Reference for Chapter 57: Morphoea (localized scleroderma)

1 Fett N, Werth VP. Update on morphea: part I. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64(2):217–28; quiz 29–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
2 Fett N, Werth VP. Update on morphea: part II. Outcome measures and treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;64(2):231–42; quiz 43–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
3 Fett N. Scleroderma: nomenclature, etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and treatments: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013;31(4):432–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
4 Kreuter A. Localized scleroderma. Dermatol Ther 2012;25(2):135–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
5 Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP. Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clinic Proc 1995;70(11):1068–76. Cross Ref link
6 Laxer RM, Zulian F. Localized scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2006;18(6):606–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
7 Kreuter A, Krieg T, Worm M, et al. [AWMF Guideline no. 013/066. Diagnosis and therapy of circumscribed scleroderma.] J Deut Dermatol Gesell 2009;7(Suppl. 6):S1–14.
8 Zulian F, Athreya BH, Laxer R, et al. Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study. Rheumatology 2006;45:614–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
9 Leitenberger JJ, Cayce RL, Haley RW, Adams‐Huet B, Bergstresser PR, Jacobe HT. Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases. Arch Dermatol 2009;145:545–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
10 Kim A, Marinkovich N, Vasquez R, Jacobe HT. Clinical features of patients with morphea and the pansclerotic subtype: a cross‐sectional study from the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort. J Rheumatol 2014;41(1):106–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
11 Odhav A, Hoeltzel MF, Canty K. Pansclerotic morphea with features of eosinophilic fasciitis: distinct entities or part of a continuum? Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(2):e42–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
12 Viraben R, Dupre A. Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman syndrome) in association with morphea, immunological disturbance and profuse achromia. Dermatologica 1987;174(2):93–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
13 Valentini G, Rossiello R, Gualdieri L, Tirri G, Gerster JC, Frenck E. Morphea developing in patients previously affected with eosinophilic fasciitis. Report of two cases. Rheum Int 1988;8(5):235–7. Cross Ref link
14 Hulshof MM, Boom BW, Dijkmans BA. Multiple plaques of morphea developing in a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis. Arch Dermatol 1992;128(8):1128–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
15 Su WP, Greene SL. Bullous morphea profunda. Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8(2):144–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
16 Daoud MS, Su WP, Leiferman KM, Perniciaro C. Bullous morphea: clinical, pathologic, and immunopathologic evaluation of thirteen cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30(6):937–43. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
17 Trattner A, David M, Sandbank M. Bullous morphea: a distinct entity? Am J Dermatopathol 1994;16(4):414–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
18 Kavala M, Zindanci I, Demirkesen C, Beyhan EK, Turkoglu Z. Intertriginous bullous morphea: a clue for the pathogenesis? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2007;73(4):262–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
19 Zulian F, Vallongo C, Woo P, et al. Localized scleroderma in childhood is not just a skin disease. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(9):2873–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
20 Herrick AL, Ennis H, Bhushan M, Silman AJ, Baildam EM. Clinical features of childhood localized scleroderma in an incidence cohort. Rheumatology 2011;50(10):1865–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
21 Pequet MS, Holland KE, Zhao S, et al. Risk factors for morphoea disease severity: a retrospective review of 114 paediatric patients. Br J Dermatol 2014;170(4):895–900. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
22 Marzano AV, Menni S, Parodi A, et al. Localized scleroderma in adults and children. Clinical and laboratory investigations on 239 cases. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13(2):171–6. Pubmed link
23 Piram M, McCuaig CC, Saint‐Cyr C, et al. Short‐ and long‐term outcome of linear morphoea in children. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(6):1265–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
24 Saxton‐Daniels S, Jacobe HT. An evaluation of long‐term outcomes in adults with pediatric‐onset morphea. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(9):1044–5. Pubmed link
25 Zwischenberger BA, Jacobe HT. A systematic review of morphea treatments and therapeutic algorithm. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(5):925–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
26 Li SC, Torok KS, Pope E, et al. Development of consensus treatment plans for juvenile localized scleroderma: a roadmap toward comparative effectiveness studies in juvenile localized scleroderma. Arthritis Care Res 2012;64(8):1175–85.
27 Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Li S, et al. The localized scleroderma skin severity index and physician global assessment of disease activity: a work in progress toward development of localized scleroderma outcome measures. J Rheumatol 2009;36(12):2819–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
28 Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP, Mason T, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960–1993. J Rheumatol 1997;24(1):73–80. Pubmed link
29 Herrick AL, Ennis H, Bhushan M, Silman AJ, Baildam EM. Incidence of childhood linear scleroderma and systemic sclerosis in the UK and Ireland. Arthritis Care Res 2010;62(2):213–18. Cross Ref link
30 Wu EY, Li SC, Torok KS, et al. A28: description of the Juvenile Localized Scleroderma Subgroup of the CARRA Registry. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(Suppl. 3):S43–4. Cross Ref link
31 Blaszczyk M, Janniger CK, Jablonska S. Childhood scleroderma and its peculiarities. Cutis 1996;58(2):141–4, 8–52.
32 Zulian F, Vallongo C, de Oliveira SK, et al. Congenital localized scleroderma. J Pediatr 2006;149(2):248–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
33 Kang CY, Lam J. Congenital idiopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. Int J Dermatol 2015;54(1):e44–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
34 Johnson W, Jacobe H. Morphea in Adults and Children cohort II: patients with morphea experience delay in diagnosis and large variation in treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(5):881–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
35 Christianson HB, Dorsey CS, Kierland RR, O'Leary PA. Localized scleroderma; a clinical study of two hundred thirty‐five cases. AMA Arch Dermatol 1956;74(6):629–39. Cross Ref link
36 Christen‐Zaech S, Hakim MD, Afsar FS, Paller AS. Pediatric morphea (localized scleroderma): review of 136 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59(3):385–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
37 Harrington CI, Dunsmore IR. An investigation into the incidence of auto‐immune disorders in patients with localized morphoea. Br J Dermatol 1989;120(5):645–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
38 Poojary SA. Vitiligo and associated autoimmune disorders: a retrospective hospital‐based study in Mumbai, India. Allergol Immunopathol 2011;39(6):356–61. Cross Ref link
39 Natarajan S, Green ST. Generalized morphoea, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1986;11(3):304–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
40 Reed JR, De Luca N, McIntyre AS, Wilkinson JD. Localized morphoea, xanthomatosis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(3):652–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
41 Kreuter A, Wischnewski J, Terras S, Altmeyer P, Stucker M, Gambichler T. Coexistence of lichen sclerosus and morphea: a retrospective analysis of 472 patients with localized scleroderma from a German tertiary referral center. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(6):1157–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
42 Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Familial associations of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune diseases and related conditions. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(3):661–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
43 Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Volpe A, Carletto A, Cecchetto M, Bambara LM. Coexistence of systemic sclerosis with other autoimmune diseases. Rheum Int 2007;27(4):407–10. Cross Ref link
44 Avouac J, Airo P, Dieude P, et al. Associated autoimmune diseases in systemic sclerosis define a subset of patients with milder disease: results from 2 large cohorts of European Caucasian patients. J Rheumatol 2010;37(3):608–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
45 Arora‐Singh RK, Assassi S, del Junco DJ, et al. Autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies in the first degree relatives of patients with systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2010;35(1):52–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
46 Thomas RH, Ridley CM, McGibbon DH, Black MM. Anogenital lichen sclerosus in women. J R Soc Med 1996;89(12):694–8. Pubmed link
47 Farrell AM, Marren PM, Wojnarowska F. Genital lichen sclerosus associated with morphoea or systemic sclerosis: clinical and HLA characteristics. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(3):598–603. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
48 Lutz V, Frances C, Bessis D, et al. High frequency of genital lichen sclerosus in a prospective series of 76 patients with morphea: toward a better understanding of the spectrum of morphea. Arch Dermatol 2012;148(1):24–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
49 Tuffanelli DL. Localized scleroderma. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1998;17(1):27–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
50 Patterson JA, Ackerman AB. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is not related to morphea. A clinical and histologic study of 24 patients in whom both conditions were reputed to be present simultaneously. Am J Dermatopathol 1984;6(4):323–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
51 Cooper SM, Ali I, Baldo M, Wojnarowska F. The association of lichen sclerosus and erosive lichen planus of the vulva with autoimmune disease: a case–control study. Arch Dermatol 2008;144(11):1432–5. Pubmed link
52 Kreuter A, Kryvosheyeva Y, Terras S, et al. Association of autoimmune diseases with lichen sclerosus in 532 male and female patients. Acta Derm Venereol 2013;93(2):238–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
