Plaque psoriasis

• 1  Lomholt G. Psoriasis. Prevalence, spontaneous course and genetics. A census study on the prevalence of skin disease on the Faroe Islands. Copenhagen: GEC Gad. 1963:31–3.
• 2  Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, et al. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133:377–85. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 3  Farber EM, Nall ML. Epidemiology: Natural history and genetics. In: Roenigk HH, Maibach HI, eds. Psoriasis. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1985:141–86.
• 4  Convit J. Investigation of the incidence among Latin American Indians. In: Proceedings of the XIIth Congress on Dermatology. Amsterdam: Exerpta Medica Foundation, 1962:196.
• 5  Henseler T, Christophers E. Psoriasis of early and late onset: characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:450–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 6  Smith AE, Kassab JY, Rowland Payne CM, Beer WE. Bimodality in age of onset of psoriasis, in both patients and their relatives. Dermatology 1993;186:181–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 7  Holgate MC. The age of onset of psoriasis and the relationship to parental psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:443–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 8  Hellgren L. Psoriasis: the prevalence in sex, age and occupational groups in total populations in Sweden. Morphology, inheritance and association with other skin and rheumatic diseases. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell, 1967:19–53.
• 9  Farber EM, Nall ML. The natural history of psoriasis in 5,600 patients. Dermatologica 1974;148:1–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 10  White D, O'Shea SJ, Rogers S. Do men have more severe psoriasis than women? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:126–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 11  Augustin M, Spehr C, Radtke MA, et al. German proasisi registry PsoBest: objectives, methodology and baseline data. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2014;12:48–57. Pubmed link

Genetics

• 12  Lomholt G, ed. Psoriasis: Prevalence, Spontaneous Course and Genetics. A Census Study on the Prevalence of Skin Diseases on the Faroe Islands. Copenhagen: GEC Gad, 1963.
• 13  Hellgren L. Psoriasis: The Prevalence in Sex, Age and Occupational Groups in Total Populations in Sweden. Morphology, Inheritance and Association with Other Skin and Rheumatic Diseases. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1967.
• 14  Swanbeck G, Inerot A, Martinsson T, Wahlstrom J. A population genetic study of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:32–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 15  Henseler T, Christophers E. Psoriasis of early and late onset: characterization of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13:450–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 16  Gudjonsson JE, Karason A, Antonsdottir AA, et al. HLA‐Cw6‐positive and HLA‐Cw6‐negative patients with psoriasis vulgaris have distinct clinical features. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:362–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 17  Swanbeck G, Inerot A, Martinsson T, et al. Age at onset and different types of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1995;133:768–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 18  Elder JT, Henseler T, Christophers E, et al. Of genes and antigens: the inheritance of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:150S–3S. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 19  Burden AD, Javed S, Bailey M, et al. Genetics of psoriasis: paternal inheritance and a locus on chromosome 6p. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:958–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 20  Lonnberg AS, Skov L, Skytthe A, et al. Heritability of psoriasis in a large twin sample. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:412–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 21  Duffy DL, Spelman LS, Martin NG. Psoriasis in Australian twins. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:428–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 22  Grjibovski AM, Olsen AO, Magnus P, et al. Psoriasis in Norwegian twins: contribution of genetic and environmental effects. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:1337–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 23  Barker JNWN. Genetic aspects of psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:321–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 24  Mallon E, Bunce M, Savoie H, et al. HLA‐C and guttate psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:1177–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 25  Asumalahti K, Ameen M, Suomela S, et al. Genetic analysis of psoriasis distinguishes guttate psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:627–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Molecular genetics

• 26  Lowes MA, Bowcock AM, Krueger JG. Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis. Nature 2007; 445:866–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 27  Tomfohrde J, Silverman A, Barnes R, et al. Gene for familial psoriasis susceptibility mapped to the distal end of human chromosome 17q. Science 1994; 264:1141–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 28  Capon F, Munro M, Barker J, Trembath R. Searching for the major histocompatibility complex psoriasis susceptibility gene. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:745–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 29  Feng BJ, Sun LD, Soltani‐Arabshahi R, et al. Multiple loci within the major histocompatibility complex confer risk of psoriasis. PLOS Genet 2009;5:e1000606. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 30  Knight J, Spain SL, Capon F, et al. Conditional analysis identifies three novel major histocompatibility complex loci associated with psoriasis. Hum Mol Genet 2012;21:5185–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 31  Asumalahti K, Ameen M, Suomela S, et al. Genetic analysis of PSORS1 distinguishes guttate psoriasis and palmoplantar pustulosis. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:627–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 32  Allen MH, Ameen H, Veal C, et al. The major psoriasis susceptibility locus PSORS1 is not a risk factor for late‐onset psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:103–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 33  Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, et al. PSORS2 is due to mutations in CARD14. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:784–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 34  Jordan CT, Cao L, Roberson ED, et al. Rare and common variants in CARD14, encoding an epidermal regulator of NF‐kappaB, in psoriasis. Am J Hum Genet 2012;90:796–808. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 35  Nair RP, Duffin KC, Helms C, et al. Genome‐wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL‐23 and NF‐kappaB pathways. Nat Genet 2009;41:199–204. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 36  Zhang XJ, Huang W, Yang S, et al. Psoriasis genome‐wide association study identifies susceptibility variants within LCE gene cluster at 1q21. Nat Genet 2009;41:205–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 37  de Cid R, Riveira‐Munoz E, Zeeuwen PLJM, et al. Deletion of the late cornified envelope LCE3B and LCE3C genes as a susceptibility factor for psoriasis. Nat Genet 2009;41:211–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 38  Hüffmeier U, Uebe S, Ekici AB, et al. Common variants at TRAF3IP2 are associated with susceptibility to psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis. Nat Genet 2010;42:996–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 39  Sun LD, Cheng H, Wang ZX, et al. Association analyses identify six new psoriasis susceptibility loci in the Chinese population. Nat Genet 2010;42:1005–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 40  Ellinghaus E, Ellinghaus D, Stuart PE, et al. Genome‐wide association study identifies a psoriasis susceptibility locus at TRAF3IP2. Nat Genet 2010;42:991–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 41  Strange A, Capon F, Spencer CC, et al. A genome‐wide association study identifies new psoriasis susceptibility loci and an interaction between HLA‐C and ERAP1. Nat Genet 2010;42:985–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 42  Stuart PE, Nair RP, Ellinghaus E, et al. Genome‐wide association analysis identifies three psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010;42:1000–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 43  Ellinghaus D, Ellinghaus E, Nair RP, et al. Combined analysis of genome‐wide association studies for Crohn disease and psoriasis identifies seven shared susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet 2012;90:636–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 44  Tsoi LC, Spain SL, Knight J, et al. Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity. Nat Genet 2012;44:1341–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 45  Capon F, Burden AD, Trembath RC, Barker JN. Psoriasis and other complex trait dermatoses: from loci to functional pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:915–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 46  Bergboer JG, Zeeuwen PL, Schalkwijk J. Genetics of psoriasis: evidence for epistatic interaction between skin barrier abnormalities and immune deviation. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:2320–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 47  Tejasvi T, Stuart PE, Chandran V, et al. TNFAIP3 gene polymorphisms are associated with response to TNF blockade in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:593–600. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 48  Talamonti M, Botti E, Galluzzo M, et al. Pharmacogenetics of psoriasis: HLA‐Cw6 but not LCE3B/3C deletion nor TNFAIP3 polymorphism predisposes to clinical response to interleukin 12/23 blocker ustekinumab. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:458–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 49  Chiu H‐Y, Wang T‐S, Chan C‐C, et al. Human leucocyte antigen‐Cw6 as a predictor for clinical response to ustekinumab, an interleukin‐12/23 blocker, in Chinese patients with psoriasis: a retrospective analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:1181–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Infection

