Anatomy and physiology of eccrine glands

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  • 32  Warndorff JA, Hamer M. The response of the sweat glands to alpha‐adrenergic stimulation with isoprenaline. Br J Dermatol 1974;90:263–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
  • 33  Wolf JE, Maibach HI. Palmar eccrine sweating – the role of adrenergic and cholinergic mediators. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:439–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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  • 35  Le Grys VA, Yankaskas JR, Quittell LM, et al. Diagnostic sweat testing: the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation guidelines. J Pediatr 2007;151:85–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
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Disorders of eccrine sweat glands

    Hyperhidrosis

    • 38  Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K, et al. Biology of sweat glands and their disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:537–63, 713–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 39  Stefaniak TJ, Proczko M. Gravimetry in sweating assessment in primary hyperhidrosis and healthy individuals. Clin Auton Res 2013;23:197–200. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 40  Hahn AF, Waaler PE, Kvistad PH, Bamforth JS, et al. Cold‐induced sweating syndrome: CISS1 and CISS2: manifestations from infancy to adulthood. Four new cases. J Neurol Sci 2010;15(293):68–75. Cross Ref link
    • 41  Hoorens I, Ongenae K. Primary focal hyperhidrosis: current treatment options and a step‐by‐step approach. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26:1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 42  Iseri PK, Bayramgurler D, Koc K. Unilateral localized hyperhidrosis associated with frontal lobe meningioma. Neurology 2004;63:1753–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 43  Chatterjee S, Ghosh K, Banerjee T. An intramedullary tumor presenting with hyperhidrosis. Neurol India 2004;52:39.
    • 44  Korr IM. Skin resistance patterns associated with visceral disease. Fed Proc Am Soc Exp Biol 1949;8:87–8.
    • 45  Schliack H, Schiffter R. JadassohnsHandbuch der Haut und Geschlechts‐krankheiten. Berlin: Springer, 1979.
    • 46  McCoy BP. Apical pulmonary adenocarcinoma with contralateral hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 1981;117:659–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 47  Dua J, Grabczynska S. Eccrine nevus affecting the forearm of an 11‐year‐old girl successfully controlled with topical glycopyrrolate. Pediatr Dermatol 2013;28:10.
    • 48  Salama H, Shwayder T. Eccrine nevus presenting as a hypopigmented patch. Pediatr Dermatol 2008;25:613–15. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 49  Srinivas CR, Rao PLNG. Sudoriparous angioma: regression following intravascular aethoxysclerol, a sclerosing agent. Br J Dermatol 1988;119:111–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 50  Lapiere S. A propos d'une observation de naevus sudoripare avec hyperidrose. Dermatologica 1957 ;115 :293–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 51  Mellinkoff SM. Localized paroxysmal hyperhidrosis. Am J Med Sci 1951;221:86–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 52  Champion RH, Herxheimer A. Unilateral hyperhidrosis of the trunk. Acta Med Scand 1960;168:17–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Cold‐induced sweating syndrome

    • 53  Hahn AF, Waaler PE, Kvistad PH, et al. Cold‐induced sweating syndrome: CISS1 and CISS2: manifestations from infancy to adulthood. Four new cases. J Neurol Sci 2010;15(293):68–75. Cross Ref link

    Gustatory hyperhidrosis

    • 54  Lee TS. Physiological gustation sweating in a warm climate. J Physiol 1954;124:528–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 55  Mellinkoff SM, Mellinkoff MJ. Gustatory hyperhidrosis of the left knee. JAMA 1950;142:901–2. Cross Ref link
    • 56  Drummond PD. Mechanism of gustatory flushing in Frey's syndrome. Clin Auton Res 2002;12:144–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 57  Kurchin A, Adar R, Zweig A, Mozes M. Gustatory phenomena after upper dorsal sympathectomy. Arch Neurol 1977;34:619–23. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 58  Bloor K. Gustatory sweating and other responses after cervicothoracic sympathectomy. Brain 1969;92:137–46. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 59  McGibbon BM, Paletta FX. Further concepts in gustatory sweating. Plast Reconstr Surg 1972;49:639–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 60  Restivo DA, Lanza S, Patti F, et al. Improvement of diabetic autonomic gustatory sweating by botulinum toxin type A. Neurology 2002;59:1971–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 61  Drummond PD, Boyce GM, Lance JW. Postherpetic gustatory flushing and sweating. Ann Neurol 1987;21:559. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 62  Eedy DJ, Corbett JR. Olfactory facial hyperhidrosis responding to amitriptyline. Clin Exp Dermatol 1987;12:298–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 63  Black MJM, Gunn A. The management of Frey's syndrome with aluminium chloride hexahydrate antiperspirant. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1990;72:49–52. Pubmed link
    • 64  Shaw JE, Abbott CA, Tindle K, et al. A randomised controlled trial of topical glycopyrrolate, the first specific treatment for diabetic gustatory sweating. Diabetologia 1997;40:299–301. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Management of hyperhidrosis