53 Meyrick Thomas RH, Ridley CM, McGibbon DH, Black MM. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity – a study of 350 women. Br J Dermatol 1988;118(1):41–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
54 Kuwana M, Kaburaki J, Okano Y, Inoko H, Tsuji K. The HLA‐DR and DQ genes control the autoimmune response to DNA topoisomerase I in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). J Clin Invest 1993;92(3):1296–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
55 Gladman DD, Kung TN, Siannis F, Pellett F, Farewell VT, Lee P. HLA markers for susceptibility and expression in scleroderma. J Rheumatol 2005;32(8):1481–7. Pubmed link
56 Wadud MA, Bose BK, Al Nasir T. Familial localised scleroderma from Bangladesh: two case reports. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1989;15(1):15–19. Pubmed link
57 Patrizi A, Marzaduri S, Marini R. A familial case of scleroderma en coup de sabre. Acta Derm Venereol 2000;80(3):237. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
58 Brownell I, Soter NA, Franks AG, Jr. Familial linear scleroderma (en coup de sabre) responsive to antimalarials and narrowband ultraviolet B therapy. Dermatol Online J 2007;13(1):11. Pubmed link
59 Lis‐Swiety A, Mierzwinska K, Wodok‐Wieczorek K, Widuchowska M, Brzezinska‐Wcislo L. Co‐existence of lichen sclerosus and localized scleroderma in female monozygotic twins. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27(6):133–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
60 Meyrick Thomas RH, Kennedy CT. The development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin girls. Br J Dermatol 1986;114(3):377–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
61 Marren P, Yell J, Charnock FM, Bunce M, Welsh K, Wojnarowska F. The association between lichen sclerosus and antigens of the HLA system. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(2):197–203. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
62 Azurdia RM, Luzzi GA, Byren I, et al. Lichen sclerosus in adult men: a study of HLA associations and susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Br J Dermatol 1999;140(1):79–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
63 Powell J, Wojnarowska F, Winsey S, Marren P, Welsh K. Lichen sclerosus premenarche: autoimmunity and immunogenetics. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(3):481–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
64 Azzouz DF, Rak JM, Fajardy I, et al. Comparing HLA shared epitopes in French Caucasian patients with scleroderma. PLOS One 2012;7(5):e36870. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
65 Gordon W, Kahn LB, Dove J. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and scleroderma. S Afr Med J 1972;46(7):160–3. Pubmed link
66 Uitto J, Santa Cruz DJ, Bauer EA, Eisen AZ. Morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Clinical and histopathologic studies in patients with combined features. J Am Acad Dermatol 1980;3(3):271–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
67 Lampert A, Fortier‐Beaulieu M, Thomine E, Young P, Lauret P. [Association of lichen sclerosus and monomelic scleroderma]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1995;122(3):102–4. Pubmed link
68 Kar BR, Dash K. Co‐existence of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and morphoea along lines of Blaschko. Indian J Dermatol 2014;59(1):77–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
69 Stewart L, Nuara A, Anand D, Kia K, Cockerell CJ. Perifollicular papules and hyperkeratotic plaques on the back in a blaschkoid distribution. Morphea with features of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (LS). Arch Dermatol 2011;147(7):857–62. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
70 Kuchmeister B, Klemm‐Mayer H. [Circumscribed scleroderma combined with lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]. Z Hautkr 1985;60(1–2):87–92. Pubmed link
71 Nicolas JF, Perret‐Liaudet P, Adam C, et al. [Bullous scleroderma with the histological appearance of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1988;115(4):461–6. Pubmed link
72 Grekin J, Schwartz O, Mehregan A, Mendelson C, Burnham T. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and morphea. Arch Dermatol 1967;96(1):106. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
73 Kim DH, Lee KR, Kim TY, Yoon MS. Coexistence of lichen sclerosus with morphoea showing bilateral symmetry. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009;34(7):e416–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
74 Farrell AM, Dean D, Millard PR, Charnock FM, Wojnarowska F. Cytokine alterations in lichen sclerosus: an immunohistochemical study. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(5):931–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
75 Nishioka S. Histological comparison of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Kurume Med J 1997;44(2):83–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
76 Rahbari H. Histochemical differentiation of localized morphea‐scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. J Cutan Pathol 1989;16(6):342–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
77 Chan I, Oyama N, Neill SM, Wojnarowska F, Black MM, McGrath JA. Characterization of IgG autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29(5):499–504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
78 Oyama N, Chan I, Neill SM, et al. Autoantibodies to extracellular matrix protein 1 in lichen sclerosus. Lancet 2003;362(9378):118–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
79 Chan I. The role of extracellular matrix protein 1 in human skin. Clin Exp Dermatol 2004;29(1):52–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
80 Chan I, Liu L, Hamada T, Sethuraman G, McGrath JA. The molecular basis of lipoid proteinosis: mutations in extracellular matrix protein 1. Exp Dermatol 2007;16(11):881–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
81 Sercu S, Zhang M, Oyama N, et al. Interaction of extracellular matrix protein 1 with extracellular matrix components: ECM1 is a basement membrane protein of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(6):1397–408. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
82 Hamada T, Wessagowit V, South AP, et al. Extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ECM1) mutations in lipoid proteinosis and genotype–phenotype correlation. J Invest Dermatol 2003;120(3):345–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
83 Kowalewski C, Kozlowska A, Chan I, et al. Three‐dimensional imaging reveals major changes in skin microvasculature in lipoid proteinosis and lichen sclerosus. J Dermatol Sci 2005;38(3):215–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
84 Fujimoto N, Terlizzi J, Aho S, et al. Extracellular matrix protein 1 inhibits the activity of matrix metalloproteinase 9 through high‐affinity protein/protein interactions. Exp Dermatol 2006;15(4):300–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
85 Arnett FC, Tan FK, Uziel Y, et al. Autoantibodies to the extracellular matrix microfibrillar protein, fibrillin 1, in patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(12):2656–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
86 Tan FK, Arnett FC, Reveille JD, et al. Autoantibodies to fibrillin 1 in systemic sclerosis: ethnic differences in antigen recognition and lack of correlation with specific clinical features or HLA alleles. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(11):2464–71. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
87 Matsushita T, Hasegawa M, Matsushita Y, et al. Elevated serum BAFF levels in patients with localized scleroderma in contrast to other organ‐specific autoimmune diseases. Exp Dermatol 2007;16(2):87–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
88 Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Silverman ED, Thorner PS, Laxer RM. Localized scleroderma in childhood: a report of 30 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1994;23(5):328–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
89 Vancheeswaran R, Black CM, David J, et al. Childhood‐onset scleroderma: is it different from adult‐onset disease. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39(6):1041–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
90 Rosenberg AM, Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, et al. Antinuclear antibodies in children with localized scleroderma. J Rheumatol 1995;22(12):2337–43. Pubmed link
91 Takehara K, Moroi Y, Nakabayashi Y, Ishibashi Y. Antinuclear antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1983;26(5):612–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
92 Ruffatti A, Peserico A, Glorioso S, et al. Anticentromere antibody in localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;15(4 Pt 1):637–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
93 Falanga V, Medsger TA, Reichlin M. High titers of antibodies to single‐stranded DNA in linear scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1985;121(3):345–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
94 Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr, Reichlin M. Antinuclear and anti‐single‐stranded DNA antibodies in morphea and generalized morphea. Arch Dermatol 1987;123(3):350–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
95 Dharamsi JW, Victor S, Aguwa N, et al. Morphea in adults and children cohort III: nested case–control study – the clinical significance of autoantibodies in morphea. JAMA Dermatol 2013;149(10):1159–65. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
96 Guevara‐Gutierrez E, Yinh‐Lao J, Garcia‐Gutierrez P, Tlacuilo‐Parra A. Frequency of antinuclear antibodies in mestizo Mexican children with morphea. Clin Rheumatol 2010;29(9):1055–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
97 Sato S, Fujimoto M, Ihn H, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Antigen specificity of antihistone antibodies in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1994;130(10):1273–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
98 Sato S, Ihn H, Soma Y, et al. Antihistone antibodies in patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36(8):1137–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
99 Parodi A, Drosera M, Barbieri L, Rebora A. Antihistone antibodies in scleroderma. Dermatology 1995;191(1):16–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
100 Hayakawa I, Hasegawa M, Takehara K, Sato S. Anti‐DNA topoisomerase IIalpha autoantibodies in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(1):227–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
101 Arkachaisri T, Fertig N, Pino S, Medsger TA, Jr. Serum autoantibodies and their clinical associations in patients with childhood‐ and adult‐onset linear scleroderma. A single‐center study. J Rheumatol 2008;35(12):2439–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
102 Tomimura S, Ogawa F, Iwata Y, et al. Autoantibodies against matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in patients with localized scleroderma. J Dermatol Sci 2008;52(1):47–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
