Jellyfish, sea aneomones and corals

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  • 3  Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF, eds. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996.
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  • 6  Burnett JW, Calton GJ, Burnett HW. Jellyfish envenomation syndromes. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14:100–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 7  Halstead BW. Coelenterate (cnidarian) stings and wounds. Clin Dermatol 1987;5:8–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 9  Strutton G, Lumley J. Cutaneous light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in a fatal case of jellyfish envenomation. J Cutan Pathol 1988;15:249–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 10  Reed KM, Bronstein BR, Baden HP. Delayed and persistent cutaneous reactions to coelenterates. J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;10:462–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 13  Little M, Mulcahy RF. A year's experiencee of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland. Med J Aust 1998;169:638–41. Pubmed link
  • 14  Fenner PJ, Fitzpatrick PF, Hartwick RJ, et al. ‘Morbakka’, another cubomedusan. Med J Aust 1985;143:550–5. Pubmed link
  • 15  Maretic Z, Russell FE. Stings by the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata in the Adriatic sea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32:891–6. Pubmed link
  • 16  Sanchez‐Rodriquez J, Zugasti‐Cruz A, Burnett JW. Cutaneous stings from Bartholomea annulata. Contact Dermatitis 2001;44:314–15. Pubmed link
  • 17  Preston FS. Coral ulcer. BMJ 1950;1:642–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 18  McGoldrick J, Marx JA. Marine envenomations part 2: invertebrates. J Emerg Med 1992;10:71–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 20  Tibballs J. Australian venomous jellyfish, envenomation syndromes, toxins and therapy. Toxicon 2006;48:830–59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 21  Edwards EK, Jr, Edwards EK, Sr. Immediate, anaphylactic and delayed reactions to jellyfish. Contact Dermatitis 2000;43:244–5. Pubmed link
  • 22  Guess HA, Saviteer PL, Morris CR. Hemolysis and acute renal failure following a Portuguese man‐of‐war sting. Pediatrics 1982;70:979–81. Pubmed link
  • 23  Stein MR, Marraccini JV, Rothschild NE, et al. Fatal Portuguese man‐o'‐war (Physalia physalis) envenomation. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18:312–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 24  Burnett JW, Gable WD. A fatal jellyfish envenomation by the Portuguese man‐o'‐war. Toxicon 1989;27:823–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 25  Little M, Pereira P, Carrette T, Seymour J. Jellyfish responsible for the Irukandji syndrome. Q J Med 2006;99:425–7. Cross Ref link
  • 26  Gershwin L. Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome. Q J Med 2006;99:801–2. Cross Ref link
  • 27  Fenner PJ. Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome. Q J Med 2006;99:802–3. Cross Ref link
  • 28  Little M. Jellyfish responsible for Irukandji syndrome. Q J Med 2006;99:803–4. Cross Ref link
  • 29  Burnett JW, Calton GJ. Recurrent eruption following a solitary envenomation by the cnidarian Stomalophous meleagris. Toxicon 1985;23:1010–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 30  Burnett JW, Hepper KP, Aurelian L, et al. Recurrent eruptions following unusual solitary coelenterate envenomations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:86–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 31  O'Donnell BF, Tan CY. Persistent contact dermatitis from jellyfish sting. Contact Dermatitis 1993;28:112–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 32  O'Reilly GM, Isbister GK, Lawrie PM, et al. Prospective study of jellyfish stings from tropical Australia, including the major box jellyfish Chironex fleckeri. Med J Aust 2001;175:652–5. Pubmed link
  • 33  Tamanaha RH, Izumi AK. Persistent cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction after a Hawaiian box jellyfish sting (Carybdea alata). J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:991–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 34  Uri S, Marina G, Liubov G. Severe delayed cutaneous reaction due to Mediterranean jellyfish (Rhopilema nomadica) envenomation. Contact Dermatitis 2005;52:282–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 35  Ulrich H, Landthaler M, Vogt T. Granulomatous jellyfish dermatitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2007;5:493–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 36  Kokelj F, Stinco G, Avian M, et al. Cell‐mediated sensitization to jellyfish antigens confirmed by positive patch test to Olindias sambaquiensis preparations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:307–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 37  Auerbach PS, Hays JT. Erythema nodosum following a jellyfish sting. J Emerg Med 1987;5:487–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 38  Mathelier‐Fusade P, Leynadier F. Acquired cold urticaria after jellyfish sting. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:273.
  • 39  Ingram DM, Sheiner HJ, Ginsberg AM. Mondor's disease of the breast resulting from jellyfish sting. Med J Aust 1992;157:836–7. Pubmed link
  • 40  Addy JH. Red Sea coral contact dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 1991;30:271–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 41  Camarasa JG, Nogues Antich E, Serra‐Baldrich E. Red Sea coral contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1993;29:285–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 42  Fisher AA. Aquatic dermatitis, part I. Dermatitis caused by coelenterates. Cutis 1999;64: 84–8. Pubmed link
  • 43  Tong D. Coral dermatitis in the aquarium industry. Contact Dermatitis 1995;33:207–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 44  Freudenthal AR. Seabather's eruption: range extended northward and a causative organism identified. Rev Int Oceanogr Med 1991;101:137–47.
  • 45  Tomchik RS, Russell MT, Szmant AM, Black NA. Clinical perspectives on seabather's eruption, also known as ‘sea lice’. JAMA 1993;269:1669–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 46  Freudenthal AR, Joseph PR. Seabather's eruption. N Engl J Med 1993;329:542–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 47  Wong DE, Meinking TL, Rosen LB, et al. Seabather's eruption. Clinical, histologic, and immunologic features. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30:399–406. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 48  MacSween RM, Williams HC. Seabather's eruption – a case of Caribbean itch. BMJ 1996;312:957–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 49  Ubillos SS, Vuong D, Sinnott JT, Sakalosky PE. Seabather's eruption. South Med J 1995;88:1163–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 50  Segura‐Puertas L, Ramos ME, Aramburo C, et al. One Linuche mystery solved: all 3 stages of the coronate syphomedusa Linuche unguiculata cause seabather's eruption. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:624–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 51  Burnett JW, Kumar S, Malecki JM, Szmant AM. The antibody response in seabather's eruption. Toxicon 1995;33:99–104. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 52  Exton DR, Fenner PJ, Williamson JA. Cold packs: effective topical analgesia in the treatment of painful stings by Physalia and other jellyfish. Med J Aust 1989;151:625–6. Pubmed link
  • 53  Fenner PJ, Williamson JA, Burnett JW, Rifkin J. First aid treatment of jellyfish stings in Australia. Med J Aust 1993;158:498–501. Pubmed link
  • 54  Taylor JG. Treatment of jellyfish stings. Med J Aust 2007;186:43. Pubmed link
  • 55  Loten C, Stokes B, Worsley D, et al. A randomised controlled trial of hot water (45°C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings. Med J Aust 2006;184:329–33. Pubmed link