• 50  Winfield JM. Psoriasis as a sequel to acute inflammations of the tonsils: a clinical note. J Cutan Dis 1916; 34:441–3.
• 51  Sigurdardottir SL, Thorleifsdottir RH, Valdimarsson H, Johnston A. The role of the palatine tonsils in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168:237–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 52  Diluvio L, Vollmer S, Besgen P, et al. Identical TCR beta‐chain rearrangements in streptococcal angina and skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Immunol 2006;176:7104–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 53  Valdimarsson H, Thorleifsdottir RH, Sigurdardottir SL, et al. Psoriasis – as an autoimmune disease caused by molecular mimicry. Trends Immunol 2009;30:494–501. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 54  Owen CM, Chalmers RJ, O'Sullivan T, et al. A systematic review of antistreptococcal interventions for guttate and chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:886–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 55  Thorleifsdottir RH, Sigurdardottir SL, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Improvement of psoriasis after tonsillectomy is associated with a decrease in the frequency of circulating T cells that recognize streptococcal determinants and homologous skin determinants. J Immunol 2012;188:5160–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Medications

• 56  Tsankov N, Angelova I, Kazandjieva J. Drug‐induced psoriasis. Recognition and management. Am J Clin Dermatol 2000;1:159–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 57  Basavaraj KH, Ashok NM, Rashmi R, Praveen TK. The role of drugs in the induction and/or exacerbation of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2010;49:1351–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 58  Afshar M, Martinez AD, Gallo RL, Hata TR. Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with interferon alpha therapy for hepatitis C: a review and analysis of 36 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27:771–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 59  Harrison MJ, Dixon WG, Watson KD, et al. Rates of new‐onset psoriasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti‐TNF‐α therapy. Results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:209–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 60  Cohen AD, Bonneh DY, Reuveni M, et al. Drug exposure and psoriasis vulgaris: case–control and case–crossover studies. Acta Dermatovenereol 2005;85:299–303.
• 61  Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Curtin F, Meier CR. Association between beta‐blockers, other antihypertensive drugs and psoriasis: population‐based case–control study. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:1299–307. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 62  Ryan TJ, Baker H. The prognosis of generalized pustular psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1971;85:407–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Alcohol misuse

• 63  Poikolainen K, Karvonen J, Pukkala E. Excess mortality related to alcohol and smoking among hospital‐treated patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1490–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 64  Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J. Smoking, alcohol and life events related to psoriasis among women. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:473–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 65  Naldi L, Parazzini F, Brevi A, et al. Family history, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:212–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 66  Naldi L, Peli L, Parazzini F. Association of early‐stage psoriasis with smoking and male alcohol consumption: evidence from an Italian case‐control study. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1479–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 67  Brenaut E, Horreau C, Pouplard C, et al. Alcohol consumption and psoriasis: a systematic literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27 Suppl. 3:30–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 68  Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J, et al. Alcohol intake: a risk factor for psoriasis in young and middle aged men? BMJ 1990;300:780–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 69  Tobin AM, Higgins EM, Norris S, Kirby B. Prevalence of psoriasis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:698–701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 70  Kirby B, Richards HL, Mason DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:138–40. Pubmed link
• 71  McAleer MA, Mason DL, Cunningham S, et al. Alcohol misuse in patients with psoriasis: identification and relationship to disease severity and psychological distress. Br J Dermatol 2011;164:1256–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 72  Tobin AM, Kirby B. Psoriasis: an opportunity to identify cardiovascular risk. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:719. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Cigarette smoking

• 73  Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J. Smoking, alcohol and life events related to psoriasis among women. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:473–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 74  Poikolainen K, Karvonen J, Pukkala E. Excess mortality related to alcohol and smoking among hospital‐treated patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1490–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 75  Naldi L, Parazzini F, Brevi A, et al. Family history, smoking habits, alcohol consumption and risk of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:212–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 76  Naldi L, Peli L, Parazzini F. Association of early‐stage psoriasis with smoking and male alcohol consumption: evidence from an Italian case–control study. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1479–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 77  Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Dhillon JS, Armstrong EJ. Psoriasis and smoking: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2014;170:304–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 78  Tobin AM, Veale DJ, Fitzgerald O, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1386–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 79  Higgins E. Alcohol, smoking and psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2000;25:107–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Psychological distress