103 Fujimoto M, Sato S, Ihn H, et al. Autoantibodies to mitochondrial 2‐oxo‐acid dehydrogenase complexes in localized scleroderma. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;105(2):297–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
104 Yamane K, Ihn H, Kubo M, et al. Anti‐U1RNP antibodies in patients with localized scieroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2001;293(9):455–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
105 Yimane K, Ihn H, Kubo M, Asano Y, Yazawa N, Tamaki K. Anti‐U3 snRNP antibodies in localised scleroderma. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60(12):1157–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
106 Yamane K, Ihn H, Kubo M, et al. Antibodies to Th/To ribonucleoprotein in patients with localized scleroderma. Rheumatology 2001;40(6):683–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
107 Kurzinski K, Torok KS. Cytokine profiles in localized scleroderma and relationship to clinical features. Cytokine 2011;55(2):157–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
108 Milano A, Pendergrass SA, Sargent JL, et al. Molecular subsets in the gene expression signatures of scleroderma skin. PLOS One 2008;3(7):e2696. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
109 Sgonc R, Gruschwitz MS, Dietrich H, Recheis H, Gershwin ME, Wick G. Endothelial cell apoptosis is a primary pathogenetic event underlying skin lesions in avian and human scleroderma. J Clin Invest 1996;98(3):785–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
110 Kobayasi T, Serup J. Vascular changes in morphea. Acta Derm Venereol 1985;65(2):116–20. Pubmed link
111 Berman A, Berman GD, Winkelmann RK. Atrophoderma (Pasini‐Pierini). Findings on direct immunofluorescent, monoclonal antibody, and ultrastructural studies. Int J Dermatol 1988;27(7):487–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
112 Venneker GT, Das PK, Naafs B, Tigges AJ, Bos JD, Asghar SS. Morphoea lesions are associated with aberrant expression of membrane cofactor protein and decay accelerating factor in vascular endothelium. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(2):237–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
113 Stefanec T. Endothelial apoptosis in scleroderma: comment on the article by Black et al. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(11):2491. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
114 Jones SM, Mathew CM, Dixey J, Lovell CR, McHugh NJ. VCAM‐1 expression on endothelium in lesions from cutaneous lupus erythematosus is increased compared with systemic and localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 1996;135(5):678–86. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
115 Yamane K, Ihn H, Kubo M, et al. Increased serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and E‐selectin in patients with localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42(1 Pt 1):64–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
116 Yamamoto T. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in scleroderma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006;140(4):345–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
117 Gambichler T, Skrygan M, Labanski AA, Kolios AG, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. Significantly increased CCL5/RANTES and CCR7 mRNA levels in localized scleroderma. Regul Pept 2011;170(1–3):4–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
118 Yamamoto T. Potential roles of CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in the pathogenesis of cutaneous sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21:369–75. Pubmed link
119 Magee KE, Kelsey CE, Kurzinski KL, et al. Interferon‐gamma inducible protein‐10 as a potential biomarker in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Res Ther 2013;15:R188. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
120 Uziel Y, Krafchik BR, Feldman B, Silverman ED, Rubin LA, Laxer RM. Serum levels of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor. A marker of disease activity in localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:898–901. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
121 Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Clinical significance of serum levels of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor in patients with localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 1996;134:843–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
122 Xie Y, Zhang X, Inoue Y, Wakasugi S, Makino T, Ihn H. Expression of CD1a and CD86 on scleroderma Langerhans cells. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:50–4. Pubmed link
123 Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Demonstration of interleukin‐2, interleukin‐4 and interleukin‐6 in sera from patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 1995;287:193–7. Cross Ref link
124 Hasegawa M, Sato S, Nagaoka T, Fujimoto M, Takehara K. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐13 are elevated in patients with localized scleroderma. Dermatology 2003;207:141–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
125 Lonati PA, Brembilla NC, Montanari E, et al. High IL‐17E and low IL‐17C dermal expression identifies a fibrosis‐specific motif common to morphea and systemic sclerosis. PLOS One 2014;9(8):e105008. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
126 Ihn H, Sato S, Fujimoto M, Kikuchi K, Takehara K. Demonstration of interleukin 8 in serum samples of patients with localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1994;130(10):1327–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
127 Kawaguchi Y, Hara M, Wright TM. Endogenous IL‐1alpha from systemic sclerosis fibroblasts induces IL‐6 and PDGF‐A. J Clin Invest 1999;103(9):1253–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
128 Denton CP, Xu S, Black CM, Pearson JD. Scleroderma fibroblasts show increased responsiveness to endothelial cell‐derived IL‐1 and bFGF. J Invest Dermatol 1997;108(3):269–74. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
129 Scharffetter K, Lankat‐Buttgereit B, Krieg T. Localization of collagen mRNA in normal and scleroderma skin by in‐situ hybridization. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18(1):9–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
130 Hatamochi A, Ono M, Arakawa M, Takeda K, Ueki H. Analysis of collagen gene expression by cultured fibroblasts in morphoea. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(3):216–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
131 Kahari VM, Sandberg M, Kalimo H, Vuorio T, Vuorio E. Identification of fibroblasts responsible for increased collagen production in localized scleroderma by in situ hybridization. J Invest Dermatol 1988;90(5):664–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
132 Leask A, Denton CP, Abraham DJ. Insights into the molecular mechanism of chronic fibrosis: the role of connective tissue growth factor in scleroderma. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122(1):1–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
133 Sonnylal S, Denton CP, Zheng B, et al. Postnatal induction of transforming growth factor beta signaling in fibroblasts of mice recapitulates clinical, histologic, and biochemical features of scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(1):334–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
134 Higley H, Persichitte K, Chu S, Waegell W, Vancheeswaran R, Black C. Immunocytochemical localization and serologic detection of transforming growth factor beta 1. Association with type I procollagen and inflammatory cell markers in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, morphea, and Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(2):278–88. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
135 Zheng XY, Zhang JZ, Tu P, Ma SQ. Expression of platelet‐derived growth factor B‐chain and platelet‐derived growth factor beta‐receptor in fibroblasts of scleroderma. J Dermatol Sci 1998;18(2):90–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
136 Kubo M, Ihn H, Yamane K, Tamaki K. Up‐regulated expression of transforming growth factor beta receptors in dermal fibroblasts in skin sections from patients with localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(3):731–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
137 Igarashi A, Nashiro K, Kikuchi K, et al. Connective tissue growth factor gene expression in tissue sections from localized scleroderma, keloid, and other fibrotic skin disorders. J Invest Dermatol 1996;106(4):729–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
138 Yamamoto T, Sawada Y, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Nodular scleroderma: increased expression of connective tissue growth factor. Dermatology 2005;211(3):218–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
139 Mattila L, Airola K, Ahonen M, et al. Activation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐3 (TIMP‐3) mRNA expression in scleroderma skin fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110(4):416–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
140 Haniffa M, Gunawan M, Jardine L. Human skin dendritic cells in health and disease. J Dermatol Sci 2015;77(2):85–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
141 Skobieranda K, Helm KF. Decreased expression of the human progenitor cell antigen (CD34) in morphea. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17(5):471–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
142 McNiff JM, Glusac EJ, Lazova RZ, Carroll CB. Morphea limited to the superficial reticular dermis: an underrecognized histologic phenomenon. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21(4):315–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
143 Sung JJ, Chen TS, Gilliam AC, McCalmont TH, Gilliam AE. Clinicohistopathological correlations in juvenile localized scleroderma: studies on a subset of children with hypopigmented juvenile localized scleroderma due to loss of epidermal melanocytes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(2):364–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
144 Aiba S, Tabata N, Ohtani H, Tagami H. CD34+ spindle‐shaped cells selectively disappear from the skin lesion of scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 1994;130(5):593–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
145 Takahashi M, Akamatsu H, Yagami A, et al. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition of the eccrine glands is involved in skin fibrosis in morphea. J Dermatol 2013;40(9):720–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
146 Su WP, Person JR. Morphea profunda. A new concept and a histopathologic study of 23 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1981;3(3):251–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
147 Morley SM, Gaylarde PM, Sarkany I. Epidermal thickness in systemic sclerosis and morphoea. Clin Exp Dermatol 1985;10(1):51–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
148 Fleischmajer R, Nedwich A. Generalized morphea. I. Histology of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Arch Dermatol 1972;106(4):509–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