    • 65  McMillan FSK, Reller HH, Snyder FH. Antiperspirant action of topically applied anticholinergics. J Invest Dermatol 1964;43:363–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 66  Grice KA, Bettley FR. Inhibition of sweating by poldine methosulphate (Nacton). Br J Dermatol 1966;78:458–64. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 67  Mackenzie A, Burns C, Kavanagh G. Topical glycopyrrolate for axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2013;169:483–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 68  Juhlin L, Hansson H. Topical glutaraldehyde for plantar hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 1968;97:327–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 69  Jass HE. Rationale of formulations of deodorants and antiperspirants. In: Frost P, Horwitz SN, eds. Principles of Cosmetics for the Dermatologist. St Louis: Mosby, 1982:98–104.
    • 70  Anon. Aluminium chloride for hyperhidrosis. Drug Ther Bull 1981;19:101–2.
    • 71  Shelley WB, Hurley HJ. Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary hyperhidrosis. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1975;95:241–60.
    • 72  McWilliams SA, Montgomery I, Jenkinson DM, et al. Effects of topically applied antiperspirant on sweat gland function. Br J Dermatol 1987;117:617–26. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 73  Levit F. Simple device for treatment of hyperhidrosis by iontophoresis. Arch Dermatol 1968;98:505–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 74  Abell E, Morgan K. The treatment of idiopathic hyperhidrosis with glycopyrronium bromide and tapwateriontophoresis. Br J Dermatol 1974;91:87–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 75  Hölzle E, Alberta N. Long‐term efficacy and side‐effects of tap water iontophoresis of palmo‐plantar hyperhidrosis: the usefulness of home therapy. Dermatologica 1987;175:126–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 76  Stolman LP. Treatment of excessive sweating of the palms by iontophoresis. Arch Dermatol 1987;123:895–6. Cross Ref link
    • 77  Reinauer S, Neusser A, Schauf G, Holzle E. Iontophoresis with alternating current and direct current offset (AC/DC iontophoresis): a new approach for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 1993;129:166–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 78  Akins DL, Meisenheimer JL, Dobson RL. Efficacy of the Drionic unit in the treatment of hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:828–32. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 79  Heckmann M, Ceballos‐Baumann AO, Plewig G. Hyperhidrosis Study Group. Botulinum toxin A for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating). N Engl J Med 2001;344:488–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 80  Kinkelin I, Hund M, Naumann M, Hamm H. Effective treatment of frontal hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin A. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:824–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 81  Schnider P, Moraru E, Kittler H, et al. Treatment of focal hyperhidrosis with botulinumtoxin type A: long‐term follow‐up in 61 patients. Br J Dermatol 2001;145:289–93. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 82  Swartling C, Farnstrand C, Abt G, et al. Side‐effects of intradermal injections of botulinumA toxin in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis: a neurophysiological study. Eur J Neurol 2001:8;451–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 83  Boger A, Herath H, Rompel R, Ferbert A. Botulinum toxin for treatment of craniofacial hyperhidrosis. J Neurol 2000;247:857–61. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 84  Canaday BR, Stanford RH. Propantheline bromide in the management of hyperhidrosis associated with spinal cord injury. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29:489–92. Pubmed link
    • 85  Müller C, Berensmeier A, Hamm H, Dirschka T, et al. Efficacy and safety of methantheline bromide (Vagantin®) in axillary and palmar hyperhidrosis: results from a multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;2:1468–3083.