• 80  Fortune DG, Richards HL, Griffiths CE. Psychologic factors in psoriasis: consequences, mechanisms, and interventions. Dermatol Clin 2005;23:681–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 81  Kurd SK, Troxel AB, Crits‐Christoph P, Gelfand JM. The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis: a population‐based cohort study. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:891–5. Pubmed link
• 82  Meyer N, Paul C, Feneron D, et al. Psoriasis: an epidemiological evaluation of disease burden in 590 patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010;24:1075–82. Pubmed link
• 83  Fortune DG, Richards HL, Kirby B, et al. Psychological distress impairs clearance of psoriasis in patients treated with photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:752–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 84  Kleyn CE, McKie S, Ross AR, et al. Diminished neural and cognitive responses to facial expressions of disgust in patients with psoriasis: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2613–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 85  Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 2006;27:24–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 86  Saraceno R, Kleyn CE, Terenghi G, Griffiths CE. The role of neuropeptides in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:876–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 87  Roosterman D, Goerge T, Schneider SW, et al. Neuronal control of skin function: the skin as a neuroimmunoendocrine organ. Physiol Rev 2006;86:1309–79. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 88  Jiang WY, Raychaudhuri SP, Farber EM. Double‐labeled immunofluorescence study of cutaneous nerves in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1998;37:572–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 89  Farber EM, Lanigan SW, Boer J. The role of cutaneous sensory nerves in the maintenance of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 1990;29:418–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 90  Pincelli C. Nerve growth factor and keratinocytes: a role in psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:85–90. Pubmed link
• 91  O'Kane M, Murphy E, Kirby B. Corticotrophin releasing hormone in immune‐mediated cutaneous inflammatory disease. Exp Dermatol 2006;15:143–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 92  Riol‐Blanco L, Ordavas‐Montanes J, Perro M, et al. Nociceptive sensory neurons drive interleukin‐23‐mediated psoriasiform skin inflammation. Nature 2014;510:157–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 93  Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK. Role of NGF and neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Prog Brain Res 2004;146:433–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 94  Joseph T, Kurian J, Warwick DJ, Friedmann PS. Unilateral remission of psoriasis following traumatic nerve palsy. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:176–98.
• 95  Kleyn CE, Schneider L, Saraceno R, et al. The effects of acute social stress on epidermal Langerhans' cell frequency and expression of cutaneous neuropeptides. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128:1273–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 96  Slominski A. A nervous breakdown in the skin: stress and the epidermal barrier. J Clin Invest 2007;117:3166–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 97  Richards HL, Ray DW, Kirby B, et al. Response of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to psychological stress in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2005;153:1114–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 98  Kirby B, Richards HL, Mason DL, et al. Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008;158:138–40. Pubmed link
• 99  Fordham B, Griffiths CE, Bundy C. Can stress reduction interventions improve psoriasis? A review. Psychol Health Med 2013;18:501–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 100  Bostoen J, Bracke S, De Keyser S, Lambert J. An educational programme for patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2012;167:1025–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 101  Kabat‐Zinn J, Wheeler E, Light T, et al. Influence of a mindfulness meditation‐based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med 1998;60:625–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 102  Bundy C, Pinder B, Bucci S, et al. A novel, web‐based, psychological intervention for people with psoriasis: the electronic Targeted Intervention for Psoriasis (eTIPs) study. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:329–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 103  Fordham B, Griffiths CE, Bundy C. A pilot study examining mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy in psoriasis. Psychol Health Med 2015;20:121–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 104  Fordham B, Griffiths CEM, Bundy C. Can stress interventions improve psoriasis. A review. Psychol Health Med 2013;18:501–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Sunshine

• 105  Ros A‐M, Eklund G. Photosensitive psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:752–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 106  Rutter KJ, Watson RE, Cotterell LF, et al. Severely photosensitive psoriasis: a phenotypically defined patient subset. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:2861–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 107  Ros A‐M, Wennersten G. PUVA therapy for photosensitive psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1987;67:501–5. Pubmed link

Physical trauma

• 108  Weiss G, Shemer A, Trau H. The Koebner phenomenon: review of the literature. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2002;16:241–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 109  Gudjonsson JE, Karason A, Antonsdottir AA, et al. HLA‐Cw6‐positive and HLA‐Cw6‐negative patients with psoriasis vulgaris have distinct clinical features. J Invest Dermatol 2002;118:362–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Pathogenic mechanisms

• 110  Schon MP, Boehncke WH. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1899–912. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 111  Duffill M, Wright N, Shuster S. The cell proliferation kinetics of psoriasis examined by three in vivo techniques. Br J Dermatol 1976;94:355–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 112  Weinstein GD. On the cell cycle of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1975;92:229–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 113  Griffiths CE, Powles AV, Leonard JN, et al. Clearance of psoriasis with low dose cyclosporin. BMJ 1986;293:731–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 114  Prens EP, van Joost T, Hegmans JP, et al. Effects of cyclosporine on cytokines and cytokine receptors in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:947–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 115  Gottlieb AB, Gilleaudeau P, Johnson R, et al. Response of psoriasis to a lymphocyte‐selective toxin (DAB 389 IL‐2) suggests a primary immune but not keratinocyte pathogenic basis. Nat Med 1995;1:442–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 116  Bachelez H. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis: recent insights on the role of adaptive and innate immunity. J Autoimmun 2005;25 Suppl.:69–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 117  Cumberbatch M, Singh M, Dearman RJ, et al. Impaired Langerhans cell migration in psoriasis. J Exp Med 2006;203:953–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 118  Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self‐DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature 2007;449:564–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 119  Lowes MA, Russell CB, Martin DA, et al. The IL‐23/T17 pathogenic axis in psoriasis is amplified by keratinocyte responses. Trends Immunol 2013;34:174–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 120  Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:496–509. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 121  Menssen A, Trommler P, Vollmer S, et al. Evidence for an antigen specific cellular immune response in skin lesions of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Immunol 1995;155:4078–83. Pubmed link
• 122  Kim TG, Jee H, Fuentes‐Duculan J, et al. Dermal clusters of mature dendritic cells and T cells are associated with the CCL20/CCR6 chemokine system in chronic psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134:1462–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 123  Yan KX, Fang X, Han L, et al. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and related cytokines differentially expressed in plaque vs. guttate psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:48–56. Pubmed link
• 124  Sweeney C, Kirby B. Does HLA‐G prevent tissue destruction in psoriasis? Br J Dermatol 2011;164:1118–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Histopathology