Sponges

  • 56  Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF, eds. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996.
  • 57  Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Jr. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001.
  • 58  Yaffee HS, Stargardter F. Erythema multiforme from Tedania ignis. Arch Dermatol 1963;87:601–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 59  Burnett JW, Calton GJ, Morgan RJ. Dermatitis due to stinging sponges. Cutis 1987;39:476. Pubmed link

Sea urchins

  • 60  Halstead BW. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, 2nd edn. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1988.
  • 61  Edmonds C. Dangerous Marine Animals of the Indo‐Pacific Region. Newport, Australia: Wedneil Publications, 1978.
  • 62  Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF, eds. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996.
  • 63  McGoldrick J, Marx JA. Marine envenomation part 2: invertebrates. J Emerg Med 1992;10:71–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 64  Rietschel RL, Fowler JF, Jr. Fisher's Contact Dermatitis, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2001.
  • 65  De la Torre C, Toribio J. Sea‐urchin granuloma: histologic profile. A pathologic study of 50 biopsies. J Cut Pathol 2001;28:223–8. Cross Ref link
  • 66  De la Torre C, Vega A, Carracedo A, Toribio J. Identification of Mycobacterium marinum in sea‐urchin granulomas. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:114–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 67  Cracchiolo A, 3rd, Goldberg L. Local and systemic reactions to puncture injuries by the sea urchin spine and the date palm thorn. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20:1206–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 68  Asada M, Komura J, Hosokawa H, et al. A case of delayed hypersensitivity reaction following a sea‐urchin sting. Dermatologica 1990;180:99–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 69  Laird P. Sea‐urchin injuries. Lancet 1995;346:1240. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 70  Böer A, Ochsendorf FR, Beier C, Kaufmann R. Effective removal of sea‐urchin spines by erbium:YAG laser ablation. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:169–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Sea mats