    • 86  Tupker RA, Harmsze AM, Deneer VH. Oxybutynin therapy for generalized hyperhidrosis. Arch Dermatol 2006;142:1065–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 87  Walling HW. Systemic therapy for primary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective study of 59 patients treated with glycopyrrolate or clonidine. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;66:387–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 88  James WD, Schoomaker EB, Rodman OG. Emotional eccrine sweating. A heritable disorder. Arch Dermatol 1987;23:925–9. Cross Ref link
    • 89  Takase Y, Tsushimi K, Yamamoto K, et al. Unilateral localized hyperhidrosis responding to treatment with clonazepam. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:416. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 90  Gjerris F, Oleson HP. Palmar hyperhidrosis: long‐term results following high thoracic sympathectomy. Acta Neurol Scand 1975;51:167–72. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 91  Drott C, Gothberg G, Claes G. Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy: an efficient and safe method for the treatment of hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:78–81. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 92  Orteu CH, McGregor JM, Almeyda JR, Rustin MHA. Recurrence of hyperhidrosis after endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy: case report and review of the literature. Clin Exp Dermatol 1995;20:230–3 Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 93  Lin CC, Mo LR, Lee LS, et al. Thoracoscopic T2‐sympathetic block by clipping: a better and reversible operation for treatment of hyperhidrosis palmaris: experience with 326 cases. Eur J Surg 1998;580(Suppl.):13–18.
    • 94  Cerfolio RJ, De Campos JR, Bryant AS, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons expert consensus for the surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2011;91:1642–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 95  De Andrade Filho LO, Kuzniec S, Wolosker N, et al. Technical difficulties and complications of sympathectomy in the treatment of hyperhidrosis: an analysis of 1731 cases. Ann Vasc Surg 2013;27:447–53. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 96  Imhof M, Zacherl J, Plas EG, et al. Long‐term results of 45 thoracoscopic sympathectomies for primary hyperhidrosis in children. J Pediatr Surg 1999;34:1839–42. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 97  Lin CC, Mo LR, Lee LS, et al. Thoracoscopic T2‐sympathetic block by clipping: a better and reversible operation for treatment of hyperhidrosis palmaris: experience with 326 cases. Eur J Surg 1998;580(Suppl.):13–18.
    • 98  Lin TS, Fang HY. Transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy for craniofacial hyperhidrosis: analysis of 46 cases. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech 2000;10:243–7. Cross Ref link
    • 99  Reisfeld R. Endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy for focal plantar hyperhidrosis using the clamping method. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2010;20:231–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 100  Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. Axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 1966;78:127–40. Cross Ref link
    • 101  Munro DD, Verbov J, Gorman DJ. Axillary hyperhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 1974;90:325–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 102  Rompel R, Scholz S. Subcutaneous curettage vs. injection of botulinum toxin A for treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:207–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 103  Lawrence CM, Lonsdale Eccles AA. Selective sweat gland removal with minimal skin excision in the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis: a retrospective clinical and histological review of 15 patients. Br J Dermatol 2006;155:115–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 104  Swinehart JM. Treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis: combination of the starch‐iodine test with the tumescent liposuction technique. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:392–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 105  Hong HC, Lupin M, O'Shaughnessy KF. Clinical evaluation of a microwave device for treating axillary hyperhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2012;38:728–35. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Granulosis rubra nasi