• 125  Ragaz A, Ackerman AB. Evolution, maturation and regression of lesions of psoriasis. Am J Dermatopathol 1979;1:199–214. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 126  Kogoj F. Un cas de maladie de Hallopeau. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1927;8:1–12.
• 127  Lever WF, Lever GS, eds. Histopathology of the Skin, 10th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2008.
• 128  Helwig EB. Pathology of psoriasis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1958;73:924–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

History

• 129  O'Neill JL, Chan YH, Rapp SR, Yosipovitch G. Differences in itch characteristics between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients: results of a web‐based questionnaire. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:537–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 130  Ljosaa TM, Mork C, Stubhaug A, et al. Skin pain and skin discomfort is associated with quality of life in patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:29–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 131  Reich A, Hrehorów E, Szepietowski JC. Pruritus is an important factor negatively influencing the well‐being of psoriatic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2010;90:257–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 132  Sampogna F, Gisondi P, Melchi CF, et al. Prevalence of symptoms experienced by patients with different clinical types of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:594–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 133  Meeuwis KA, de Hullu JA, Massuger LF, et al. Genital psoriasis: A systematic literature review on this hidden skin disease. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:5–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Presentation

• 134  Lambert J, Dowlatshahi EA, de la Brassinne M, Nijsten T. A descriptive study of psoriasis characteristics, severity and impact among 3,269 patients: results of a Belgian cross sectional study (BELPSO). Eur J Dermatol 2012;22:231–7. Pubmed link
• 135  Woronoff DI. Die periphere Veranderungen der Haut, um die Effloreszenzen der Psoriasis vulgaris und Syphilis corymbosa. Derm Wsh 1926;82:249–53.
• 136  McMichael AJ, Vachiramon V, Guzmán‐Sánchez DA, Camacho F. Psoriasis in African‐Americans: a caregivers' survey. J Drugs Dermatol 2012;11:478–82. Pubmed link
• 137  Dawn G, McHenry P, Burden AD. Lentigines in psoriatic plaques: are they unique? Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26:459. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 138  Rakkhit T, Panko JM, Christensen TE, et al. Plaque thickness and morphology in psoriasis vulgaris associated with therapeutic response. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1083–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 139  Griffiths CEM, Christophers E, Barker JNWN, et al. A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:258–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 140  Guinot C, Latreille J, Perrussel M, et al. Psoriasis: characterization of six different clinical phenotypes. Exp Dermatol 2009;18:712–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Scalp psoriasis

• 141  Farber EM, Bright RD, Nall LM. Psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1968;98:248–59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 142  Comaish S. Autoradiographic studies of hair growth in various dermatoses: investigation into a possible circadian rhythm in human hair growth. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:283–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 143  Silva CY, Brown KL, Kurban AK, Mahalingam M. Psoriatic alopecia – fact or fiction? A clinicohistopathologic reappraisal. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2012;78:611–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 144  Abdel‐Hamid IA, Salah AA, Moustafa YM, El‐Labban AM. Pityriasis amiantacea: a clinical and etiopathologic study of 85 patients. Int J Dermatol 2003;42:260–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Follicular psoriasis

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Seborrhoeic psoriasis (sebopsoriasis)

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Flexural psoriasis (inverse psoriasis)

• 149  Herron MD, Hinckley M, Hoffman MS, et al. Impact of obesity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and management. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1527–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Genital psoriasis

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Non‐pustular palmoplantar psoriasis

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Nail psoriasis

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Mucosal lesions

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Ocular lesions

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Acute guttate psoriasis

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• 172  Telfer NR, Chalmers RJ, Whale K, Colman G. The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1992;128:39–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 174  Ko HC, Jwa SW, Song M, et al. Clinical course of guttate psoriasis: long‐term follow‐up study. J Dermatol 2010;37:894–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

'Unstable' psoriasis

• 175  Griffiths CEM, Christophers E, Barker JNWN, et al. A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype. Br J Dermatol 2007;156:258–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Erythrodermic psoriasis

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Linear and segmental psoriasis

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Psoriasis in childhood and old age

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• 192  Kwon HH, Kwon IH, Youn JI. Clinical study of psoriasis occurring over the age of 60 years: is elderly‐onset psoriasis a distinct subtype? Int J Dermatol 2012;51:53–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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HIV‐induced or exacerbated psoriasis

• 195  Fernandes S, Pinto GM, Cardoso J. Particular clinical presentations of psoriasis in HIV patients. Int J STD AIDS 2011;22:653–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Classification of severity

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Complications and co‐morbidities

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Immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases

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Infection

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Psychological distress

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• 236  Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J, et al. Alcohol intake: a risk factor for psoriasis in young and middle aged men. BMJ 1990;300:780–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 237  Kurd SK, Troxel AB, Crits‐Christoph P, Gelfand JM. The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2010;146:891–5. Pubmed link
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Cancer