149 Fleischmajer R, Perlish JS, Reeves JR. Cellular infiltrates in scleroderma skin. Arthritis Rheum 1977;20(4):975–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
150 Succaria F, Kurban M, Kibbi AG, Abbas O. Clinicopathological study of 81 cases of localized and systemic scleroderma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013;27(2):e191–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
151 Perlish JS, Lemlich G, Fleischmajer R. Identification of collagen fibrils in scleroderma skin. J Invest Dermatol 1988;90(1):48–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
152 Fleischmajer R, Jacobs L, Schwartz E, Sakai LY. Extracellular microfibrils are increased in localized and systemic scleroderma skin. Lab Invest 1991;64(6):791–8. Pubmed link
153 Montgomery H, O'Leary PA, Ragsdale WE, Jr. Dermatohistopathology of various types of scleroderma. AMA Arch Dermatol 1957;75(1):78–87. Cross Ref link
154 Chiu YE, Vora S, Kwon EK, Maheshwari M. A significant proportion of children with morphea en coup de sabre and Parry‐Romberg syndrome have neuroimaging findings. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(6):738–48. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
155 Young EM, Jr, Barr RJ. Sclerosing dermatoses. J Cutan Pathol 1985;12(5):426–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
156 Torres JE, Sanchez JL. Histopathologic differentiation between localized and systemic scleroderma. Am J Dermatopathol 1998;20(3):242–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
157 Aberer E, Neumann R, Stanek G. Is localised scleroderma a Borrelia infection? Lancet 1985;2(8449):278. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
158 Aberer E, Klade H, Hobisch G. A clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical comparison of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and morphea. Am J Dermatopathol 1991;13(4):334–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
159 Asbrink E, Brehmer‐Andersson E, Hovmark A. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – a spirochetosis. Clinical and histopathological picture based on 32 patients; course and relationship to erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius. Am J Dermatopathol 1986;8(3):209–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
160 Dillon WI, Saed GM, Fivenson DP. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33(4):617–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
161 De Vito JR, Merogi AJ, Vo T, et al. Role of Borrelia burgdorferi in the pathogenesis of morphea/scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a PCR study of thirty‐five cases. J Cutan Pathol 1996;23(4):350–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
162 Goodlad JR, Davidson MM, Gordon P, Billington R, Ho‐Yen DO. Morphoea and Borrelia burgdorferi: results from the Scottish Highlands in the context of the world literature. Mol Pathol 2002;55(6):374–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
163 Weide B, Walz T, Garbe C. Is morphoea caused by Borrelia burgdorferi? A review. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(4):636–44. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
164 Eisendle K, Grabner T, Zelger B. Morphoea: a manifestation of infection with Borrelia species? Br J Dermatol 2007;157(6):1189–98. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
165 Prinz JC, Kutasi Z, Weisenseel P, Poto L, Battyani Z, Ruzicka T. ‘Borrelia‐associated early‐onset morphea’: a particular type of scleroderma in childhood and adolescence with high titer antinuclear antibodies? Results of a cohort analysis and presentation of three cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60(2):248–55. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
166 Espinoza‐Leon F, Arocha F, Hassanhi M, Arevalo J. [Using the polymerase chain reaction to Borrelia burgdorferi infection in localized scleroderma injure (morphea), in Venezuelan patients.] Invest Clin 2010;51(3):381–90. Pubmed link
167 Weide B, Schittek B, Klyscz T, et al. Morphoea is neither associated with features of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, nor is this agent detectable in lesional skin by polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(4):780–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
168 Colome‐Grimmer MI, Payne DA, Tyring SK, Sanchez RL. Borrelia burgdorferi DNA and Borrelia hermsii DNA are not associated with morphea or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in the southwestern United States. Arch Dermatol 1997;133(9):1174. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
169 Alonso‐Llamazares J, Persing DH, Anda P, Gibson LE, Rutledge BJ, Iglesias L. No evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Spain. A prospective study and literature review. Acta Derm Venereol 1997;77(4):299–304. Pubmed link
170 Zollinger T, Mertz KD, Schmid M, Schmitt A, Pfaltz M, Kempf W. Borrelia in granuloma annulare, morphea and lichen sclerosus: a PCR‐based study and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2010;37(5):571–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
171 Anderson PJ, Molony D, Haan E, David DJ. Familial Parry–Romberg disease. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2005;69(5):705–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
172 Jacobe H, Ahn C, Arnett F, Reveille JD. Major histocompatibility complex class I and class II alleles may confer susceptibility to or protection against morphoea: findings from the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(11):3170–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
173 Bhattacharyya S, Sargent JL, Du P, et al. Egr‐1 induces a profibrotic injury/repair gene program associated with systemic sclerosis. PLOS One 2011;6(9):e23082. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
174 Greenblatt MB, Sargent JL, Farina G, et al. Interspecies comparison of human and murine scleroderma reveals IL‐13 and CCL2 as disease subset‐specific targets. Am J Pathol 2012;180(3):1080–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
175 Etoh M, Jinnin M, Makino K, et al. MicroRNA‐7 down‐regulation mediates excessive collagen expression in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2013;305(1):9–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
176 Makino T, Jinnin M, Etoh M, et al. Down‐regulation of microRNA‐196a in the sera and involved skin of localized scleroderma patients. Eur J Dermatol 2014;24(4):470–6. Pubmed link
177 Drago F, Rampini P, Lugani C, Rebora A. Generalized morphoea after antitetanus vaccination. Clin Exp Dermatol 1998;23(3):142. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
178 Torrelo A, Suarez J, Colmenero I, Azorin D, Perera A, Zambrano A. Deep morphea after vaccination in two young children. Pediatr Dermatol 2006;23(5):484–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
179 Benmously Mlika R, Kenani N, Badri T, et al. Morphea profunda in a young infant after hepatitis B vaccination. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(6):1111–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
180 Khaled A, Kharfi M, Zaouek A, et al. Postvaccination morphea profunda in a child. Pediatr Dermatol 2012;29(4):525–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
181 Matsumoto M, Yamamoto T. Pediatric generalized morphea that developed at a BCG vaccination site. Actas Dermosifiliogr 2015;106(2):150–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
182 Viladomiu Edel A, Valls AT, Zabaleta BA, Moreno AJ, Perez NO. Deep morphea in a child after pneumococcal vaccination. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014;80(3):259–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
183 Morell A, Betlloch I, Sevila A, Banuls J, Botella R. Morphea‐like reaction from vitamin K1. Int J Dermatol 1995;34(3):201–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
184 Alonso‐Llamazares J, Ahmed I. Vitamin K1‐induced localized scleroderma (morphea) with linear deposition of IgA in the basement membrane zone. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38(2 Pt 2):322–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
185 Ho J, Rothchild YH, Sengelmann R. Vitamin B12‐associated localized scleroderma and its treatment. Dermatol Surg 2004;30(9):1252–5. Pubmed link
186 Frances L, Leiva‐Salinas M, Angelica MB, Marin I, Silvestre JF. Morphea as a sign of autoimmune syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA). Eur J Dermatol 2014;24(3):377–8. Pubmed link
187 Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr, Reichlin M, Rodnan GP. Linear scleroderma. Clinical spectrum, prognosis, and laboratory abnormalities. Ann Intern Med 1986;104(6):849–57. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
188 Yamanaka CT, Gibbs NF. Trauma‐induced linear scleroderma. Cutis 1999;63(1):29–32. Pubmed link
189 Grabell D, Hsieh C, Andrew R, et al. The role of skin trauma in the distribution of morphea lesions: a cross‐sectional survey of the Morphea in Adults and Children cohort IV. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;71(3):493–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
190 Wolf R, Ruocco V, Filioli FG. Isotopic response. Br J Dermatol 1997;136(3):466–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
191 Boyd AS, Neldner KH. The isomorphic response of Koebner. Int J Dermatol 1990;29(6):401–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
192 Ciechomska M, Cant R, Finnigan J, van Laar JM, O'Reilly S. Role of toll‐like receptors in systemic sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013;15:e9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
193 Akay BN, Sanli H, Heper AO. Postirradiation linear morphoea. Clin Exp Dermatol 2010;35(4):e106–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
194 Colver GB, Rodger A, Mortimer PS, Savin JA, Neill SM, Hunter JA. Post‐irradiation morphoea. Br J Dermatol 1989;120(6):831–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
195 Bleasel NR, Stapleton KM, Commens C, Ahern VA. Radiation‐induced localized scleroderma in breast cancer patients. Australas J Dermatol 1999;40(2):99–102. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
196 Alhathlool A, Hein R, Andres C, Ring J, Eberlein B. Post‐irradiation morphea: case report and review of the literature. J Dermatol Case Rep 2012;6(3):73–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
197 Spalek M, Jonska‐Gmyrek J, Galecki J. Radiation‐induced morphea – a literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2015;29(2):197–202. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
198 Kumar S, Kolozsvary A, Kohl R, Lu M, Brown S, Kim JH. Radiation‐induced skin injury in the animal model of scleroderma: implications for post‐radiotherapy fibrosis. Radiation Oncology (London) 2008;3:40. Cross Ref link
199 Bouchard SM, Mohr MR, Pariser RJ. Taxane‐induced morphea in a patient with CREST syndrome. Dermatol Rep 2010;2(1):e9. Cross Ref link
200 Kupfer I, Balguerie X, Courville P, Chinet P, Joly P. Scleroderma‐like cutaneous lesions induced by paclitaxel: a case study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48(2):279–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