    • 106  Aram H, Mohaghedi AP. Granulosis rubra nasi. Cutis 1972;10:463.
    • 107  Hellier FF. Granulosis rubra nasi in a mother and daughter. Br Med J 1937;2:1068. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 108  Sargunam C, Thomas J, Ahmed NA. Granulosis rubra nasi. Indian Dermatol Online J 2013;4:208–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 109  Heid E, Samain F, Jelen G, et al. Granulosis rubra nasi and phaeochromocytoma. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1996;123:106–8. Pubmed link
    • 110  Grazziotin TC, Buffon RB, da Silva Manzoni AP, et al. Treatment of granulosis rubra nasi with botulinum toxin type A. Dermatol Surg 2009;35:1298–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Anhidrosis and hypohidrosis, Ross syndrome, Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis

    • 111  Shelley WB, Horvath PN, Pilsbury DM. Anhidrosis. Medicine 1950;29:194–224. Cross Ref link
    • 112  Low PA, Tomalia VA, Park KJ. Autonomic function tests: some clinical applications. J Clin Neurol 2013;9:1–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 113  Ross AT. Progressive selective sudomotor denervation; a case with coexisting Adie's syndrome. Neurology 1958;8:809–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 114  Sommer C. Selective degeneration of sudomotor fibers in Ross syndrome and successful treatment of compensatory hyperhidrosis with botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 1998;21:1790–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 115  Nolano M, Provitera V, Perretti A, et al. Ross syndrome: a rare or a misknown disorder of thermoregulation? A skin innervation study on 12 subjects. Brain 2006;129:2119–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 116  Druschky K, Hilz MJ, Koelsch C, et al. Cardiac sympathetic denervation in Ross syndrome demonstrated by MIBG‐SPECT. J Auton Nerv Syst 1999;28:184–7. Cross Ref link
    • 117  Reinauer S, Schauf G, Holzle E. Ross syndrome: treatment of segmental compensatory hyperhidrosis with a modified iontophoretic device. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:308–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 118  Murakami K, Sobue G, Terao S, et al. Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis: a distinctive clinical syndrome. J Neurol 1988;235;428–31. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 119  Chen YC, Wu CS, Chen GS, et al. Identification of subgroups of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis. Neurologist 2008;14:318–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 120  Ando Y, Fujii S, Sakashita N, et al. Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis; clinical manifestations and histochemical studies. J Neurol Sci 1995;132:80–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 121  Palm F, Löser C, Gronau W, et al. Successful treatment of acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis. Neurology 2007;68:532–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Miliaria

    • 122  Holzle E, Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Br J Dermatol 1978;99:117–37. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 123  Leithead CS, Lind AR. Heat Stress and Heat Disorders. London: Cassell, 1964.
    • 124  Sargent F, Slutsky HL. The natural history of the eccrine miliarias. N Engl J Med 1957;256:401–8, 451. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 125  Shuster S. Duct disruption, a new explanation of miliaria. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1997;77:1–3.
    • 126  Shelley WB, Horvath PN. Experimental miliaria in man, 3. J Invest Dermatol 1950;14:193–204. Cross Ref link
    • 127  Lyons RE, Levine R, Auld D. Miliaria rubra. Arch Dermatol 1962;86:282–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 128  Mowad CM, McGinley KJ, Foglia A, Leyden JJ. A role of extracellular polysaccharide substance produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis in miliaria. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;33:729–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 129  Hidano A, Purwoko R, Jutsukawa K. Statistical survey of skin changes in Japanese neonates. Pediatr Dermatol1986;3:130–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 130  Donoghue AM, Sinclair MJ. Miliariarubra of the lower limbs in underground miners. Occup Med (Lond) 2000;50:430–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 131  Lobitz WC. Pustular miliaria. JAMA 1952;148:1097–100. Cross Ref link
    • 132  Lubowe II, Perlman HH. Periporitis staphylogenes and other complications of miliaria in infants and children. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1954;69:543–53. Cross Ref link
    • 133  Hindson TC, Worsley DE. The effects of administration of ascorbic acid in experimentally induced miliaria and hypohidrosis in volunteers. Br J Dermatol 1969;81:226–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 134  Kirk JF, Wilson BB, Chun W, Cooper PH. Miliaria profunda. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:54–6. Cross Ref link

    Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis

    • 135  Wenzel FG, Horn T. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:1–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 136  Harris T, Fine JD, Berman RS, et al. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. Arch Dermatol 1982;118:268.
    • 137  Bailey DL, Barron D, Lucky AW. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol 1989;6:33–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 138  Stahr BJ, Cooper PH, Caputo RV. Idiopathic plantar hidradenitis occurring primarily in children. J Cutan Pathol 1994;21:289–96. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 139  Shih IH, Huang YH, Yang CH, et al. Childhood neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 10 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:963–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 140  Templeton S, Solomon AR, Swerlick RA. Intradermal bleomycin injections into normal human skin. A histopathlogic and immunopathologic study. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:577–83. Cross Ref link
    • 141  Bhanu P, Santosh KV, Gondi S, et al. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis: a new culprit – carbamazepine. Indian J Pharmacol 2013;45:91–2. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 142  Harwryluk EB, Linskey KR, Duncan LM, et al. Broad range of adverse cutaneous eruptions in patients on TNF‐alpha antagonists. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:481–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 143  Turan H, Kaya E, Gurlevik Z, et al. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis induced by cetuximab. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012;31:148–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 144  Naimer SA, Zvulunov A, Ben‐Amitai D, Landau M. Plantar hidradenitis in children induced by exposure to wet footwear. Pediatr Emerg Care 2000;16:182–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 145  Vuong CH, Walters R, Stein JA. Infectious eccrine hidradenitis associated with intense sun exposure. Cutis 2013;92:40–5. Pubmed link
    • 146  Takai T, Matsunaga A. A case of neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis associated with streptococcal infectious endocarditis. Dermatology 2006;212:203–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 147  Antonovich DD, Berke A, Grant‐Kels JM, et al. Infectious eccrine hidradenitis caused by nocardia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;50:315–18. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 148  Gómez Vázquez M, Peteiro C, Toribio J. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis heralding the onset of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003;17:328–30. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 149  Lee SG, In SG, Shin JH, et al. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis in non‐small cell lung cancer. Int J Dermatol 2007;46:59–60. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 150  Srivastava M, Scharf S, Meehan SA, et al. Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis masquerading as facial cellulitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:693–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 151  Bernstein EF, Spielvogel RL, Topolsky DL. Recurrent neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127:529–33. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 152  Simon M, Jr, Cremer H, von den Driesch P. Idiopathic recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis in children. Report of 22 cases. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:76–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 153  Belot V, Perrinaud A, Corven C, et al. Adult idiopathic neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis trested with colchicine. Presse Med 2006;35:1475–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 154  Shear NH, Knowles SR, Shapiro L, Poldre P. Dapsone in prevention of recurrent neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;35:819–22. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Eccrine syringosquamous metaplasia

    • 155  Wenzel FG, Horn DT. Nonneoplastic disorders of the eccrine glands. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:1–17. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 156  King DT, Barr DJ. Syringosquamous metaplasia: mucinous and squamous variants. J Cutan Pathol 1979;6:284–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 157  Metcalf JS, Maize JC. Squamous syringometaplasia in lobular panniculitis and pyoderma gangrenosum. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:141–9. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 158  Chetty R, Bramdev A, Govender D. Cytomegalovirus‐induced syringosquamous metaplasia. Am J Dermatopathol 1999;21:487–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 159  Bhawan J, Malhotra R. Syringosquamous metaplasia: a distinctive eruption in patients receiving chemotherapy. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:1–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Drugs and eccrine glands

    • 160  Johnson HL, Maibach HI. Drug excretion in human sweat. J Inv Dermatol 1971;56:182–8. Cross Ref link
    • 161  Huestis MA, Cone EJ, Wong CJ, et al. Monitoring opiate use in substance abuse patients with sweat and urine testing. J Anal Toxicol 2000;24:509–21 Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Disorders with sweat gland cellular inclusions

    • 162  Belchin RW. Ultrastructure and function of eccrine glands in the mucopolysaccharidoses. Arch Pathol 1973;96:339–44. Pubmed link
    • 163  Drut R. Eccrine sweat gland involvement in GM gangliosidosis. J Cutan Pathol 1978;5:35–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 164  Nakamura T, Kaneko H, Nishino I. Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry disease): ultrastructural studies of the skin. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1981;61:37–41.
    • 165  Martin JJ, Cruterich C. Morphologic study of skin biopsy specimens: a contribution to the diagnosis of metabolic disorders with involvement of the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1978;41:232–6. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 166  Carpenter S, Kaepati G. Sweat gland cells in Lafora disease: diagnosis by skin biopsy. Neurology 1981;31:1564. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Anatomy and physiology of apocrine glands