• 239  Chen YJ, Wu CY, Chen TJ, et al. The risk of cancer in patients with psoriasis: A population‐based cohort study in Taiwan. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65:84–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 241  Nijsten TEC, Stern RS. The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen and ultraviolet A: a cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:252–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 242  Paul CF, Ho VC, McGeown C, et al. Risk of malignancies in psoriasis patients treated with cyclosporine: a 5 y cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120:211–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 243  Mercer L, Green A, Galloway, et al. The influence of anti‐TNF therapy upon incidence of keratinocyte skin cancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: longitudinal results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:869–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 244  Lim JL, Stern RS. High levels of ultraviolet B exposure increase the risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer in psoralen and ultraviolet A‐treated patients. J Invest Dermatol 2005;124:505–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 245  Gelfand JM, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Wang X, et al. The risk of lymphoma in patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2006;126:2194–201. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 246  Margolis D, Bilker W, Hennessy S, et al. The risk of malignancy associated with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2001;137:778–83. Pubmed link
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Metabolic syndrome and its components

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• 252  Armesto S, Coto‐Segura P, Osuna CG, et al. Psoriasis and hypertension: a case–control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:785–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 256  Azfar RS, Seminara NM, Shin DB, et al. Increased risk of diabetes mellitus and likelihood of receiving diabetes mellitus treatment in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2012;148:995–1000. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 262  Tobin AM, Hackett CB, Rogers S, et al. Body mass index, waist circumference and HOMA‐IR correlate with the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index in patients with psoriasis receiving phototherapy. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:436–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 266  Parsi KK, Brezinski EA, Lin TC, et al. Are patients with psoriasis being screened for cardiovascular risk factors? A study of screening practices and awareness among primary care physicians and cardiologists. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:357–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Cardiovascular disease

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Hepatobiliary disease

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• 279  Miele L, Vallone S, Cefalo C, et al. Prevalence, characteristics and severity of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. J Hepatol 2009;51:778–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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• 281  van der Voort EA, Koehler EM, Dowlatshahi EA, et al. Psoriasis is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients 55 years old or older: Results from a population‐based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70:517–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 282  Tobin AM, Higgins EM, Norris S, Kirby B. Prevalence of psoriasis in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34:698–701. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 283  Dieude P, Sbidian E, Viguier M, et al. Neutrophilic cholangitis in psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:216–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Others

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• 285  Chiang YY, Lin HW. Association between psoriasis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population‐based study in Taiwan. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:59–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 286  Kluger N, Bessis D, Guillot B, Girard C. Acute respiratory distress syndrome complicating generalized pustular psoriasis (psoriasis‐associated aseptic pneumonitis). J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:1154–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 287  Singh NP, Prakash A, Kubba S. Psoriatic nephropathy—does an entity exist? Renal Failure 2005;1:123–7.
• 288  Merola JF, Wu S, Han J, et al. Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of gout in US men and women. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 Mar 20. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis‐2014‐205212 [epub ahead of print]. Pubmed link
• 289  Cohen‐Barak E, Nachum Z, Rozenman D, Ziv M. Pregnancy outcomes in women with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011;25:1041–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 290  Yang YW, Chen CS, Chen YH, Lin HC. Psoriasis and pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population‐based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64:71–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 291  Lima XT, Janakiraman V, Hughes MD, Kimball AB. The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy outcomes. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132:85–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 292  Harder E, Andersen A‐MN, Kamper‐Jørgensen M and Skov L. No increased risk of fetal death or prolonged time to pregnancy in women with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2014;134:1747–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Disease course and prognosis

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• 294  Farber EM, Nall LM. The natural history of psoriasis in 5600 patients. Dermatologica 1974;148:1–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 295  Lomholt G. Psoriasis: Prevalence, Spontaneous Course and Genetics. Copenhagen: GEC Gad, 1963:78–189.
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• 298  Durham GA, Morgan JK. A 7‐year follow‐up study of ninety patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:7–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 299  Martin BA, Chalmers RJ, Telfer NR. How great is the risk of further psoriasis following a single episode of acute guttate psoriasis? Arch Dermatol 1996;132:717–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Investigations

• 302  Chandran V, Cook RJ, Edwin J, et al. Soluble biomarkers differentiate patients with psoriatic arthritis from those with psoriasis without arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:1399–405. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 303  Dowlatshahi EA, van der Voort EAM, Arends LR, Nijsten T. Markers of systemic inflammation in psoriasis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:266–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Management

• 304  Fortune DG, Richards HL, Kirby B, et al. A cognitive–behavioural symptom management programme as an adjunct in psoriasis therapy. Br J Dermatol 2002;145:458–65. Cross Ref link
• 305  Fortune DG, Richards HL, Kirby B, et al. Psychological distress impairs clearance of psoriasis in patients treated with photochemotherapy. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:752–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 306  Even‐Pas Z, Gumon R, Hipnis V. Dead Sea sun vs. Dead Sea water in the treatment of psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 1996;7:83–6. Cross Ref link

Topical treatment

• 307  Ports WC, Khan S, Lan S, et al. A randomized phase 2a efficacy and safety trial of the topical Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:137–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Topical corticosteroids

• 308  Mason AR, Mason J, Cork M, et al. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;Issue 3;CD005028.
• 309  Mason AR, Mason JM, Cork MJ, et al. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis of the scalp: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:519–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 310  Samarasekera EJ, Swayer L Wonderling D, et al. Topical therapies for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:954–67. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 311  Sawyer L, Samarasekera EJ, Wonderling D, Smith CH. Topical therapies for the treatment of localized plaque psoriasis in primary care: a cost‐effectiveness analysis. Br J Dermatol 2013;168:1095–105. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 312  Franz TJ, Parsell DA, Halualani RM, et al. Betamethasone valerate foam 0.12%: a novel vehicle with enhanced delivery and efficacy. Int J Dermatol 1999;38:628–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 313  de Berker DA, Lawrence CM. A simplified protocol of steroid injection for psoriatic nail dystrophy. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:90–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Vitamin D analogues