  • 71  Porter JS, Ellis JR, Hayward PJ, et al. Geographic variation in abundance and morphology of the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum (Ctenostomata: Alcyonidiidae) in UK coastal waters. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 2002;82:529–35. Cross Ref link
  • 72  Pathmanaban ON, Porter JS, White IR. Dogger Bank itch in the eastern English Channel: a newly described geographical distribution of an old problem. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005;30:622–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 73  Newhouse ML. Dogger Bank itch: survey of trawlermen. BMJ 1966;1:1142–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 74  Newhouse ML. Dogger Bank itch. Proc R Soc Med 1966;59:1119–20. Pubmed link
  • 75  Jeanmougin M, Lemarchand‐Venecie F, Hoang XD, et al. Eczéma professionel avec photosensibilité par contact de bryozoaires. Ann Dermatol Vénéréol 1987;114:353–7.
  • 76  Ashworth J, Curry FM, White IR, Rycroft RJG. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in east coast of England fishermen: newly described hypersensitivities to marine organisms. Contact Dermatitis 1990;22:185–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 77  Carlé JS, Christophersen C. Dogger Bank itch. 4. An eczema‐causing sulfoxonium ion from the marine animal, Alcyonidium gelatinosum (Bryozoa). Toxicon 1982;20:307–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 78  Carlé JS, Thybo H, Christophersen C. Dogger bank itch (3). Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of a hapten. Contact Dermatitis 1982;8:43–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Mollusca

  • 79  Halstead BW. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, 2nd edn. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1988.
  • 80  Kohn AJ. Venomous marine snails of the genus Conus. In: Keegan HL, Macfarlane WV, eds. Venomous and Poisonous Animals and Noxious Plants of the Pacific Region. Oxford: Pergamon, 1963:83–96.
  • 81  McGoldrick J, Marx JA. Marine envenomations part 2: invertebrates. J Emerg Med 1992;10:71–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 82  Hutton RF. Marine dermatosis. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:951–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 83  Fegan D, Andresen D. Conus geographus envenomation. Lancet 1997;349:1672. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 84  Sutherland SK, Lane WR. Toxins and mode of envenomation of the common ringed or blue‐banded octopus. Med J Aust 1969;1:893–8. Pubmed link
  • 85  Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996.
  • 86  Edmonds C. A non‐fatal case of blue‐ringed octopus bite. Med J Aust 1969;2:601. Pubmed link
  • 87  Brazzelli V, Baldini F, Nolli G, et al. Octopus apollyon bite. Contact Dermatitis 1999;40:169–7 Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Venomous fish

  • 88  Halstead BW. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World, 2nd edn. Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1988.
  • 89  Halstead BW, Mitchell LR. A review of the venomous fishes of the Pacific area. In: Keegan HL, Macfarlane VN, eds. Venomous and Poisonous Animals and Noxious Plants of the Pacific Region. Oxford: Pergamon, 1963:173–202.
  • 90  Williamson JA, Fenner PJ, Burnett JW, Rifkin JF. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996.
  • 91  Cain D. Weever fish sting: an unusual problem. BMJ 1983;287:406–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 92  Davies RS, Evans RJ. Weever fish stings: a report of two cases presenting to an accident and emergency department. J Accid Emerg Med 1996;13:139–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 93  Scoggin CH. Catfish stings. JAMA 1975;231:176–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 94  Burnett JW. Aquatic adversaries: stonefish. Cutis 1998;62:269–70. Pubmed link
  • 95  Fenner J, Williamson JA, Skinner RA. Fatal and non‐fatal stingray envenomation. Med J Aust 1989;151:621–5. Pubmed link
  • 96  Carducci M, Mussi A, Leone G, Catricalà C. Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to weever fish stings. Arch Dermatol 1996;132:838–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 97  Mayser P, Dreyer F, Repp H. Persistierende Hautreaktion und Raynaud‐Syndrom nach einem Stich durch den Fisch Echiichthys draco. Hautarzt 2003;54:633–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 98  Auerbach PS. Marine envenomations. N Engl J Med 1991;325:486–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 99  Germain M, Smith KJ, Skelton H. the cutaneous infiltrate to stingray envenomation contains increased TIA+ cells. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1074–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 100  Russell FE. Weever fish sting: the last word. BMJ 1983;287:981–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 101  Warrell DA, Fenner PJ. Venomous bites and stings. Br Med Bull 1993;49:423–39. Pubmed link
  • 102  Isbister GK. Venomous fish stings in tropical northern Australia. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:561–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Rodent bites

