2):112–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 231  Leonardi‐Bee J, Batta K, O'Brien C, et al. Interventions for infantile haemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks) of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;Issue 5:CD006545. Pubmed link
      • 232  Witman PM, Wagner AM, Scherer K, et al. Complications following pulsed dye laser treatment of superficial hemangiomas. Lasers Surg Med 2006;38(2):116–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 233  McHeik JN, Renauld V, Duport G, et al. Surgical treatment of haemangioma in infants. Br J Plast Surg 2005;58(8):1067–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 234  Mulliken JB, Fishman SJ, Burrows PE. Vascular anomalies. Curr Probl Surg 2000;37(8):517–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Congenital haemangiomas

      • 235  Boon LM, Enjolras O, Mulliken JB. Congenital hemangioma: evidence of accelerated involution. J Pediatr 1996;128(3):329–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 236  Fadell MF, Jones BV, Adams DM. Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow‐up of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH). Pediatr Radiol 2011;41(8):1057–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 237  Nasseri E, Piram M, McCuaig CC, et al. Partially involuting congenital hemangiomas: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(1):75–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 238  Rogers M, Lam A, Fischer G. Sonographic findings in a series of rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas (RICH). Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(1):5–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 239  Berenguer B, Mulliken JB, Enjolras O, et al. Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma: clinical and histopathologic features. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2003;6(6):495–510. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 240  Baselga E, Cordisco MR, Garzon M, et al. Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma associated with transient thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy: a case series. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(6):1363–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 241  Enjolras O, Mulliken JB, Boon LM, et al. Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma: a rare cutaneous vascular anomaly. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107(7):1647–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link