• 314  Langer A, Ashton P, van de Kerkhof PCM, et al. A long‐term multicentre assessment of the safety and tolerability of calcitriol ointment in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:385–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 315  Kragballe K, Beck HI, Søgaard H. Improvement of psoriasis by a topical vitamin D₃ analogue (MC903) in a double‐blind study. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:223–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 316  Staberg B, Roed‐Petersen J, Menné T. Efficacy of topical treatment in psoriasis with MC903, a new vitamin D analogue. Acta Derm Venereol 1989;69:147–50. Pubmed link
• 317  Kragballe K. Treatment of psoriasis by the topical application of the novel vitamin D₃ analogue MC903. Arch Dermatol 1989;125:1647–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 318  Baadsgaard O, Traulsen J, Roed‐Petersen J, Jakobsen HB. Optimal concentration of tacalcitol in once‐daily treatment of psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 1995;6:145–50. Cross Ref link
• 319  van de Kerkhof PCM, Werfel T, Haustein UF, et al. Tacalcitol ointment in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a multicentre, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study on efficacy and safety. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:758–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 320  Binderup L, Bramm E. Effects of a novel vitamin D analogue MC903 on cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro and on calcium metabolism in vivo. Biochem Biopharmacol 1998;37:889–95. Cross Ref link
• 321  Kang S, Yi S, Griffiths CEM, et al. Calcipotriene‐induced improvement in psoriasis is associated with reduced interleukin‐8 and increased interleukin‐10 levels within lesions. Br J Dermatol 1998;138:77–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 322  Ashcroft DM, Li Wan Po A, Williams HC, Griffiths CEM. Systematic review of comparative efficacy and tolerability of calcipotriol in treating chronic plaque psoriasis. BMJ 2000;320:963–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 323  Mason AR, Mason J, Cork M, et al. Topical treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;Issue 3;CD005028. Pubmed link
• 324  Kragballe K, Gjertsen BT, de Hoop D, et al. Double blind, right/left comparison of calcipotriol and betamethasone valerate in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. Lancet 1991;337:393–6.
• 325  Cunliffe WJ, Berth‐Jones J, Claudy A, et al. Comparative study of calcipotriol (MC903) ointment and betamethasone‐17‐valerate ointment in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:736–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 326  Berth‐Jones J, Chu AC, Dodd WAH, et al. A multicentre, parallel group comparison of calcipotriol ointment and short‐contact dithranol therapy in chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:266–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 327  Darley CR, Cunliffe WJ, Green CM, et al. Safety and efficacy of calcipotriol ointment (Dovonex®) in treating children with psoriasis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:390–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 328  Bourke JF, Iqbal SJ, Hutchinson PE. Vitamin D analogues in psoriasis: effects on systemic calcium homeostasis. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:347–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 329  Molin L, Cutler TP, Helander I, et al. Comparative efficacy of calcipotriol (MC903) cream and betamethasone 17‐valerate cream in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: a randomized, double‐blind, parallel group multicenter study. Br J Dermatol 1997;136:89–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 330  Lebwohl M, Siskin SB, Epinette W, et al. A multicenter trial of calcipotriene ointment and halobetasol ointment compared to either agent alone for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;32:268–9. Cross Ref link
• 331  Douglas WG, Poulin Y, Decroix J, et al. A new calcipotriol/betamethasone formulation with rapid onset of action was superior to monotherapy with betamethasone diproprionate or calcipotriol in psoriasis vulgaris. Acta Derm Venereol 2002;82:131–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 332  Guenther L, van de Kerkhof PCM, Snellman E, et al. Efficacy and safety of a new combination of calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate (one or twice daily) compared to calcipotriol (twice daily) in the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:316–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 333  Colombo GL, di Matteo S, Bruno G, et al. Calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate in the treatment of mild‐to‐moderate psoriasis: a cost‐effectiveness analysis of the ointment versus gel formulation. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 2012;4:261–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 334  Barker JNWN, Berth‐Jones J, Groves R, et al. Calcium homoeostasis remains unaffected after 12 weeks' therapy with calcitriol 3 μg/g ointment; no correlation with extent of psoriasis. J Derm Treat 2003;14:14–21. Cross Ref link
• 335  Zhu X, Wang B, Zhao G, et al. An investigator‐masked comparison of the efficacy and safety of twice daily applications of calcitriol 3μg/g ointment versus calcipotriol 50 μg/g ointment in subjects with moderate chronic plaque type psoriasis J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:466–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 336  Speight EL, Farr PM. Calcipotriol ointment improves the response of psoriasis to PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:79–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 337  Molin L. Topical calcipotriol combined with phototherapy for psoriasis: the results of two randomized trials and a review of the literature. Calcipotriol–UVB Study Group. Dermatology 1999;198:375–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 338  Lebwohl M, Hecker D, Martinez J, et al. Interactions between calcipotriene and ultraviolet light. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:93–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 339  Kornreich C, Zheng ZS, Xue GZ, Prystowsky JH. A simple method to predict whether topical agents will interfere with phototherapy. Cutis 1996;57:113–18. Pubmed link
• 340  Tzaneva S, Honingsmann H, Tanew A, Seeber A. A comparison of psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) monotherapy, tacalcitol plus PUVA and tazarotene plus PUVA in patients with chronic plaque type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:748–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 341  Ring J, Kowalzick L, Christophers E, et al. Calcitriol 3 μg/g ointment in combination with UVB phototherapy for the treatment of plaque psoriasis: results of a comparative study. Br J Dermatol 2001;144:493–9. Cross Ref link
• 342  de Jong EM, Mork NJ, Seijger MM, et al. The combination of calcipotriol and methotrexate coupled with methotrexate and vehicle in psoriasis: results of a multicentre, placebo‐controlled, randomized trial. Br J Dermatol 2003;148:318–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Dithranol