201 Peroni A, Zini A, Braga V, Colato C, Adami S, Girolomoni G. Drug‐induced morphea: report of a case induced by balicatib and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;59(1):125–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
202 Runger TM, Adami S, Benhamou CL, et al. Morphea‐like skin reactions in patients treated with the cathepsin K inhibitor balicatib. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66(3):e89–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
203 Kraigher O, Brenner S, Tur E. Anti‐double‐stranded DNA‐positive unilateral generalized morphea in an adult, possibly exacerbated by ibuprofen. Arch Dermatol 2009;145(7):844–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
204 Verdelli A, Antiga E, Bonciolini V, Bonciani D, Volpi W, Caproni M. Drug induction in connective tissue diseases. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2014;149(5):573–80. Pubmed link
205 Calistru AM, Baudrier T, Mota A, et al. Pseudoscleroderma possibly induced by intravesical instillation of mitomycin C. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(6):e116–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
206 Runger TM, Quintanilla‐Dieck MJ, Bhawan J. Role of cathepsin K in the turnover of the dermal extracellular matrix during scar formation. J Invest Dermatol 2007;127(2):293–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
207 Quintanilla‐Dieck MJ, Codriansky K, Keady M, Bhawan J, Runger TM. Expression and regulation of cathepsin K in skin fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2009;18(7):596–602. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
208 Weibel L, Laguda B, Atherton D, Harper JI. Misdiagnosis and delay in referral of children with localized scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(6):1308–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
209 Connelly MG, Winkelmann RK. Coexistence of lichen sclerosus, morphea, and lichen planus. Report of four cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;12(5 Pt 1):844–51. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
210 Blaya B, Gardeazabal J, de Lagran ZM, Diaz‐Perez JL. [Patient with generalized guttate morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicu.] Actas Dermosifiliogr 2008;99(10):808–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
211 Buechner SA, Rufli T. Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. Clinical and histopathologic findings and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in thirty‐four patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994;30(3):441–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
212 Kencka D, Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S. Atrophoderma Pasini‐Pierini is a primary atrophic abortive morphea. Dermatology 1995;190(3):203–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
213 Saleh Z, Abbas O, Dahdah MJ, Kibbi AG, Zaynoun S, Ghosn S. Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini: a clinical and histopathological study. J Cutan Pathol 2008;35(12):1108–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
214 Jablonska S, Blaszczyk M. Is superficial morphea synonymous with atrophoderma Pasini–Pierini? J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50(6):979–80; author reply 80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
215 Canizares O, Sachs PM, Jaimovich L, Torres VM. Idiopathic atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. AMA Arch Dermatol 1958;77(1):42–58; discussion 60. Cross Ref link
216 Wakelin SH, James MP. Zosteriform atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20(3):244–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
217 Zhang RZ, Zhu WY. Two uncommon cases of idiopathic atrophoderma of pasini and pierini: multiple and giant. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2011;77(3):402. Pubmed link
218 Melani L, Caproni M, Cardinali C, et al. A case of nodular scleroderma. J Dermatol 2005;32(12):1028–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
219 Ohata C, Yasunaga M, Tsuruta D, et al. Nodular morphea (NM): report of a case of concurrent NM and morphea profunda associated with limited type systemic sclerosis, and overview and definition for NM. Eur J Dermatol 2013;23(1):87–93. Pubmed link
220 Rencic A, Brinster N, Nousari CH. Keloid morphea and nodular scleroderma: two distinct clinical variants of scleroderma? J Cutan Med Surg 2003;7(1):20–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
221 Cannick L, 3rd, Douglas G, Crater S, Silver R. Nodular scleroderma: case report and literature review. J Rheumatol 2003;30(11):2500–2. Pubmed link
222 Kauer F, Simon JC, Sticherling M. Nodular morphea. Dermatology 2009;218(1):63–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
223 Krell JM, Solomon AR, Glavey CM, Lawley TJ. Nodular scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32(2 Pt 2):343–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
224 Micalizzi C, Parodi A, Rebora A. Morphoea with nodular lesions. Br J Dermatol 1994;131(2):298–300. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
225 Hsu S, Lee MW, Carlton S, Kramer EM. Nodular morphea in a linear pattern. Int J Dermatol 1999;38(7):529–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
226 Jain K, Dayal S, Jain VK, Aggarwal K, Bansal A. Blaschko linear nodular morphea with dermal mucinosis. Arch Dermatol 2007;143(7):953–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
227 Yamamoto T, Sakashita S, Sawada Y, Katayama I, Nishioka K. Possible role of epidermal growth factor in the lesional skin of nodular morphea. Acta Derm Venereol 1998;78(4):312–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
228 Moinzadeh P, Agarwal P, Bloch W, et al. Systemic sclerosis with multiple nodules: characterization of the extracellular matrix. Arch Dermatol Res 2013;305(7):645–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
229 Person JR, Su WP. Subcutaneous morphoea: a clinical study of sixteen cases. Br J Dermatol 1979;100(4):371–80. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
230 Whittaker SJ, Smith NP, Jones RR. Solitary morphoea profunda. Br J Dermatol 1989;120(3):431–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
231 Peters MS, Su WP. Eosinophils in lupus panniculitis and morphea profunda. J Cutan Pathol 1991;18(3):189–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
232 Tomb R, Soutou B, Chehadi S. [Plasma cell panniculitis: a histopathological variant of morphea profunda.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 2009;136(3):256–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
233 Kobayashi KA, Lui H, Prendiville JS. Solitary morphea profunda in a 5‐year‐old girl: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 1991;8(4):292–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
234 Khelifa E, Masouye I, Chavaz P, Hauser H, Grillet JP, Borradori L. Primary atrophic solitary morphea profunda. Dermatology 2008;217(3):207–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
235 Ahn JG, Kim YT, Lee CW. Trauma‐induced isomorphic lesions in morphea – a brief case report. J Korean Med Sci 1995;10(2):152–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
236 Diaz‐Perez JL, Connolly SM, Winkelmann RK. Disabling pansclerotic morphea of children. Arch Dermatol 1980;116(2):169–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
237 Wollina U, Looks A, Uhlemann C, Wollina K. Pansclerotic morphea of childhood – follow‐up over 6 years. Pediatr Dermatol 1999;16(3):245–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
238 Wollina U, Buslau M, Heinig B, et al. Disabling pansclerotic morphea of childhood poses a high risk of chronic ulceration of the skin and squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2007;6(4):291–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
239 Parodi PC, Riberti C, Draganic Stinco D, Patrone P, Stinco G. Squamous cell carcinoma arising in a patient with long‐standing pansclerotic morphea. Br J Dermatol 2001;144(2):417–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
240 Wollina U, Buslau M, Weyers W. Squamous cell carcinoma in pansclerotic morphea of childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 2002;19(2):151–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
241 Petrov I, Gantcheva M, Miteva L, Vassileva S, Pramatarov K. Lower lip squamous cell carcinoma in disabling pansclerotic morphea of childhood. Pediatr Dermatol 2009;26(1):59–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
242 Scharffetter‐Kochanek K, Goldermann R, Lehmann P, Holzle E, Goerz G. PUVA therapy in disabling pansclerotic morphoea of children. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(5):830–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
243 Todd DJ, Askari A, Ektaish E. PUVA therapy for disabling pansclerotic morphoea of children. Br J Dermatol 1998;138(1):201–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
244 Doede T, Wollina U, Hindermann W, Schier F, Bondartschuk M. Pansclerotic morphea in childhood: a case report. Pediatr Surg Int 2003;19(5):406–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
245 Tekin NS, Altinyazar HC, Tekin IO, Keskin SI, Kucukoglu R, Onsun N. Disabling pansclerotic morphoea: a case report. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64(1):99–101. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
246 Maragh SH, Davis MD, Bruce AJ, Nelson AM. Disabling pansclerotic morphea: clinical presentation in two adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(2 Suppl. 1):S115–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
247 Sherber NS, Boin F, Hummers LK, Wigley FM. The “tank top sign”: a unique pattern of skin fibrosis seen in pansclerotic morphea. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(9):1511–12. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
248 Song P, Gocke C, Wigley FM, Boin F. Resolution of pansclerotic morphea after treatment with antithymocyte globulin. Nature Rev Rheumatol 2009;5(9):513–16. Cross Ref link
249 Stausbol‐Gron B, Olesen AB, Deleuran B, Deleuran MS. Abatacept is a promising treatment for patients with disseminated morphea profunda: presentation of two cases. Acta Derm Venereol 2011;91(6):686–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
250 Neustadter JH, Samarin F, Carlson KR, Girardi M. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy for generalized deep morphea. Arch Dermatol 2009;145(2):127–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
251 Shulman LE. Diffuse fasciitis with eosinophilia: a new syndrome? Trans Assoc Am Phys 1975;88:70–86. Pubmed link
252 Miller JJ, 3rd. The fasciitis–morphea complex in children. Am J Dis Child 1992;146(6):733–6. Pubmed link
253 Lakhanpal S, Ginsburg WW, Michet CJ, Doyle JA, Moore SB. Eosinophilic fasciitis: clinical spectrum and therapeutic response in 52 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1988;17(4):221–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
254 Lebeaux D, Frances C, Barete S, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman disease): new insights into the therapeutic management from a series of 34 patients. Rheumatology 2012;51(3):557–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