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  • 104  Place EH, Sutton LE, Jr. Erythema athriticum epidemicum (Haverhill fever). Arch Intern Med 1934;54:659. Cross Ref link
  • 105  Torres L, López AI, Escobar S, et al. Bacteremia by Streptobacillus moniliformis: first case described in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003;22:258. Pubmed link
  • 106  Stehle P, Dubuis O, So A, Dudler J. Rat bite fever without fever. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:894. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 107  Mandel DR. Streptobacillary fever. An unusual cause of infectious arthritis. Cleve Clin Q 1985;52:203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 108  Carbeck RB, Murphy JF, Britt EM. Streptobacillary rat‐bite fever with massive pericardial effusion. JAMA 1967;201:703. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 109  Taber LH, Feigin RD. Spirochetal infections. Pediatr Clin North Am 1979;26:377. Pubmed link
  • 110  Raffin BJ, Freemark M. Streptobacillary rat‐bite fever: a pediatric problem. Pediatrics 1979;64:214. Pubmed link

Snake bites

  • 111  Warrell DA. Venomous bites and stings in the tropical world. Med J Aust 1993;159:773–9. Pubmed link
  • 112  Warrell DA, Fenner PJ. Venomous bites and stings. Br Med Bull 1993;49:423–39. Pubmed link
  • 113  McNamee D. Tackling venomous snake bites worldwide. Lancet 2001;357:1680. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 114  Chippaux JP. Snake‐bites: appraisal of the global situation. Bull World Health Organ 1998;76:515. Pubmed link
  • 115  Warrell DA, Greenwood BM, Davidson NMcD, et al. Necrosis, haemorrhage and complement depletion following bites by the spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis). Q J Med 1976;45:1–22. Pubmed link
  • 116  Warrell DA, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, et al. Severe neurotoxic envenoming by the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus): response to antivenom and anticholinesterase. BMJ 1983;286:678–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 117  Morling AC, Marshall LR, Herrmann RP. Thrombocytopenia after brown snake envenomation. Med J Aust 1989;151:627–8. Pubmed link
  • 118  Sutherland SK. Deaths from snake bite in Australia, 1981–1991. Med J Aust 1992;157:740–5. Pubmed link
  • 119  Sutherland SK, Leonard RL. Snakebite deaths in Australia 1992–1994 and a management update. Med J Aust 1995;163:616–18. Pubmed link
  • 120  Cheng AC, Currie BJ. Venomous snakebites worldwide with a focus on the Australia‐Pacific region: current management and controversies. J Intensive Care Med 2004;19:259. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dog and cat bites

  • 121  Rosenkrans JA. Animal and human bites. In: Barkin RM, ed. Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 2nd edn. St Louis: Mosby, 1997:459–64.
  • 122  Morgan M, Palmer J. Dog bites. BMJ 2007;334:413–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 123  Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:1019–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 124  Pers C, Gahrn‐Hansen B, Frederiksen W. Capnocytophaga canimorsus septicaemia in Denmark, 1982–1995: review of 39 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:71–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 125  Herbst JS, Raffanti S, Pathy A, et al. Dysgonic fermenter type 2 septicemia with purpura fulminans. Dermatologic features of a zoonosis acquired from household pets. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1380–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 126  Aslam A. Life‐threatening Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection after dog bite. J R Soc Med 1999;92(3):140–1. Pubmed link
  • 127  Daniels DM, Ritzi RB, O'Neil J, Scherer LR. Analysis of nonfatal dog bites in children. J Trauma 2009;66:S17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 128  Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, et al. Bacteriologic analysis of infected cat and dog bites. N Engl J Med 1999;340:85–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 129  Wright JC. Repeated cat bites in Dallas: characteristics of the cats, the victims and the attack events. Public Health Rep 1990;105:420–4. Pubmed link
  • 130  Chodakewitz J, Bia FJ. Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis from a cat bite. Yale J Biol Med 1988;61:513. Pubmed link
  • 131  Brakenbury PH, Muwanga C. A comparative double blind study of amoxycillin/clavulanate vs placebo in the prevention of infection after animal bites. Arch Emerg Med 1989;6:251. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 132  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:468. Pubmed link

Human bites

  • 133  Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, Wolf JE. Dog, cat, and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:1019–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 134  Wienert P, Heiss J, Rinecker H, Sing A. A human bite. Lancet 1999;354:572. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 135  Cancio‐Bello TP, de Medina M, Shorey J, et al. An institutional outbreak of hepatitis B related to a human biting carrier. J Infect Dis 1982;146:652–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 136  Pretty IA, Anderson GS, Sweet DJ. Human bites and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20:232–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link