• 343  Unna PG. Cignolin als Heilmittel der Psoriasis. Dermatol Woschenschr 1916;62:116–37.
• 344  Fisher LB, Maibach HI. The effect of anthralin and its derivatives on epidermal cell kinetics. J Invest Dermatol 1975;64:338–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 345  McGill A, Frank A, Emmett N, et al. The anti‐psoriatic drug anthralin accumulates in keratinocyte mitochondria, dissipates mitochondrial membrane potential, and induces apoptosis through a pathway dependent on respiratory competent mitochondria. FASEB J 2005;19:1012–14. Pubmed link
• 346  George SE, Anderson RJ, Haswell M, Groundwater PW. An investigation of the effects of dithranol‐induced apoptosis in a human keratinocyte cell line. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013;65:552–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 347  Mrowietz U, Falsafi M, Schroder JM, Christophers E. Inhibition of human monocyte functions by anthralin. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:382–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 348  Anderson R, Lukey PT, Dippenaar U, et al. Dithranol mediates pro‐oxidative inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration and lymphocyte proliferation. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:405–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 349  Ingram JT. The approach to psoriasis. BMJ 1953;2:591–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 350  Seville RH. Dithranol paste for psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:269–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 351  Vella Briffa D, Greaves MW, Warin AP, et al. Relapse rate and long‐term management of plaque psoriasis after treatment with photochemotherapy and dithranol. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1981;282:937–40. Cross Ref link
• 352  Rogers S, Marks J, Shuster S, et al. Comparison of photochemotherapy and dithranol in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Lancet 1979;1:455–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 353  Swinkels OQ, Prins M, Veeniiuis RT, et al. Effectiveness and side effects of UVB‐phototherapy, dithranol inpatient therapy and a care instruction programme of short contact dithranol in moderate to severe psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 2004;14:159–65. Pubmed link
• 354  Hartman M, Prins M, Swinkels OQ, et al. Cost‐effectiveness analysis of a psoriasis care instruction programme with dithranol compared with UVB phototherapy and inpatient dithranol treatment. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:538–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 355  Hutchinson PE, Marks R, White J. The efficacy, safety and tolerance of calcitriol 3 microg/g ointment in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: a comparison with short‐contact dithranol. Dermatology 2000;201:139–45. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 356  McBride SR, Walker P, Reynolds NJ. Optimizing the frequency of outpatient short‐contact dithranol treatment used in combination with broadband ultraviolet B for psoriasis: a randomized, within‐patient controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:1259–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 357  Saraswat A, Agarwal R, Katare OP, et al. A randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled study of a novel liposomal dithranol formulation in psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 2007;18:40–5. Cross Ref link
• 358  Raza K, Katare OP, Setia A, et al. Improved therapeutic performance of dithranol against psoriasis employing systematically optimized nanoemulsomes. J Microencapsul 2013;30:225–36. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 359  Zeichner JA, Lebwohl MG, Menter A, et al. Optimizing topical therapies for treating psoriasis: a consensus conference. Cutis 2010 Sep;86(3 Suppl.):5–31; quiz 32. Pubmed link

Coal tar

• 360  Menter A, Cram DL. The Goeckerman regimen in two psoriasis day care centers. J Am Acad Dermatol 1983;9:59–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 361  Borska L, Andrys C, Krejsek J, et al. Serum levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐12 and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 in patients with psoriasis treated by the Goeckerman regimen. Int J Dermatol 2008;47:800–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 362  Chern E, Yau D, Ho JC, et al. Positive effect of modified Goeckerman regimen on quality of life and psychosocial distress in moderate and severe psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91:447–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 363  Fitzmaurice S, Bhutani T, Koo J. Goeckerman regimen for management of psoriasis refractory to biologic therapy: The University of California San Francisco experience. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69:648–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 364  Soares TF, Davis MD. Success of Goeckerman treatment in 2 patients with psoriasis not responding to biological drugs. Arch Dermatol 2007;143:950–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 365  Goodfield M, Kownacki S, Berth‐Jones J. Double‐blind, randomised, multicentre, parallel group study comparing a 1% coal tar preparation (Exorex) with a 5% coal tar preparation (Alphosyl) in chronic plaque psoriasis. J Dermatol Treat 2004;15:14–22. Cross Ref link
• 366  Tzaneva S, Hönigsmann H, Tanew A. Observer‐blind, randomized, intrapatient comparison of a novel 1% coal tar preparation (Exorex) and calcipotriol cream in the treatment of plaque type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2003;149:350–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 367  Pittelkow MR, Perry HO, Muller SA, et al. Skin cancer in patients with psoriasis treated with coal tar. A 25‐year follow‐up study. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:465–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 368  Burden AD, Muston H, Beck MH. Intolerance and contact allergy to tar and dithranol in psoriasis. Contact Dermatitis 1994:31;185–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Topical retinoids

• 369  Fry L, Macdonald A, McMinn RM. Effect of retinoic acid in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1970;83:391–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 370  Macdonald A, McMinn RM, Fry L. Retinoic acid in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1972;86:524–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 371  Chandraratna RAS. Tazarotene: first of a new generation of receptor‐selective retinoids. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(Suppl. 49):18–25. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 372  Weinstein GD. Tazarotene gel: efficacy and safety in plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37(Suppl.):S33–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 373  Krueger GG, Drake LA, Elias PM, et al. The safety and efficacy of tazarotene gel, a topical acetylenic retinoid, in the treatment of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:57–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 374  Lebwohl MG, Breneman DL, Goffe BS, et al. Tazarotene 0.1% gel plus corticosteroid cream in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:590–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 375  Lebwohl M. Strategies to optimize efficacy, duration of remission and safety in the treatment of plaque psoriasis by using tazarotene in combination with a corticosteroid. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(Suppl.):S43–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Topical calcineurin inhibitors