255 Anon. Eosinophilic fasciitis. BMJ 1980;280(6213):506.
256 Pinal‐Fernandez I, Selva‐O'Callaghan A, Grau JM. Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic fasciitis. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13(4–5):379–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
257 Barnes L, Rodnan GP, Medsger TA, Short D. Eosinophilic fasciitis. A pathologic study of twenty cases. Am J Pathol 1979;96(2):493–518. Pubmed link
258 Michet CJ, Jr, Doyle JA, Ginsburg WW. Eosinophilic fasciitis: report of 15 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56(1):27–34. Pubmed link
259 Falanga V, Medsger TA, Jr. Frequency, levels, and significance of blood eosinophilia in systemic sclerosis, localized scleroderma, and eosinophilic fasciitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17(4):648–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
260 Doyle JA. Eosinophilic fasciitis: extracutaneous manifestations and associations. Cutis 1984;34(3):259–61. Pubmed link
261 Weibel L, Harper JI. Linear morphoea follows Blaschko's lines. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(1):175–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
262 Tollefson MM, Witman PM. En coup de sabre morphea and Parry‐Romberg syndrome: a retrospective review of 54 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(2):257–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
263 Jue MS, Kim MH, Ko JY, Lee CW. Digital image processing for the acquisition of graphic similarity of the distributional patterns between cutaneous lesions of linear scleroderma and Blaschko's lines. J Dermatol 2011;38(8):778–83. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
264 Happle R. Mosaicism in human skin. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms. Arch Dermatol 1993;129(11):1460–70. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
265 Sommer A, Gambichler T, Bacharach‐Buhles M, von Rothenburg T, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. Clinical and serological characteristics of progressive facial hemiatrophy: a case series of 12 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(2):227–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
266 Blaszczyk M, Krolicki L, Krasu M, Glinska O, Jablonska S. Progressive facial hemiatrophy: central nervous system involvement and relationship with scleroderma en coup de sabre. J Rheumatol 2003;30(9):1997–2004. Pubmed link
267 Jablonska S, Blaszczyk M. Long‐lasting follow‐up favours a close relationship between progressive facial hemiatrophy and scleroderma en coup de sabre. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2005;19(4):403–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
268 Miller K, Lehrhoff S, Fischer M, Meehan S, Latkowski JA. Linear morphea of the forehead (en coup de sabre). Dermatol Online J 2012;18(12):22. Pubmed link
269 Mohan SV, Nittur V, Stevens KJ. Late‐onset en coup de sabre of the skull. Skeletal Radiol 2013;42(10):1447–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
270 Soma Y, Fujimoto M. Frontoparietal scleroderma (en coup de sabre) following Blaschko's lines. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38(2 Pt 2):366–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
271 Rai R, Handa S, Gupta S, Kumar B. Bilateral en coup de sabre – a rare entity. Pediatr Dermatol 2000;17(3):222–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
272 Gambichler T, Kreuter A, Hoffmann K, Bechara FG, Altmeyer P, Jansen T. Bilateral linear scleroderma “en coup de sabre” associated with facial atrophy and neurological complications. BMC Dermatol 2001;1:9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
273 Blaszczyk M, Jablonska S. Linear scleroderma en coup de sabre. Relationship with progressive facial hemiatrophy (PFH). Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;455:101–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
274 Stone J. Parry‐Romberg syndrome: a global survey of 205 patients using the Internet. Neurology 2003;61(5):674–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
275 Mendonca J, Viana SL, Freitas F, Lima G. Late‐onset progressive facial hemiatrophy (Parry‐Romberg syndrome). J Postgrad Med 2005;51(2):135–6. Pubmed link
276 El‐Kehdy J, Abbas O, Rubeiz N. A review of Parry‐Romberg syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(4):769–84. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
277 Bandello F, Rosa N, Ghisolfi F, Sebastiani A. New findings in the Parry‐Romberg syndrome: a case report. Eur J Ophthalmol 2002;12(6):556–8. Pubmed link
278 Doolittle DA, Lehman VT, Schwartz KM, Wong‐Kisiel LC, Lehman JS, Tollefson MM. CNS imaging findings associated with Parry‐Romberg syndrome and en coup de sabre: correlation to dermatologic and neurologic abnormalities. Neuroradiology 2015;57(1):21–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
279 Taniguchi T, Asano Y, Tamaki Z, et al. Histological features of localized scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’: a study of 16 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014;28(12):1805–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
280 Soma Y, Kawakami T, Yamasaki E, Sasaki R, Mizoguchi M. Linear scleroderma along Blaschko's lines in a patient with systematized morphea. Acta Derm Venereol 2003;83(5):362–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
281 Larregue M, Ziegler JE, Lauret P, et al. [Linear scleroderma in children (apropos of 27 cases).] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1986;113(3):207–24. Pubmed link
282 Das S, Bernstein I, Jacobe H. Correlates of self‐reported quality of life in adults and children with morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(5):904–10. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
283 Moulin G, Hill MP, Guillaud V, Barrut D, Chevallier J, Thomas L. [Acquired atrophic pigmented band‐like lesions following Blaschko's lines.] Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992;119(10):729–36. Pubmed link
284 Norisugi O, Makino T, Hara H, Matsui K, Furuichi M, Shimizu T. Evaluation of skin atrophy associated with linear atrophoderma of Moulin by ultrasound imaging. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(1):232–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
285 Ang GC, Lee JB. Linear atrophoderma of Moulin: is it a single disease? J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52(5):923–4; author reply 4–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
286 De Golian E, Echols K, Pearl H, Davis L. Linear atrophoderma of Moulin: a distinct entity? Pediatr Dermatol 2014;31(3):373–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
287 Blaszczyk M, Krysicka‐Janiger K, Jablonska S. Primary atrophic profound linear scleroderma. Report of three cases. Dermatology 2000;200(1):63–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
288 Chapman MS, Peraza JE, Spencer SK. Parry‐Romberg syndrome with contralateral and ipsilateral extremity involvement. J Cutan Med Surg 1999;3(5):260–2. Pubmed link
289 Duymaz A, Karabekmez FE, Keskin M, Tosun Z. Parry‐Romberg syndrome: facial atrophy and its relationship with other regions of the body. Ann Plastic Surg 2009;63(4):457–61. Cross Ref link
290 Foti R, Leonardi R, Rondinone R, et al. Scleroderma‐like disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2008;7(4):331–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
291 Boin F, Hummers LK. Scleroderma‐like fibrosing disorders. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008;34(1):199–220; ix. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
292 Arkachaisri T, Vilaiyuk S, Torok KS, Medsger TA, Jr. Development and initial validation of the localized scleroderma skin damage index and physician global assessment of disease damage: a proof‐of‐concept study. Rheumatology 2010;49(2):373–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
293 Kelsey CE, Torok KS. The Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool: responsiveness to change in a pediatric clinical population. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;69(2):214–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
294 Dehen L, Roujeau JC, Cosnes A, Revuz J. Internal involvement in localized scleroderma. Medicine 1994;73(5):241–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
295 Luderschmidt C, Konig G, Leisner B, Scholz S, Albert EE. [Circumscribed scleroderma: internal manifestations and significant correlation to HLA‐DR1 and DR5.] Hautarzt 1985;36(9):516–21. Pubmed link
296 Konig G, Luderschmidt C, Hammer C, Adelmann‐Grill BC, Braun‐Falco O, Fruhmann G. Lung involvement in scleroderma. Chest 1984;85(3):318–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
297 Rokicki W, Dukalska M, Rubisz‐Brzezinska J, Gasior Z. Circulatory system in children with localized scleroderma. Pediatr Cardiol 1997;18(3):213–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
298 Targa L, Cardin G, Cozzi F, Glorioso S, Rossi L, Todesco S. [Electrocardiographic disorders in diverse clinical variations of scleroderma.] G Clin Med 1990;71(1):17–24. Pubmed link
299 Rokicki W, Rubisz‐Brzezinska J, Dukalska M, et al. [The circulatory system in children with cutaneous forms of scleroderma. The results of routine as well as 24‐hour ECG and physical performance test.] Pediatr Polska 1995;70(6):479–85.