    • 167  Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. The Human Apocrine Sweat Gland in Health and Disease. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1960.
    • 168  Ebling FJG. Apocrine glands in health and disease. Int J Dermatol 1989;28:508–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 169  Montagna W, Parakkal PF. The Structure and Function of Skin, 3rd edn. London: Academic Press, 1974.
    • 170  Montagna W. Histology and cytochemistry of human skin XXIV. Further observations on the axillary organ. J Invest Dermatol 1964;42:119–29. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 171  Takayasu S, Wakimoto H, Itami S, et al. Activity of testosterone 5μ‐reductase in various tissues of human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1980;74:187–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 172  Hashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF. Electronmicroscopic study of apocrine secretion. J Invest Dermatol 1966;46:378–90. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 173  Schaumburg‐Lever G, Lever WF. Secretion from human apocrine glands. J Invest Dermatol 1975;64:38–41. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 174  Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. The role of the myoepithelium of the human apocrine sweat gland. J Invest Dermatol 1954;22:143–56. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 175  Tani M, Yamamoto K, Mishima Y. Apocrine acrosyringeal complex in the human skin. J Invest Dermatol 1980;75:431–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 176  Robertshaw D. Neural and humoral control of apocrine glands. J Invest Dermatol 1974;63:160–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 177  Natsch A, Gfeller H, Gygax P, et al. A specific bacterial aminoacylase cleaves odorant precursors secreted in the human axilla. J Biol Chem 2003;278:5718–27. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 178  Natsch A, Schmid J, Flachsmann F. Identification of odoriferous sulfanylalkanols in human axilla secretions and their formation through cleavage of cysteine precursors by a C‐S lysase isolated from axilla bacteria. Chem Biodiversity 2004;1:1058–72. Cross Ref link
    • 179  Bird S, Gower DB. The validation and use of a radioimmunoassay for 5 alpha‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one in human axillary collections. J Steroid Biochem 1981;14:213–19. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 180  Martin A, Saathoff M, Kuhn F, et al. A functional ABCC11 allele is essential in the biochemical formation of human axillary odor. J Invest Dermatol 2010;130:529–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
    • 181  Wysocki CJ, Preti G. Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2004;281:1201–11. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

    Disorders of apocrine sweat glands

      Abnormal sweat odour (bromhidrosis)

      • 182  James AG, Austin C, Cox D, Taylor D, Calvert R. Microbiological and biochemical origins of human axillary odour. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013;83:527–40. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 183  Phillips KA, Menard W. Olfactory reference syndrome: demographic and clinical features of imagined body odor. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011;33:398–406. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 184  Morioka D, Ohkubo F, Amikura Y. Clinical features of axillary osmidrosis: a retrospective chart review of 723 Japanese patients. J Dermatol 2013;40:384–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 185  Nakano M, Miwa N, Hirano A, Yoshiura K, Niikawa N. A strong association of axillary osmidrosis with the wet earwax type determined by genotyping of the ABCC11 gene. BMC Genet 2009;4(10):42. Cross Ref link
      • 186  Bang YH, Kim JH, Paik SW, et al. Histopathology of apocrine bromhidrosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996;98:288–92. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 187  Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Chiolou Z, et al. Treatment of bromhidrosis with a glycine‐soya sterocomplex topical product. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011;10:74–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 188  Nakane T, Gomyo H, Sasaki I, et al. New antiaxillary odour deodorant made with antimicrobial Ag‐zeolite (silver‐exchanged zeolite). Int J Cosmet Sci 2006;28:299–309. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 189  He J, Wang T, Dong J. A close positive correlation between malodor and sweating as a marker for the treatment of axillary bromhidrosis with Botulinum toxin A. J Dermatolog Treat 2012;23:461–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 190  Lee JB, Kim BS, Kim MB, et al. A case of foul genital odor treated with botulinum toxin A. Dermatol Surg 2004;30:1233–5. Pubmed link
      • 191  Han X, Li F. Percutaneous ethanol injection for the treatment of axillary osmidrosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2013;38:484–8. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 192  Huang YH, Yang CH, Chen YH, Chen CH, Lee SH. Reduction in osmidrosis using a suction‐assisted cartilage shaver improves the quality of life. Dermatol Surg 2010;36:1573–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 193  Qian JG, Wang XJ. Effectiveness and complications of subdermal excision of apocrine glands in 206 cases with axillary osmidrosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010;63:1003–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Trimethylaminuria