• 376  Jacobi A, Braeutigam M, Mahler V, et al. Pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of facial psoriasis. Dermatology 2008;216:133–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 377  Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmetts CA, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Section 3, Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:643–59. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 378  Kalb RE, Bagel J, Korman NJ, et al. Treatment of intertriginous psoriasis: from the medical board of the National Psoriasis Foundation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60:120–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

Narrow‐band UVB

• 379  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). The assessment and management of psoriasis. Clinical Guideline. Methods, Evidence and Recommendations. NICE, 2012. http://www.nice.org.uk/Cg153 (last accessed March 2015).
• 380  Parrish JA, Jaenicke KF. Action spectrum for phototherapy of psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 1981;76:359–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 381  Walters IB, Burack LH, Coven TR, et al. Suberythemogenic narrow‐band UVB is markedly more effective than conventional UVB in treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:893–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 382  Almutawa F, Alnomair N, Wang Y, et al. Systematic review of UV‐based therapy for psoriasis. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013;14:87–109. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 383  Markham T, Rogers S, Collins P. Narrowband UV‐B (TL‐01) phototherapy vs oral 8‐methoxypsoralen psoralen‐UV‐A for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 2003;139:325–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 384  Ryan C, Renfro L, Collins P, et al. Clinical and genetic predictors of response to narrowband ultraviolet B for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2010;163:1056–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 385  Nast A, Boehncke WH, Mrowietz U, et al. Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft (DDG); Berufsverband Deutscher Dermatologen (BVDD). S3 – Guidelines on the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris (English version). Update. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2012;10 Suppl. 2:S1–95. Cross Ref link
• 386  Cameron H, Dawe RS, Yule RS, et al. A randomized, observer‐blinded trial of twice vs. three times weekly narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy for chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2002;147:973–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 387  Ibbotson SH, Bilsland D, Cox NH, et al An update and guidance on narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy: a British Photodermatology Group Workshop Report. Br J Dermatol 2004;151:283–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 388  George SA, Ferguson J. Lesional blistering following narrow‐band (TL‐01) UVB phototherapy for psoriasis: a report of four cases. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:445–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 389  Gilmour JW, Vestey JP, Norval M. The effect of UV therapy on immune function in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:28–38. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 390  Sigmundsdottir H, Johnston A, Gudjonsson JE, Valdimarsson H. Narrowband‐UVB irradiation decreases the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by stimulated T cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2005;297:39–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 391  Johnson‐Huang LM, Suárez‐Fariñas M, et al. Effective narrow‐band UVB radiation therapy suppresses the IL‐23/IL‐17 axis in normalized psoriasis plaques. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130:2654–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 392  Krueger JG, Wolfe JT, Nabeya RT, et al. Successful ultraviolet B treatment of psoriasis is accompanied by a reversal of keratinocyte pathology and by selective depletion of intraepidermal T cells. J Exp Med 1995;182:2057–68. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 393  Weatherhead SC, Farr PM, Jamieson D, et al. Keratinocyte apoptosis in epidermal remodeling and clearance of psoriasis induced by UV radiation. J Invest Dermatol 2011;131:1916–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

PUVA photochemotherapy

• 394  McEvoy MT, Stern RS. Psoralens and related compounds in the treatment of psoriasis. Pharmacol Ther 1987;34:75–97. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 395  Vallat VP, Gilleaudeau P, Battat L, et al. PUVA bath therapy strongly suppresses immunological and epidermal activation in psoriasis: a possible cellular basis for remittive therapy. J Exp Med 1994;180:283–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 396  Laskin JD, Lee E, Laskin DL, Gallo MA. Psoralens potentiate ultraviolet light‐induced inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:8211–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 397  Erkin G, Ugur Y, Gurer CK, et al. Effect of PUVA, narrow‐band UVB and cyclosporin on inflammatory cells of the psoriatic plaque. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:213–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 398  Wolff KW, Fitzpatrick TB, Parrish JA, et al. Photochemotherapy for psoriasis with orally administered methoxsalen. Arch Dermatol 1976;112:943–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 399  Lakshmipathi T, Gould PW, Mackenzie LA, et al. Photochemotherapy in the treatment of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 1977;96:587–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 400  Melski JW, Tanenbaum L, Parrish JA, et al. Oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for the treatment of psoriasis: a cooperative clinical trial. J Invest Dermatol 1977;68:328–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 401  Rogers S, Marks J, Shuster S, et al. Comparison of photochemotherapy and dithranol in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. Lancet 1979;1:455–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 402  Griffiths CE, Clark CM, Chalmers RJ, et al. A systematic review of treatments for severe psoriasis. Health Technol Assess 2000;4:1–125. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 403  British Photodermatology Group guidelines for PUVA. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:246–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 404  Rogers S, Marks J, Shuster S. Itch following photochemotherapy for psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 1981;61:178–80. Pubmed link
• 405  Stern RS, Thibodeau LA, Kleinerman RA, Parrish JA, Fitzpatrick TB and Participating Investigators. Risk of cutaneous carcinoma in patients treated with oral methoxsalen photochemotherapy for psoriasis. N Engl J Med 1979;300:809–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 406  Stern RS, Laird N, Melski J, et al. Cutaneous squamous‐cell carcinoma in patients treated with PUVA. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1156–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 407  Nijsten TE, Stern RS. The increased risk of skin cancer is persistent after discontinuation of psoralen+ultraviolet A: a cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:252–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 408  Stern RS, Nichols KT, Väkevä LH. Malignant melanoma in patients treated for psoriasis with methoxsalen (psoralen) and ultraviolet A radiation (PUVA). The PUVA Follow‐Up Study. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1041–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
• 409  Saurat JH, Geiger JM, Amblard P, et al. Randomized double‐blind multicenter study comparing acitretin‐PUVA, etretinate‐PUVA and placebo‐PUVA in the treatment of severe psoriasis. Dermatologica 1988;177:218–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link