300 Amaral TN, Peres FA, Lapa AT, Marques‐Neto JF, Appenzeller S. Neurologic involvement in scleroderma: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013;43(3):335–47. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
301 Amaral TN, Marques Neto JF, Lapa AT, Peres FA, Guirau CR, Appenzeller S. Neurologic involvement in scleroderma en coup de sabre. Autoimmune Dis 2012;2012:719685. Pubmed link
302 Trainito S, Favero L, Martini G, et al. Odontostomatologic involvement in juvenile localised scleroderma of the face. J Paediatr Child Health 2012;48(7):572–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
303 Zannin ME, Martini G, Athreya BH, et al. Ocular involvement in children with localised scleroderma: a multi‐centre study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91(10):1311–14. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
304 Guariso G, Conte S, Galeazzi F, Vettorato MG, Martini G, Zulian F. Esophageal involvement in juvenile localized scleroderma: a pilot study. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2007;25(5):786–9. Pubmed link
305 Orzechowski NM, Davis DM, Mason TG, 3rd, Crowson CS, Reed AM. Health‐related quality of life in children and adolescents with juvenile localized scleroderma. Rheumatology 2009;48(6):670–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
306 Baildam EM, Ennis H, Foster HE, et al. Influence of childhood scleroderma on physical function and quality of life. J Rheumatol 2011;38(1):167–73. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
307 Szramka‐Pawlak B, Danczak‐Pazdrowska A, Rzepa T, Szewczyk A, Sadowska‐Przytocka A, Zaba R. Health‐related quality of life, optimism, and coping strategies in persons suffering from localized scleroderma. Psychol Health Med 2013;18(6):654–63. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
308 Condie D, Grabell D, Jacobe H. Comparison of outcomes in adults with pediatric‐onset morphea and those with adult‐onset morphea: a cross‐sectional study from the morphea in adults and children cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(12):3496–504. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
309 Kroft EB, de Jong EM, Evers AW. Psychological distress in patients with morphea and eosinophilic fasciitis. Arch Dermatol 2009;145(9):1017–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
310 Mertens JS, Seyger MM, Kievit W, et al. Disease recurrence in localized scleroderma: a retrospective analysis of 344 patients with paediatric‐ or adult‐onset disease. Br J Dermatol 2015;172(3):722–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
311 Soma Y, Tamaki T, Kikuchi K, et al. Coexistence of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Dermatology 1993;186(2):103–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
312 Curtis AC, Jansen TG. The prognosis of localized scleroderma. AMA Arch Dermatol 1958;78(6):749–55; discussion 55–7. Cross Ref link
313 Birdi N, Laxer RM, Thorner P, Fritzler MJ, Silverman ED. Localized scleroderma progressing to systemic disease. Case report and review of the literature. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36(3):410–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
314 Schanz S, Fierlbeck G, Ulmer A, et al. Localized scleroderma: MR findings and clinical features. Radiology 2011;260(3):817–24. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
315 Horger M, Fierlbeck G, Kuemmerle‐Deschner J, et al. MRI findings in deep and generalized morphea (localized scleroderma). Am J Roentgenol 2008;190(1):32–9. Cross Ref link
316 Li SC, Liebling MS, Haines KA. Ultrasonography is a sensitive tool for monitoring localized scleroderma. Rheumatology 2007;46(8):1316–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
317 Wortsman X, Wortsman J, Sazunic I, Carreno L. Activity assessment in morphea using color Doppler ultrasound. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011;65(5):942–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
318 Weibel L, Howell KJ, Visentin MT, et al. Laser Doppler flowmetry for assessing localized scleroderma in children. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(10):3489–95. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
319 Shaw LJ, Shipley J, Newell EL, Harris N, Clinch JG, Lovell CR. Scanning laser Doppler imaging may predict disease progression of localized scleroderma in children and young adults. Br J Dermatol 2013;169(1):152–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
320 Li SC, Liebling MS, Haines KA, Weiss JE, Prann A. Initial evaluation of an ultrasound measure for assessing the activity of skin lesions in juvenile localized scleroderma. Arthritis Care Res 2011;63(5):735–42. Cross Ref link
321 Martini G, Murray KJ, Howell KJ, et al. Juvenile‐onset localized scleroderma activity detection by infrared thermography. Rheumatology 2002;41(10):1178–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
322 Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Boo T, de Jong EM. Reliability of two methods to assess morphea: skin scoring and the use of a durometer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37(5 Pt 1):793–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
323 Poff S, Li SC, Kelsey C, Foeldvari I, Torok KS. A48: durometer measures discriminate affected versus normal skin in pediatric localized scleroderma. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66(Suppl. 3):S72–3. Cross Ref link
324 Zulian F, Cuffaro G, Sperotto F. Scleroderma in children: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013;25(5):643–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
325 Zulian F, Meneghesso D, Grisan E, et al. A new computerized method for the assessment of skin lesions in localized scleroderma. Rheumatology 2007;46(5):856–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
326 Serup J, Kristensen JK. Blood flow of morphoea plaques as measured by laser‐Doppler flowmetry. Arch Dermatol Res 1984;276(5):322–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
327 Clements P, Lachenbruch P, Siebold J, et al. Inter and intraobserver variability of total skin thickness score (modified Rodnan TSS) in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1995;22(7):1281–5. Pubmed link
328 Dytoc M, Ting PT, Man J, Sawyer D, Fiorillo L. First case series on the use of imiquimod for morphoea. Br J Dermatol 2005;153(4):815–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
329 Arkachaisri T, Pino S. Localized scleroderma severity index and global assessments: a pilot study of outcome instruments. J Rheumatol 2008;35(4):650–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
330 Warburton KL, McPhee MJ, Savage LJ, et al. Management of morphoea: results of a national survey of UK clinicians. Br J Dermatol 2014;171:1243–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
331 Mancuso G, Berdondini RM. Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of localized scleroderma. Eur J Dermatol 2003;13(6):590–2. Pubmed link
332 Mancuso G, Berdondini RM. Localized scleroderma: response to occlusive treatment with tacrolimus ointment. Br J Dermatol 2005;152(1):180–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
333 Stefanaki C, Stefanaki K, Kontochristopoulos G, et al. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment in the treatment of localized scleroderma. An open label clinical and histological study. J Dermatol 2008;35(11):712–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
334 Kroft EB, Groeneveld TJ, Seyger MM, de Jong EM. Efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in active plaque morphea: randomized, double‐blind, emollient‐controlled pilot study. Am J Clin Dermatol 2009;10(3):181–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
335 Dytoc M, Wat H, Cheung‐Lee M, Sawyer D, Ackerman T, Fiorillo L. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% for plaque‐type morphea: a multicenter, prospective, vehicle‐controlled trial. J Cutan Med Surg 2015;19(2):132–9. Pubmed link
336 Pope E, Doria AS, Theriault M, Mohanta A, Laxer RM. Topical imiquimod 5% cream for pediatric plaque morphea: a prospective, multiple‐baseline, open‐label pilot study. Dermatology 2011;223(4):363–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
337 Cunningham BB, Landells ID, Langman C, Sailer DE, Paller AS. Topical calcipotriene for morphea/linear scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(2 Pt 1):211–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
338 Dytoc MT, Kossintseva I, Ting PT. First case series on the use of calcipotriol‐betamethasone dipropionate for morphoea. Br J Dermatol 2007;157(3):615–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
339 Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Avermaete A, et al. Combined treatment with calcipotriol ointment and low‐dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in childhood morphea. Pediatr Dermatol 2001;18(3):241–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
340 Wlaschek M, Heinen G, Poswig A, Schwarz A, Krieg T, Scharffetter‐Kochanek K. UVA‐induced autocrine stimulation of fibroblast‐derived collagenase/MMP‐1 by interrelated loops of interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6. Photochem Photobiol 1994;59(5):550–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
341 Scharffetter K, Wlaschek M, Hogg A, et al. UVA irradiation induces collagenase in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. Arch Dermatol Res 1991;283(8):506–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
342 Hwang BM, Noh EM, Kim JS, et al. Curcumin inhibits UVB‐induced matrix metalloproteinase‐1/3 expression by suppressing the MAPK‐p38/JNK pathways in human dermal fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2013;22(5):371–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
343 Nisar MF, Parsons KS, Bian CX, Zhong JL. UVA irradiation induced heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1): a novel phototherapy for morphea. Photochem Photobiol 2015;91(1):210–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
344 El‐Mofty M, Mostafa W, Esmat S, et al. Suggested mechanisms of action of UVA phototherapy in morphea: a molecular study. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004;20(2):93–100. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
345 Breuckmann F, Gambichler T, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. UVA/UVA1 phototherapy and PUVA photochemotherapy in connective tissue diseases and related disorders: a research based review. BMC Dermatol 2004;4(1):11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
346 Kreuter A, Hyun J, Skrygan M, et al. Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy decreases inhibitory SMAD7 gene expression in localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol Res 2006;298(6):265–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
347 Gambichler T, Skrygan M, Tomi NS, Altmeyer P, Kreuter A. Differential expression of decorin in localized scleroderma following ultraviolet‐A1 irradiation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56(6):956–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
348 Gambichler T, Terras S, Kreuter A. Treatment regimens, protocols, dosage, and indications for UVA1 phototherapy: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013;31(4):438–54. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
349 Jacobe HT, Cayce R, Nguyen J. UVA1 phototherapy is effective in darker skin: a review of 101 patients of Fitzpatrick skin types I–V. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(3):691–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
350 Wang F, Garza LA, Cho S, et al. Effect of increased pigmentation on the antifibrotic response of human skin to UV‐A1 phototherapy. Arch Dermatol 2008;144(7):851–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
351 Vasquez R, Jabbar A, Khan F, Buethe D, Ahn C, Jacobe H. Recurrence of morphea after successful ultraviolet A1 phototherapy: a cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014;70(3):481–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