      • 194  Humbert JR, Hammond KB, Hathaway WE, et al. Trimethylaminuria: the fish odour syndrome. Lancet 1970;i: 770–1. Cross Ref link
      • 195  Dolphin CT, Janmohamed A, Smith RL, et al. Missense mutation in flavin‐containing mono‐oxygenase 3 gene, FMO3, underlies fish‐odour syndrome. Nat Genet 1997;17:491–4. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 196  Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Zhang A, Smith RL. The fish odour syndrome: biochemical, familial and clinical aspects. BMJ 1993;307:655–7. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 197  Yamazaki H, Fujieda M, Togashi M, et al. Effects of the dietary supplements, activated charcoal and copper chlorophyllin, on urinary excretion of trimethylamine in Japanese trimethylaminuria patients. Life Sci 2004;16(74):2739–47. Cross Ref link

      Chromhidrosis

      • 198  Shelley WB, Hurley HJ. Localized chromhidrosis: a survey. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1954;69:449–71. Cross Ref link
      • 199  Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. The Human Apocrine Sweat Gland in Health and Disease. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1960.
      • 200  Marks JG, Jr. Treatment of apocrine chromhidrosis with topical capsaicin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;21:418–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 201  Saff DM, Owens R, Kahn TA. Apocrine chromhidrosis involving the areolae in a 15‐year‐old amateur figure skater. Pediatr Dermatol 1995;12:48–50. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 202  Wu JM, Mamelak AJ, Nussbaum R, McElgunn PS. Botulinum toxin A in the treatment of chromhidrosis. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:963–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 203  Matarasso SL. Treatment of facial chromhidrosis with botulinum toxin type A. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:89–91. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 204  Poh‐Fitzpatrick MB. ‘Red sweat.’ J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;4:481–26.
      • 205  Thami GP, Kanwar AJ. Red facial pseudochromhidrosis. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:1219–20. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 206  Cilliers J, de Beer C. The case of red lingerie: chromhidrosis revisited. Dermatology 1999;199:149–52. Cross Ref link Pubmed link

      Apocrine miliaria

      • 207  Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. The Human Apocrine Sweat Gland in Health and Disease. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1960.
      • 208  Graham JH, Shafer JC, Helwig EB. Fox–Fordyce disease in male identical twins. Arch Dermatol 1960;82:212–21. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 209  Kamada A, Saga K, Jimbow K. Apoeccrine sweat duct obstruction as a cause for Fox‐Fordyce disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;48:453–5. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 210  Bormate AB, Jr, Leboit PE, McCalmont TH. Perifollicular xanthomatosis as the hallmark of axillary Fox–Fordyce disease: an evaluation of histopathologic features of 7 cases. Arch Dermatol 2003;144:1020–4.
      • 211  Yazganoğlu KD, Yazici S, Büyükbabani N, Ozkaya E. Axillary Fox–Fordyce‐like disease induced by laser hair removal therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2012;67:e139–140. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 212  Miller ML, Harford RR, Yeager JK. Fox–Fordyce disease treated with topical clindamycin solution. Arch Dermatol 1995;131:1112–13. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 213  Leyh F. Morbus Fox–Fordyce: Überlegungen zur Pathogenese. Hautarzt 1973;24:482–5. Pubmed link
      • 214  Effendy I, Ossowski B, Happle R. Fox–Fordyce disease in a male patient: response to oral retinoid treatment. Br J Dermatol 1994;19:67–9.
      • 215  Pasricha JS, Nayyar KC. Fox–Fordyce disease in the postmenopausal period treated successfully with electrocoagulation. Dermatologica 1973;147:271–3. Cross Ref link Pubmed link
      • 216  Chavoin JP, Charasson T, Barnard JD. Surgical treatment of areolar hidradenitis suppurativa and Fox–Fordyce disease. Ann Chir Plast Esthet 1994;39:233–8. Pubmed link