352 Kreuter A, Hyun J, Stucker M, Sommer A, Altmeyer P, Gambichler T. A randomized controlled study of low‐dose UVA1, medium‐dose UVA1, and narrowband UVB phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(3):440–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
353 Sator PG, Radakovic S, Schulmeister K, Honigsmann H, Tanew A. Medium‐dose is more effective than low‐dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for localized scleroderma as shown by 20‐MHz ultrasound assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;60(5):786–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
354 Su O, Onsun N, Onay HK, et al. Effectiveness of medium‐dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in localized scleroderma. Int J Dermatol 2011;50(8):1006–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
355 Andres C, Kollmar A, Mempel M, Hein R, Ring J, Eberlein B. Successful ultraviolet A1 phototherapy in the treatment of localized scleroderma: a retrospective and prospective study. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(2):445–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
356 El‐Mofty M, Zaher H, Bosseila M, Yousef R, Saad B. Low‐dose broad‐band UVA in morphea using a new method for evaluation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000;16(2):43–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
357 El‐Mofty M, Mostafa W, El‐Darouty M, et al. Different low doses of broad‐band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2004;20(3):148–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
358 Kerscher M, Volkenandt M, Meurer M, Lehmann P, Plewig G, Rocken M. Treatment of localised scleroderma with PUVA bath photochemotherapy. Lancet 1994;343(8907):1233. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
359 Kerscher M, Meurer M, Sander C, et al. PUVA bath photochemotherapy for localized scleroderma. Evaluation of 17 consecutive patients. Arch Dermatol 1996;132(11):1280–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
360 Schiener R, Behrens‐Williams SC, Gottlober P, Pillekamp H, Peter RU, Kerscher M. Eosinophilic fasciitis treated with psoralen‐ultraviolet A bath photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(4):804–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
361 Grundmann‐Kollmann M, Ochsendorf F, Zollner TM, et al. PUVA‐cream photochemotherapy for the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(4):675–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
362 Joly P, Bamberger N, Crickx B, Belaich S. Treatment of severe forms of localized scleroderma with oral corticosteroids: follow‐up study on 17 patients. Arch Dermatol 1994;130(5):663–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
363 Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, de Boo T, de Jong EM. Low‐dose methotrexate in the treatment of widespread morphea. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39(2 Pt 1):220–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
364 Uziel Y, Feldman BM, Krafchik BR, Yeung RS, Laxer RM. Methotrexate and corticosteroid therapy for pediatric localized scleroderma. J Pediatr 2000;136(1):91–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
365 Fitch PG, Rettig P, Burnham JM, et al. Treatment of pediatric localized scleroderma with methotrexate. J Rheumatol 2006;33(3):609–14. Pubmed link
366 Weibel L, Sampaio MC, Visentin MT, Howell KJ, Woo P, Harper JI. Evaluation of methotrexate and corticosteroids for the treatment of localized scleroderma (morphoea) in children. Br J Dermatol 2006;155(5):1013–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
367 Zulian F, Martini G, Vallongo C, et al. Methotrexate treatment in juvenile localized scleroderma: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(7):1998–2006. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
368 Torok KS, Arkachaisri T. Methotrexate and corticosteroids in the treatment of localized scleroderma: a standardized prospective longitudinal single‐center study. J Rheumatol 2012;39(2):286–94. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
369 Zulian F, Vallongo C, Patrizi A, et al. A long‐term follow‐up study of methotrexate in juvenile localized scleroderma (morphea). J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67(6):1151–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
370 Kreuter A, Gambichler T, Breuckmann F, et al. Pulsed high‐dose corticosteroids combined with low‐dose methotrexate in severe localized scleroderma. Arch Dermatol 2005;141(7):847–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
371 Seitz M, Zwicker M, Loetscher P. Effects of methotrexate on differentiation of monocytes and production of cytokine inhibitors by monocytes. Arthritis Rheum 1998;41(11):2032–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
372 Seitz M, Dewald B, Ceska M, Gerber N, Baggiolini M. Interleukin‐8 in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: synovial fluid levels, relation to rheumatoid factors, production by mononuclear cells, and effects of gold sodium thiomalate and methotrexate. Rheum Int 1992;12(4):159–64. Cross Ref link
373 Seitz M, Loetscher P, Dewald B, et al. Methotrexate action in rheumatoid arthritis: stimulation of cytokine inhibitor and inhibition of chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34(7):602–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
374 Barrera P, Boerbooms AM, Janssen EM, et al. Circulating soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, interleukin‐2 receptors, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin‐6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Longitudinal evaluation during methotrexate and azathioprine therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36(8):1070–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
375 Rose CD, Fawcett PT, Gibney K, Doughty RA, Singsen BH. Serial measurements of soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels (sIL2‐R) in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis treated with oral methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(7):471–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
376 Lacour JP, Vitetta A, Chiquet‐Ehrismann R, Pisani A, Ortonne JP. Increased expression of tenascin in the dermis in scleroderma. Br J Dermatol 1992;127(4):328–34. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
377 Inoue K, Jinnin M, Hara Y, et al. Serum levels of tenascin‐C in collagen diseases. J Dermatol 2013;40(9):715–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
378 Seyger MM, van den Hoogen FH, van Vlijmen‐Willems IM, van de Kerkhof PC, de Jong EM. Localized and systemic scleroderma show different histological responses to methotrexate therapy. J Pathol 2001;193(4):511–16. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
379 Cox D, O'Regan G, Collins S, Byrne A, Irvine A, Watson R. Juvenile localised scleroderma: a retrospective review of response to systemic treatment. Ir J Med Sci 2008;177(4):343–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
380 Kroft EB, Creemers MC, van den Hoogen FH, Boezeman JB, de Jong EM. Effectiveness, side‐effects and period of remission after treatment with methotrexate in localized scleroderma and related sclerotic skin diseases: an inception cohort study. Br J Dermatol 2009;160(5):1075–82. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
381 Mirsky L, Chakkittakandiyil A, Laxer RM, O'Brien C, Pope E. Relapse after systemic treatment in paediatric morphoea. Br J Dermatol 2012;166(2):443–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
382 Koch SB, Cerci FB, Jorizzo JL, Krowchuk DP. Linear morphea: a case series with long‐term follow‐up of young, methotrexate‐treated patients. J Dermatol Treat 2013;24(6):435–8. Cross Ref link
383 Strickland N, Patel G, Strickland A, Jacobe H. Attitudes and trends in the treatment of morphea: a national survey. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015;72(4):727–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
384 Mendoza FA, Nagle SJ, Lee JB, Jimenez SA. A prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset. J Rheumatol 2012;39(6):1241–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
385 Tzouvelekis A, Galanopoulos N, Bouros E, et al. Effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil or sodium in systemic sclerosis‐associated interstitial lung disease: a meta‐analysis. Pulm Med 2012;2012:143637. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
386 Hinchcliff M, Huang CC, Wood TA, et al. Molecular signatures in skin associated with clinical improvement during mycophenolate treatment in systemic sclerosis. J Invest Dermatol 2013;133(8):1979–89. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
387 Martini G, Ramanan AV, Falcini F, Girschick H, Goldsmith DP, Zulian F. Successful treatment of severe or methotrexate‐resistant juvenile localized scleroderma with mycophenolate mofetil. Rheumatology 2009;48(11):1410–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
388 Strauss RM, Bhushan M, Goodfield MJ. Good response of linear scleroderma in a child to ciclosporin. Br J Dermatol 2004;150(4):790–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
389 Peter RU, Ruzicka T, Eckert F. Low‐dose cyclosporine A in the treatment of disabling morphea. Arch Dermatol 1991;127(9):1420–1. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
390 Inamo Y, Ochiai T. Successful combination treatment of a patient with progressive juvenile localized scleroderma (morphea) using imatinib, corticosteroids, and methotrexate. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;30(6):e191–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
391 Diab M, Coloe JR, Magro C, Bechtel MA. Treatment of recalcitrant generalized morphea with infliximab. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(6):601–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
392 Schlaak M, Friedlein H, Kauer F, Renner R, Rogalski C, Simon JC. Successful therapy of a patient with therapy‐recalcitrant generalized bullous scleroderma by extracorporeal photopheresis and mycophenolate mofetil. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008;22(5):631–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
393 Pileri A, Raone B, Raboni R, Giudice V, Patrizi A. Generalized morphea successfully treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). Dermatol Online J 2014;20(1):21258. Pubmed link
394 Takehara K, Ihn H, Sato S. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial: intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31(2 Suppl. 76):151–6. Pubmed link
395 Baleva M, Nikolov K. The role of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol 2011;2011:829751. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
396 Hulshof MM, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Bergman W, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of oral calcitriol for the treatment of localized and systemic scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43(6):1017–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
397 Hunzelmann N, Anders S, Fierlbeck G, et al. Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study of intralesional interferon gamma for the treatment of localized scleroderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;36(3 Pt 1):433–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
398 Zanelato TP, Marquesini G, Colpas PT, Magalhaes RF, Moraes AM. Implantation of autologous fat globules in localized scleroderma and idiopathic lipoatrophy – report of five patients. An Bras Dermatol 2013;88(6 Suppl. 1):120–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
399 Roldan R, Morote G, Castro Mdel C, Miranda MD, Moreno JC, Collantes E. Efficacy of bosentan in treatment of unresponsive cutaneous ulceration in disabling pansclerotic morphea in children. J Rheumatol 2006;33(12):2538–40. Pubmed link

Log in to Rooks online